Additives Value beyond chemistry

Products, Technology and ExperienceThat Work for You

Light Stabilizers For Polyolefins

creates, develops, manufactures and markets

products which preserve and enhance the

performance and aesthetics of plastics, rubber,

fibers, paints, coatings, photographic paper,

inks, grease and oils.

Ciba’s Additives business began with scientific

breakthroughs in light stabilization in the 1950s

and in antioxidants in the 1960s that allowed our

customers to broaden the uses of plastics in

outdoor and high performance applications.

We introduced hindered amine stabilizers in

the 1970s, and improved phosphite processing

stabilizers and non-interactive hindered amines in

the 1980s. The 1990s brought a new generation

of processing, thermal, UV and integrated

stabilization systems. These four decades of

continuous performance improvements have laid

the foundation for an even more innovative future.

By consistently meeting and exceeding customer

needs and expectations, Ciba Specialty Chemicals,

a premier global specialty chemicals company,

is committed to technological innovation and

business growth.

CibaAdditives

1

PROTECTION FROM THE ELEMENTS 2

KEEPING PACE WITH A CHANGING WORLD 4

LIGHT STABILIZATION OF FIBER AND TAPE 6

LIGHT STABILIZATION OF FILM 12

LIGHT STABILIZATION OF MOLDED APPLICATIONS 16

LEADING-EDGE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 21

DATA BANK 22

Table of

Contents

2

Exposure to sunlight and some artificial lights can haveadverse effects on the useful life of polyolefin products. UVradiation can break down the chemical bonds in a polymer.This process is called photodegradation and ultimately causes cracking, chalking, color changes and the loss of suchphysical properties as impact strength, tensile strength, elon-gation and other properties. To counteract these damagingeffects on polyolefin performance, Ciba Specialty Chemicalsoffers a broad range of UV stabilizers designed to solve thedegradation problems associated with exposure to sunlight.

Although there are many types available, UV stabilizers canbe catagorized by two general classifications — ultravioletlight absorbers (UVA) and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS).

Protection

From the

Elements

Quencher H•-Donor

UV-Absorber HALS

R

ROOH

RH

O2/hυhυ

RH

R*

RO•

O2

ROO•

•HOhυ

• Hydroperoxide Decomposer• Radical Scavenger• Quencher

GENERAL SCHEME OF INHIBITION OF PHOTO-OXIDATION

ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBERS (UVA)

UVAs slow down the degradation process by preferentiallyabsorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation and dissipating it asthermal energy. However, high concentrations of absorbersand sufficient thickness of the polymer are required beforeenough absorption takes place to effectively retard photo-degradation. In some applications, combinations of UVAsand HALS create a synergistic interaction that may enhancelight stability.

HINDERED AMINE LIGHT STABILIZERS (HALS)

HALS are very effective and efficient stabilizers for polyolefins.They do not absorb UV radiation, but act to inhibit degrada-tion of the polymer. Significant levels of stabilization areachieved at relatively low concentrations. HALS’ high effi-ciency and longevity are due to a cyclic process wherein theHALS are regenerated rather than consumed during the stabilization process.

3

� SUNLIGHT AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES

A Comparison of Relative Spectral Energy Distribution

� SUNLIGHT (YELLOW)

Miami “Average Optimum” Direct Global Radiation Measured 45ºS,3/20/84

� XENON ARC LAMP (GREEN)

As used in Atlas Weather-Ometer 6500 Watt Xenon Lamp withBorosilicate Inner and Outer Filters, 340nm Control (35 W/m

2)

� UV-B FLUORESCENT SUN LAMP (RED)

As used in The Q-Panel Company Q-U-V Accelerated WeatheringTester as per ASTM-G-53.

� UV-A FLUORESCENT SUN LAMP (BLUE)

As used in The Q-Panel Company Q-U-V Accelerated WeatheringTester as per ASTM-G-53.

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

2.8

2.4

2.0

1.6

1.2

.8

.4

0.0

Wavelength in Nanometers

Xenon Arc Lamp

Sunlight

UV-B FluorescentSun Lamp

Wat

ts p

er s

qu

are

met

er p

er n

ano

met

er

UV-A FluorescentSun Lamp

Accelerated weathering devices are used to determine the effects of sunlighton various substrates. This graph illustrates the spectral energy distributionas a function of the wavelength produced by a number of artificial lightsources. The graph compares these energy outputs to sunlight. The closerthe energy distribution to sunlight, the more reliable and accurate theresults of the experiment. Accelerated weathering devices that emit largeramounts of the higher energy/shorter wavelength light do not provide asgood a correlation with outdoor weathering as those instruments whichemit wavelengths closer to the distribution of sunlight. In addition, it maylead to false conclusions regarding the performance of the light stabilizerand subsequently to the performance of the plastic article.

4

Keeping Pace

With a

Changing World

1960

Telestar launched.Tinuvin

®326/327/328 light stabilizers give

plastics their first real chance at survivingoutdoors.

1966

Fiber optic telephone cable developed.

1969

Man walks on the moon in spacesuit light stabilizedby Ciba.

1970s

Childproof safety tops offered.A revolutionary new class of Hindered Amine LightStabilizers (HALS) is commercialized. Tinuvin

®770,

a low molecular weight HALS is introduced.

