cia kubark 1-60.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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SEC
ET
NO FOR
N
DISSEM
KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION
July
963
S RE
T
NO :..KEIGN DISSEM
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KUBARK COUNTERINTELLIGENCE INTERROGATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
I.
IN:TRODUCTION
1-3
A. Exp1anation
of
Purpo
se
1 l
·
B.
Exp1anation
oí O rganizat ion
3
U. DEFINITIONS 4-5
III.
LEGAL
AND POLICY
CONSIDERATIONS
6-9
IV.
THEINTERROGATOR
10-14
V. THE INTERROG ATEE 15-29
A. Types of Sources: Inte1ligence
Categories
15-19
B. Types oí Sources:
Personal i ty
Categories
19-28
C. Other
Clues
l 8 2 9
VI.
SCREENING
AND
OTHER
PRELIMINARIES
30-37
A
Screening
30-33
B. Other
Pre l iminary
Procedu:res
33-37
c
Summary
37
VII.
PLANNING THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
INTERROGATION
38-51
A.
The Nature
of
Counterintel l igence
Interrogation
38-42
B.
The
In terrogat ion
Plan
42-44
c
The Specüics
44-51
VIII.
THE NON-COERCIVE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
INTERROGATION 5l-81
s ET
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A .
Genera l
Re1n.arks
B .
The
Structure of the Interrogation
1..
The Opening
2 .
The Reconnaissance
3
The
Detailed Questioning
4 .
The Conclusion
c.
Techniques of Non-Goercive
Interrogat ion
oí Resis tant Sources
IX
T ~ COERCIVE
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
INTERROGATION OF RESISTANT SOU RCES
A.
Rest r ic t ions
B .
The
Theo·ry
of Coercion
c.
Arre s t
D.
Detention
E
Deprivat ion oí Sensory Stimuli
F
Threa t s and Fea r
G.
Debil i ty
H.
Pain
I
Heightened
Suggestibili ty and Hypnosis
J.
Narcos is
K.
The
Detection of Malingering
L.
Conclusion
X.
INTERROGATOR S CHECK LIST
XI.
DESCRIPTIVE
BILIOGRAPHY
XII.
INDEX
i i
Pages
52-53
53-65
53-59
59-60
60-64
64-65
65-81
82-104
82
82-85
85-86
.86-87
87-90
90-92
92-93
93-95
95-98
98-100
101-102
103-104
105-109
110-122
123-128
·
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I. INTRODUC
TION
A.
Explanat ion
of Purpose
This
manua l cannot teach anyone
how
to be o r become
a good in te r roga to r . At best i t can help r eader s to avoid the
charac te r i s t ic mis takes of poor
in te r roga tors .
Its-
purpose i s
to provide guidelines fo r
KUBARK
interr .ogation and part icular ly
the
counterin tel l igence
in terrogat ion of res i s tant
sources .
Designed as an
a id
for
i n t e r roga to rs and others
immedia te ly concerned i t i s
based
la rge ly upon
the
published
resul t s
of
extensive r esea rch
including scientif ic inquirie s conducted by special i s t s in
closely
re la ted
subjects .
There
i s
nothing myster ious
about
i n t e r r o g a t i o ~ I t
consis ts of no m o r e than obtaining needed in fo rmat ion through
responses to quest ions. A s is t rue of a l craf t smen som e
in te r roga tors
are m o r e
able than
others ;
and
some of
the i r
super ior i ty
m a y
be
innate.
But sound in terrogat ion
never the less
res t s upon a
knowledge
of the subject m a t t e r and on cer ta in
broad principies
chiefly
psychological
which
a re not h a rd
to unders tand. The success of
good
in te r roga tors
depends in
- large m e a s u re
upon
the i r use conscious
o r
not
of
these
principies