1979

Ciba introduces Tinuvin®

765, a liquid hinderedamine light stabilizer for plastics.

1980

Chimassorb®

944, a high molecular weight HALS islaunched.

1957

Two-seater Karmann Ghia introduced. Frisbee fun for all.Tinuvin

®ultraviolet light stabilizers for polymers are introduced.

5

1983

A new wave of Swiss watches.Tinuvin

®622 achieves FDA clearance, the first hindered

amine light stabilizer for use in food contact applications.

1989

Berlin wall falls. Breakthrough NOR HALS based on new chemistry is announced.Tinuvin

®123 receives the “R&D 100” Award as one of the most

innovative new products of the year.

1991

Channel Tunnel operational.Chimassorb

®119 , a new enhanced performance hindered amine

light stabilizer for polypropylene fiber is launched.

1994

Ciba launches synergistic HALS systems Tinuvin®

783/111/791—the sum is greater than the individual effects.

1995

Irgastab®

FS Systems—phenol-free stabilizer systems for lowinitial color and enhanced light stability—are commercialized.

1998

The Beetle returns.Introduction of Chimassorb

®2020, 2030, 2040 a new

HALS line for the next century.

•Excellent UV Stability •Excellent Heat Stability

•Low Volatility •No Pigment Interaction

•Superior Initial Color

1985

Introduction of granular, free-flowing, non-dusting productforms for improved handling.

6

Light Stabilization

of

Fiber & Tape

POLYOLEFIN FIBER

Polyolefin fibers are versatile, economical, durable, stainresistant and lightweight. High performance hinderedamine light stabilizers have expanded the number ofapplications for which polyolefin fibers can be employed— carpeting and upholstery applications for home and business, in the latest automobiles, geotextiles,umbrellas, outdoor furniture and a variety of non-wovenapplications.

Because of the high surface-to-volume ratio in fibers, it is critical to employ stabilizers with low volatility andhigh resistance to extraction. High molecular weighthindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), such as Tinuvin622, Chimassorb 944, and Chimassorb 119 have longbeen recognized as the standard of performance.Responding to customer demands for improved perfor-mance under a variety of conditions, Ciba continues todrive the evolution of state-of-the-art technology. Listedbelow are the products which represent the latest inpolyolefin fiber UV stabilization.

Tinuvin®

783

Tinuvin 783 is a high molecular weight, high perfor-mance HALS. It delivers superb cost-performance benefits with a level of UV stability equal or superior toother high performance HALS (Figure 1).

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Figure 1 Light Stability of Polypropylene Fiber

Sample: 10 Denier, White Pigmented PP FiberBase Stabilization: 0.12% Fiberstab L 112 + 0.05% Ca-stearate Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 @ 65°C, 0.5 W/m2 at 340 nmTest Criterion: Hours to 50% Retained Tensile Strength

No Light Stabilizers

0.3% Tinuvin 622

0.3% Tinuvin 783

0.3% Chimassorb 944

0.3% Chimassorb 119

Hours

0 100 Color Yield %

Figure 3 Color Yield of Red Pigmented Polypropylene Fiber

Sample: PP Homopolymer, 10 Denier, Red PigmentedBase Stabilization: 0.10% Irgastab FS 210 + 0.05% Ca-stearatePigmentation: 0.2% Cromophtal® Red BRN

No Light Stabilizers

0.25% Tinuvin 622

0.25% Chimassorb 944

0.25% Chimassorb 119

0.25% Chimassorb 2020

7

Chimassorb®

2020

Chimassorb 2020 is a high molecular weight HALS with anarrow molecular weight distribution. It has virtually noeffect on pigment color yield and little effect on polymerprocessing. Chimassorb 2020 represents our continuingeffort to bring the best performance and value in light pro-tection. Figures 2 and 3 show the superior performance ofPP fiber stabilized with the new HALS.

0250500750 50 100 150 200 250

Hours to 50% Retained Tensile StrengthHours to Embrittlement

Figure 2 Light Stability of Pigmented Polypropylene Fiber

Sample: PP Homopolymer, 10 Denier, Red PigmentedBase Stabilization: 0.10% Irgastab FS 110 + 0.05% Ca-stearateExposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 @ 65°C, 0.5 W/m2 at 340 nm + Ovenaging at 110°C Test Criteria: Hours to 50% Tensile Strength + Hours Air Draft Oven to Embrittlement

0.15% Tinuvin 622

No Light Stabilizers

0.15% Chimassorb 944

0.15% Chimassorb 2020

0.15% Chimassorb 119

Studies have shown when HALS and pigments are presenttogether in high concentrations, such as melt compoundedin concentrates or masterbatches, color strength may becompromised. Examination of test plaques with HALS andpigment concentrations under a microscope show the pig-ment to be less well dispersed, therefore yielding poorer colorstrength. HALS may either hinder the pigment dispersion or

8

Color Yield Comparison of HALS/Pigment Concentrate in Polypropylene

No HALS Chimassorb 944 Chimassorb 2020

Base Stabilization: 4% TiO2 + 0.25% HALSPigmentation: 0.3% Blue 15

Control 12 0.2

cause pigment agglomeration. However, this agglomerationis highly dependent on processing conditions (and not typi-cally seen to this extent in production equipment).

New generation HALS such as Chimassorb 2020 andChimassorb 119 eliminate this effect of pigment agglomer-ation. Therefore color yield is not affected by the HALS andis independent of the processing conditions. Table 1 andthe photograph of test plaques below compare the effectsof these new generation HALS.

Table 1Effects of HALS on Color Yield

HALS Delta E (Ref. No HALS)

Chimassorb 2020 0.3 - 0.6

Chimassorb 119 0.3 - 0.9

Chimassorb 944 10.4 - 17.0

15% Flush of CPC Blue with 12.5% HALS in PP, Brabender Mixed and Let Down 50/1 in PP.

9

PIGMENTED PP FIBER

Consumer-driven preferences create applications thatneed pigment lightfastness requiring protection fromhigh levels of UV radiation. For polymers containingorganic pigments, multifunctional degradation mecha-nisms are at work. Pigment degradation can affect polymer stability and polymer degradation can affectpigment stability. A multifunctional stabilization systemis needed to minimize color change and maximize polymer lifetime.

Tinuvin®

C 353

Tinuvin C 353 is designed to meet requirements of finerdenier fibers and demanding outdoor applications suchas outdoor carpeting, awnings, umbrellas and interiorautomotive fibers. Tinuvin C 353 provides enhancedperformance over traditional high molecular weightHALS such as Chimassorb 119. Figures 4 and 5 showthat in two different pigmented polypropylene fibersamples, Tinuvin C 353 provides excellent color andphysical property retention.

0 50 100 150Days

Figure 5 Stabilization of Pigmented Polypropylene Fiber

Sample: 5 Denier PP Fiber Pigmentation: 0.25% C.I. Pigment Red 144 Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 (SAE J 1885)Test Criterion: Days to Failure

1.25%

0.75%

0.25%

Chimassorb 119Tinuvin C 353

1.0% Chimassorb 1191.0% Tinuvin C 353

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Figure 4 Stabilization of Pigmented Polypropylene Fiber

Sample: 5 Denier PP FiberPigmentation: 0.25% C.I. Pigment Blue, 15:1Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 (SAE J 1885)Test Criterion: Color Change After Exposure

Del

ta E

Hours

kLys (Florida) Days (Oven)0200400600 50 100 150

Figure 6 Light and Thermal Stability of Polypropylene Tape

Sample: PP Homopolymer (3rd Generation) Tapes, 50 micron (2 mil)Base Stabilization: 0.1% Irganox B 225 + 0.1% Ca-stearateExposure: Florida 45° South + Ovenaging at 120°C Test Criteria: kLys to 50% Elongation + Days to Embrittlement

0.1% Tinuvin 770

No Stabilization

0.1% Tinuvin 791

0.1% Chimassorb 944

0.1% Tinuvin 783

POLYPROPYLENE TAPE

Slit tapes are often used in woven fabric applications foroutdoor use, e.g. bags, intermediate bulk containers(big bags) and sacks. These applications can be non-food (chemical sacks) or food-packaging applicationssuch as rice, corn and flour bags. Other common out-door applications for tapes are artificial turf and ropes.

Tinuvin®

791

Tinuvin 791 is a state-of-the-art thermal and light stabi-lizer for PP tapes. It is based on a synergistic combina-tion of low molecular weight and high molecular weightHALS. Figure 6 shows this combination provides themost efficient and long-lasting protection against thedetrimental effects of both heat and light. Tinuvin 791also provides good long-term extraction resistance, colorretention and water carry-over properties.

Tinuvin® 783

Figures 6 and 7 illustrate that Tinuvin 783 provides thebest balance of low water carry-over properties withexcellent light and thermal stability. It is also the productof choice when indirect food contact approval is needed.Tinuvin 783 is a synergistic combination of two highmolecular weight HALS and provides very low color andsuperior extraction resistance.

11

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Figure 8 Light Stability of High Density Polyethylene Tape

Sample: HDPE (Ti Catalyst, d=0.950), Tapes 50 micron (2 mil), Stretch Ratio 1:6 Base Stabilization: 0.15% Irganox B 215 + 0.1% Ca-stearate Exposure: Florida 45° SouthTest Criterion: kLys to 70% Tensile Strength

No Light Stabilizers

0.05% Tinuvin 622

0.05% Tinuvin 783

0.05% Chimassorb 944

0.1% Tinuvin 622

0.1% Tinuvin 783

0.1% Chimassorb 944

kLys (Florida)

HDPE tapes are used extensively for tarps, tents, windbreakers and nets. Typically in these applications, thefinal article is exposed to a high level of UV radiation.Whether pigmented or non-pigmented, these applica-tions need an effective light and thermal stabilizationpackage to meet the final customer requirements.

Tinuvin®

783

Tinuvin 783 is the stabilizer of choice for demandingoutdoor exposure of HDPE tapes (Figure 8). This stabi-lizer imparts the optimum UV and thermal protectionand is especially effective in pigmented tapes.

0 5 10 15

Figure 7 Water Carry-Over Behavior of Polypropylene Tape

Sample: PP Homopolymer, 50 micron (2 mil)Base Stabilization: 0.15% Irganox B 215 + 0.02% DHT-4A / 0.09% Irganox HP 2225 + 0.02% DHT-4A Conditions: 50 m/min; Water Temperature 25°CTest Criterion: Water Carry-Over (cm)

No Stabilization

0.1% Tinuvin 770

0.1% Chimassorb 944

0.1% Tinuvin 791

0.1% Tinuvin 783

cm

0.15% Irganox B 215 + 0.02% DHT-4A0.09% Irganox HP 2225 + 0.02% DHT-4A

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE TAPE

Table 2Influence of Stabilizer Concentration and Film Thickness on Light Stabilization of Low Density Polyethylene Film

Sample: LDPE Blown FilmBase Stabilization: 0.1% Irganox B 900Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci65@65°C; 0.35W/m

2at 340 nm

Light Stabilizer Hours to 50% Residual Elongation

150 Micron (6 mil) Film 100 Micron (4 mil) Film 50 Micron (2 mil) Film

No Stabilizer 650 600 500

Tinuvin 622 + Chimassorb 81 4500 4000 3000Concentration (0.15%+0.075%) (0.2%+0.1%) (0.3%+0.15)

Tinuvin 783 7500 7000 5500Concentration (0.15%) (0.2%) (0.3%)

In thin section applications, such as films, many factors needto be considered when selecting the right stabilization systemfor specific application requirements. These include not onlythe resin/additive formulation but also other parameterssuch as processing conditions, presence of mineral fillers andpigments, film thickness and construction and the final appli-cation environment.

In selecting additives, there are two main classes to consider:

UV absorbers are a class of stabilizers limited by theLambert-Beer’s law, A = �bc, where absorbance A is a func-tion of film thickness b. In films, UV absorbers are unable tofully absorb the UV radiation until it has penetrated throughthe surface layers where degradation begins.

HALS offer an extremely efficient approach to UV stabiliza-tion. Unlike UV absorbers, HALS function by a radical trap-ping mechanism and are not constrained by the thickness ofthe film. Figure 9 illustrates the superior performance ofTinuvin 783, a high molecular weight HALS compared to aUV absorber.

Table 2 illustrates the influence of film down-gauging (150-50 micron) on the selection of the stabilizer concentration.The lifetime of the film is decreased by decreasing the filmthickness from 150 to 50 micron, even if the concentrationof the stabilizers is twofold. Thus an adjustment of the addi-tive concentration is needed to retain the same durabilityproperties when the film thickness is reduced.

The bulk of LDPE, LLDPE and EVA is used in the manufactureof films for packaging, agricultural and construction applica-tions. Agricultural films used for greenhouse covering,mulching and silage wraps represent the largest light stabi-lized PE and EVA applications.

Light Stabilization

of Film

0 100 200 300

Figure 9 Light Stability of Low Density Polyethylene Film

Sample: 125 micron (5 mil) High Pressure LDPE Base Stabilization: 0.03% Irganox 1076 Exposure: Florida 45° South Test Criterion: kLys to 50% Retention of Initial Elongation

No Light Stabilizers

0.25% Tinuvin 783

0.25% Chimassorb 81

kLys

12

13

CONSTRUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL FILM

Construction and industrial films used outdoors forextended periods of time, ranging from some months toa few years, require proper UV light protection in orderto meet end-users’ requirements. Common applicationsare stretch films, shrink wraps, heavy-duty bags andpool covers.

Tinuvin®

783

Tinuvin 783 is widely used for LDPE, LLDPE and EVAfilms and has extensive indirect food contact clearancesworldwide. It is an effective and versatile light and ther-mal stabilizer for films and delivers excellent cost/perfor-mance benefits. Figures 10 and 11 demonstrate thatTinuvin 783 provides superior UV stability in LDPE filmcompared to Chimassorb 944 and Tinuvin 622.

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Figure 11 Light Stability of Low Density and Linear Low Density Polyethylene Film

Sample: 50 micron (2 mil) LDPE/LLDPE (1:1) Blown Films Base Stabilization: 0.05% Irganox B 900 Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 @ 65°C, 0.5 W/m2 at 340 nmTest Criterion: Hours to 50% Retained Elongation

0.15% Tinuvin 622

0.15% Tinuvin 783

0.15% Chimassorb 944

0.5% Tinuvin 622

0.5% Tinuvin 783

0.5% Chimassorb 944

Hours0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Tinuvin 622Tinuvin 783Chimassorb 944

Figure 10 Light Stability of Low Density Polyethylene Film

Sample: 200 micron (8 mil) LDPE Film Base Stabilization: 0.03% Irganox 1076 + 5% KaolinExposure: Florida 45° South; Aluminum Backing Test Criterion: kLys to 50% Retained Elongation

Control

0.3

0.6

1.2

% H

ALS

kLys

Tinuvin®

111

Tinuvin 111 is an excellent UV stabilizer with outstandingextraction resistance offering superior performance in poly-ethylene and polypropylene film. Tinuvin 111, based on acombination of low-interacting tertiary HALS, is especiallysuitable for films in contact with chemicals (e.g. pool coversand films exposed to acid rain). Figure 12 demonstrates itsUV stabilization properties in PP film.

Films such as vapor-barrier films or black pigmented films,when required to offer a long service life, also need an ade-quate level of long-term thermal stability (Figure 13). Highmolecular weight HALS, such as Tinuvin 783 and Tinuvin111, have excellent thermal stabilizing properties and extraction resistance and are suitable for this type ofapplication.

14

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Figure 13 Long-Term Thermal Stability of Polyethylene Film

Sample: 200 micron (8 mil) LDPE Film Exposure: Oven Aging at 100ºCTest Criterion: Days to 50% Retained Elongation

0.05% Tinuvin 783

0.05% Irganox 1076

0.05% Irganox 1010

No Stabilizers

Days

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Figure 12Light Stability of Polypropylene Film

Sample: PP Homopolymer, Film 500 micron (20 mil) Base Stabilization: 0.1% Irganox B 225 + 0.1% Ca-stearate Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 @ 65°C; 0.35 W/m2 at 340 nmTest Criterion: Hours to 50% Elongation

No Stabilization

0.1% Tinuvin 1110.2% Tinuvin 111

0.1% Chimassorb 9440.2% Chimassorb 944

0.1% Tinuvin 7830.2% Tinuvin 783

Hours

15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

280 320 360 400 440 480 520

Figure 14 UV Transmission Through 100 micron (4 mil) Linear Low Density Polyethylene Film

Sample: 100 micron (4 mil) LLDPE FilmBase Stabilization: 0.1% Irganox B 900

Wavelength (nm)No Light Stabilizers0.5% TiO20.3% Chimassorb 810.3% Tinuvin 326

% T

rans

miss

ion

Agricultural films are used outdoors for extended periodsof time—from some months for mulch films to severalyears for greenhouse films. These films come in contactwith pesticides, fungicides or soil fumigants. Some sulfuror halogen-containing pesticides can interact with lightstabilizers and reduce their effectiveness. Stabilizers foragricultural films need to provide not only light stabilitybut also chemical resistance. Tinuvin 111, Tinuvin 492,Tinuvin 494 and the new generation NOR HALS all havecertain degrees of chemical resistance and are found tooutperform conventional stabilizers. For more informa-tion on stabilizing agricultural films, please refer to ourbrochure TINUVIN

®High Performance Stabilizers for

Agricultural Films.

CONSUMER PRODUCTS PACKAGING

Packaging films have become more sophisticated asconsumer product manufacturers strive to add value.Some packaged goods need to be protected from harm-ful UV light which can induce oxidation and/or affectthe taste and odor of the package contents. UVabsorbers act by absorbing harmful UV light and dissi-pating it as thermal energy. When added to polyethyl-ene (LDPE, LLDPE and HDPE) and polypropylene (e.g.BOPP) packaging film, UVAs can reduce the amount ofUV light that passes through the film, thereby protectingthe contents.

Figure 14 shows how Tinuvin 326 and Chimassorb 81reduce UV transmission in LLDPE films. Compared toultrafine TiO2, an inorganic UV screener, Tinuvin 326 andChimassorb 81 block more UV light (280nm-400nm)with less impact on the visible light (400nm-700nm)transmission. This means that films containing UVabsorbers have better UV blocking properties and betterclarity. A range of Tinuvin products with different UVabsorption properties can be tailored to achieve optimalperformance for specific applications.

AGRICULTURAL FILM

16

Thick section polyolefins are widely used in a variety ofoutdoor products such as house siding, window shut-ters, stadium seats, garden furniture, trash cans, bottleand fruit crates, toys, and interior and exterior automo-tive parts and many more.

For many years, polypropylene and polyethylene werestabilized against the detrimental effects of UV radiationusing a low molecular weight HALS such as Tinuvin 770.During the mid- to late-eighties combinations of highmolecular weight HALS with low molecular weight HALSprovided a better balance of UV stability, thermal stabilityand substrate compatibility. Some of the newest prod-ucts for thick section polyolefins include Tinuvin 123 S, asolid, non-interacting, low molecular weight NOR HALS;Chimassorb 2020, a low volatility, oligomeric high perfor-mance HALS; Tinuvin 783, Tinuvin 791, Chimassorb 2030and Chimassorb 2040, new HALS that exploit mixed HALSsynergy; and Irgastab FS 210, Irgastab FS 410, Irgastab FS 811 and Irgastab FS 812, a family of phenol-free stabi-lizers that perform best in color critical applications.

POLYETHYLENE FOR CONSUMERAPPLICATIONS

High density and linear low density polyethylene arewidely used in consumer applications such as bottle andfruit crates, trash cans, toys, outdoor sporting and leisuregoods and innumerable packaging items.

Light Stabilization

of

Molded Applications

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80%

Tinuvin 783Chimassorb 944Tinuvin 622Control

Figure 15 Performance of Tinuvin 783 in High Density Polyethylene Plaques

Sample: 3.125mm (125 mil) HDPE PlaquesBase Stabilization: 0.06% Irganox B 225Exposure: 6000 Hours of Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 @ 65°C,

0.35 W/m2 at 340 nmTest Criterion: % Retention of Elongation

17

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 16Light Stability of Rotomolded Linear Low Density Polyethylene Plaques

Sample: 3.125 mm (125 mil) Butene-LLDPE Plaques, Rotomolded at 344°C (650°F)Base Stabilization: 0.05% Irganox 1010 + 0.02% DLTDP Exposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci 65 @ 65°C, 0.35 W/m2 at 340 nmTest Criterion: % Retained Impact Strength

0.2% Tinuvin 783

0.2% Tinuvin 622

0.2% Chimassorb 944

% Retained Impact Strength1,000 Hours6,000 Hours12,000 Hours

Tinuvin®

783

Tinuvin 783, a high molecular weight HALS system, is recommended for polypropylene and polyethylene thick sections requiring food contact clearance. In polyethylene,Tinuvin 783 performs better at equal concentration, is moreeconomical and has indirect food contact clearance at higherloadings than Chimassorb 944 or Tinuvin 622 (Figure 15).

High production rates and low molding equipment costscoupled with the development of low volatility HALS havehelped make rotational molding one of the fastest growingprocessing methods in the plastics industry. For rotomoldedapplications, Tinuvin 783 provides excellent long-term lightstability, is less interacting than other HALS and very economical to use. Figure 16 shows Tinuvin 783 to be moreeffective than other HALS currently used in rotomolded polyethylene.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

5004003002001000

Figure 18Typical Physical Property of Polypropylene Copolymer Plaques

Sample: 2 mm (80 mil), PP Copolymer PlaquesBase Stabilization: 0.1% Irganox B 225 + Ca-stearate Exposure: Florida 45° SouthTest Criterion: Increase in kLys to Surface Roughness

kLysControl0.4% Tinuvin 770 + 0.2% Tinuvin 3280.4% Tinuvin 791 + 0.2% Tinuvin 328

Surfa

ce R

ough

ness

18

kLys Days0200400600 200 400 600

Figure 17 Light and Thermal Stability of Polypropylene Plaques

Sample: 2 mm (80 mil) PP PlaquesBase Stabilization: 0.15% Irganox B 215 + 0.1% Ca-stearateExposure: Florida 45° South and Ovenaging at 120°C Test Criteria: kLys to 50% Retained Tensile Strength + Days to Embrittlement

0.2% Tinuvin 770

0.2% Tinuvin 791

0.2% Chimassorb 944

POLYPROPYLENE FOR AUTOMOTIVEAPPLICATIONS

Polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers for automo-tive applications have traditionally been stabilized with acombination of hindered phenolic/hindered phosphiteprocess stabilizer and the hindered amine light stabilizerTinuvin 770.

Tinuvin®

791

Recent studies show Tinuvin 791 provides better light stability and highly improved thermal stability compared toTinuvin 770 (Figure 17). In organic pigmented applications,the addition of a benzotriazole ultraviolet absorber enhanceslight stability and helps prevent the pigment from fading.Tinuvin 326, Tinuvin 327 and Tinuvin 328 are equally effec-tive UV absorbers in thick section polyolefins (Figure 18).

Irgastab®

FS 210, Irgastab®

FS 410, Irgastab®

FS 811, Irgastab

®FS 812

Molded-in color polypropylene and impact modifiedpolypropylene is replacing painted plastics in applicationssuch as auto bumpers and interior and exterior trim. Cibahas developed a family of phenol-free stabilizer systems forthese color critical applications. These phenol-free stabilizersystems are based on a new alkylhydroxylamine process sta-bilizer that helps achieve good process stability while alsoobtaining excellent initial color, color consistency, and colormaintenance during end use. Ciba’s phenol- free stabilizersinclude Irgastab FS 210, Irgastab FS 410, Irgastab FS 811,and Irgastab FS 812. Table 3 shows that Irgastab FS 812 canprovide dramatic improvement in light stability. In addition,using a phenol-free stabilizer system such as Irgastab FS 812virtually eliminates gas fade discoloration, a phenomena thattypically leads to a yellowing, pinking, or off-shade discol-oration of articles stored in warehouses (Figure 19).

Table 3Xenon Weathering of Molded-in Color TPO (PP/EPDM)

UV Stabilizer System Red Pigmented TPO Blue Pigmented TPOkJ to Onset Delta E at 2500 kJ kJ to Onset Delta E at 2500 kJof Chalking of Chalking

0.1% Irganox B 225 / 1250 58.4 1920 22.5+0.4% Tinuvin 791+0.2% Tinuvin 328

0.65% Tinuvin FS 812 4000 4.2 >4000 1.8

Figure 20UV Stability of TPO (PP/EPDM)

Stabilization Systems0.1% Irganox B 225 0.65% Irgastab FS 812 0.05% Irgastab FS 042+0.4% Tinuvin 791 +0.29% Tinuvin 123 S+0.2% Tinuvin 328 +0.2% Chimassorb 119

+0.2% Tinuvin 328

Exposure: 2,500 kJ

Chalked 43.6% 72.5%

Exposure: 4,000 kJ

Chalked 7.6% 45.8%

Sample: 0.1% Ca-stearate + 15% Talc % Gloss RetainedPigmentation: Mixed Blue PigmentExposure: Atlas Weather-Ometer Ci65 (SAE J 1960)

19

0

1

2

3

4

5

76543210

Figure 19 Gas Fade Resistance of Molded-in Color Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO)

Phenolic System: 0.1% Irganox B 225 + 0.4% Tinuvin 791 + 0.2% Tinuvin 328 Phenolic Free System: 0.65% Irgastab FS 812

Cycles in Gas Fade ChamberPhenolicPhenolic Free

Del

ta Y

ello

wne

ss In

dex

Tinuvin®

123 S

Car manufacturers strive to produce automobiles that willlook and perform well for 10 years. For aesthetic and stylingreasons, manufacturers often partially paint molded-in colorpolypropylene. Thus light stabilizers must provide long-termstability and must not interfere with the adhesion of coatingsto the substrate. Tinuvin 123 S, a new, solid non-interactingNOR HALS, helps polypropylene producers achieve both out-standing long-term light stability and good adhesion to TPOsurfaces. Figure 20 shows the dramatic protection this high-performance system provides in a molded-in color blue pig-mented TPO composition compared to a traditional phenolicsystem containing Tinuvin 791.

20

CONSTRUCTION/ARCHITECTURALAPPLICATIONS

Tinuvin®

123 S

The low basicity and non-interacting nature of Tinuvin123 S allows it to function well in acidic environmentssuch as applications containing halogenated flame retar-dants. Tinuvin 123 S is uniquely suited to protect flameretardant roofing and stadium seats from UV deteriora-tion. These extremely demanding end uses require themost advanced, highest performing light stabilizer sys-tems available. Figure 21 shows that a phenolic-free sta-bilizer system composed of Tinuvin 123 S withChimassorb 2020 allows a blue pigmented TPO compo-sition to maintain more than 50% of its initial gloss evenafter 7,000 kilojoules of weathering in an Atlas Weather-Ometer.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Figure 21 Light Stability of Blue Pigmented TPO (PP/Plastomer)

Base Stabilization: 0.1% Ca-stearate with 15% TalcPigmentation: 1.6% Mixed Blue PigmentExposure: 7000 kJ Atlas Weather-Ometer (SAE J 1960)Test Criterion: % Gloss Retention

% G

loss

Ret

entio

n

0.1% Irganox B 225 + 0.4% Tinuvin 791 + 0.2% Tinuvin 3280.05% Irgastab FS 042 + 0.29% Tinuvin 123 S + 0.2% Chimassorb 2020 + 0.2% Tinuvin 328

The performance of these novel light stabilizer systemshas allowed polyolefin producers to enter markets previously dominated by engineering polymers or othernon-plastic materials. They have also allowed manufac-turers of polyolefin roofing, siding and window shuttersto offer consumers extended warranties against failuresdue to premature weathering.

21

Ciba’s scientists, engineers and technicians concentrate oncustomer-oriented and cost-effective technological solutionsfrom three major Research and Development centers andnumerous Technical Service centers around the globe.The focus is on substrate protection, polymer prop-erties and polymer design that help make ourcustomers’ products better and more success-ful in the marketplace.

Ciba’s extensive technical support laboratoriesfocus on developing customer-specific solu-tions for product stabilization and are designedto provide advanced capabilities for solving cus-tomer problems. Breakthroughs are being madein multicomponent blends, light stabilization systems for flame retardant polypropylene fiber, low-color stabilization systems for fibers and plastics, new hinderedamines and pesticide-resistant systems, among other areas.

Leading-Edge

Research and

Development

In addition to our state-of-the-art synthetic and analyticalcapabilities, we are uniquely equipped to produce and test

samples which are directly relevant to our customers’applications. We can make blown film, spun fiber,

extruded tapes, and injection and rotationalmolded parts. We have one of the world’s

largest accelerated weathering facilities.Our outdoor exposure and specializedgreenhouse testing is second to none.

For the past half century, Ciba Additiveshas worked with customers to develop and

commercialize high performance additivesand additive systems that improve the appear-

ance and performance of a wide variety of plas-tics, elastomers and synthetic fiber products. We look

forward to working with our customers to develop innova-tive polymer additives technology well into the next century.

USA, St. Louis USA, Tarrytown Switzerland, Basel Singapore Canada, Toronto Brazil, Sao Paulo South Africa, Johannesburg Australia, Melbourne

CIBA ADDITIVES TECHNICAL SERVICE CENTERS WORLDWIDE

22

Data

Bank

Additive Chemical Name CAS No.

Tinuvin 123 bis-(1-Octyloxy-2,2,6,6,tetramethyl-4- piperidinyl) sebacate 129757-67-1

Tinuvin 234 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol 70321-86-7

Tinuvin 326 2-(5-Chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-(1,1-dymethylethil)-4-methylphenol 3896-11-5

Tinuvin 327 2-(3’,5’-di-tert-butyl-2’-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole 3864-99-1

Tinuvin 328 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenol 25973-55-5

Tinuvin 622 Dimethyl succinate polymer with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-1-piperidineethanol 6544-7-77-0

Tinuvin 770 bis(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate 52829-07-0

Chimassorb 119 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine,N,N'''-[1,2-ethanediylbis[[[4.6-bis[butyl 106990-43-6

(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl]imino]-3,1

propanediyl]]-bis[N',N''-dibutyl-N',N''-bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)-

Chimassorb 944 Poly [[6-[(1,1,3,3,-tetramethyl butyl) amino]-s-triazine-2,4-diyl][[(2,2,6,6- 70624-18-9

tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) imino] hexamethylene [(2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) imino]]

Chimassorb 2020 1,6-Hexanediamine, N, N’-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-polymer with - 192268-64-7

2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, reaction products with N-butyl-1-butanamine and

N-butyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinamine

CHEMICAL NAMES OF LIGHT STABILIZERS FOR POLYOLEFINS

CONVERSIONS

Micron/Mil 0 50 100 150 200 250 Micron

0 2 4 6 8 10 Mil

ppm/% 0 500 1000 2000 3000 ppm

0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 %

South Florida/ 1 2 Yrs South Florida Exposure

Kilolangleys

140 280 Average Klys

1 Kilolangley = 1000 Langley1 Langley = The amount of energy to heat one gram of water1°C when one square centimeter is exposed.1 Langley = 1 Cal/cm

2min = 697.3 W/m

2

LIGHT STABILIZER SYSTEMS

Product Blend Composition

Tinuvin 111 Chimassorb 119:Tinuvin 622

Tinuvin 123 S Tinuvin 123:Polypropylene

Tinuvin 492 Chimassorb 119:Oxides:Stearates

Tinuvin 494 Chimassorb 119:Oxides:Stearates

Tinuvin 783 Chimassorb 944:Tinuvin 622

Tinuvin 791 Chimassorb 944:Tinuvin 770

Tinuvin C 353 Chimassorb 119:Tinuvin 234

Irgastab FS 210 Irgastab FS 042:Chimassorb 119

Irgastab FS 410 Irgastab FS 042:Chimassorb 944

Irgastab FS 811 Irgastab FS 042:Tinuvin 791

Irgastab FS 812 Irgastab FS 042:Tinuvin 791:Tinuvin 328

Fiberstab L 112 HP-136:Irgafos 168:Tinuvin 622

23

Additive Molecular Melting Specific TGA, in N2 at 10°C/min Appearance

Weight Point °C Gravity @ Temp. at Temp. at

20°C 1% Wt. Loss 10% Wt. Loss

Tinuvin 123 737.2 liquid 0.97 160 265 pale yellow liquid

Tinuvin 234 448 135-141 1.22 265 315 light yellow powder

Tinuvin 326 316 140-141 1.32 200 245 light yellow powder

Tinuvin 327 358 154-158 1.26 180 235 pale yellow powder

Tinuvin 328 351.5 79-87 1.17 190 230 off-white powder

Tinuvin 622 (283)n 55-70 1.18 275 335 off-white powder

Mn>2500

Tinuvin 770 481 82-86 1.05 200 260 white granules

Chimassorb 119 2286 115-150 1.03-1.05 240 350 light yellow granules

Chimassorb 944 (579)n 120-150 1.01 300 375 off-white powder

Mn>2500

Chimassorb 2020 2600-3400 120-150 1.01 300 375 transparent, slightlyyellow pellets

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIGHT STABILIZERS FOR POLYOLEFINS

IMPORTANT

The following supercedes Buyer’s documents. SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESS ORIMPLIED, INCLUDING OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. No statements herein are tobe construed as inducements to infringe any relevant patent. Under no circumstances shall Seller be liable for incidental,consequential or indirect damages for alleged negligence, breach of warranty, strict liability, tort or contract arising in con-nection with the product(s). Buyer’s sole remedy and Seller’s sole liability for any claims shall be Buyer’s purchase price.Data and results are based on controlled or lab work and must be confirmed by Buyer by testing for its intended conditionsof use. The product(s) has not been tested for, and is therefore not recommended for, uses for which prolonged contactwith mucous membranes, abraded skin, or blood is intended; or for uses for which implantation within the human body isintended.

Chimassorb, Tinuvin, Fiberstab, Irgastab, Irganox, Irgafos and Cromophtal are registered trademarks of Ciba Specialty Chemicals.Photos on page 19 ©1997 GM Corp. Used with permission of GM Media Archives.

24

NN OO (CH2)8C

O

C

O

H17C8O OC8H17

Tinuvin 123 S

70%

and PP

30%N.A.

CH2HO

NH

H3C

H3C

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2CH2CH2 O C

O

C

O

O

Tinuvin 622

n

N

N

NHO

Tinuvin 327

CI

N

N

NHO

Tinuvin 234

N

N

NHO

C(CH3)2CH2CH3

C(CH3)2CH2CH3

Tinuvin 328

Irgastab FS 042

H37C18 N C18H37

OH

HNOO C C

OONH

(CH2)8

Tinuvin 770

NN

NN

N CH3

N N CH3

C4H9

H9C4

R-NH-(CH2)3-N-(CH2)2-N-(CH2)3-NH-R

RR

Chimassorb 119

R=

CH3

N

N

N

N

N

N

H

CC

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3CH2

(CH2)6

NH

NH

n

Chimassorb 944

N

NH

C6H12

n

Chimassorb 2020

N

N

N

N

NH

N

NH

N

NH

C4H9

C6H12 N

NH

N

N

N

N

N

C4H9

C4H9

C4H9

C4H9N

N

N

N

N

C4H9

C4H9

C4H9

C4H9

CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF STABILIZERS FOR POLYOLEFINS

Tinuvin 326

N

N

NHO

CICH3

Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc.

Additives

© Ciba Specialty Chemicals

Head Office

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Ciba Additives worldwide

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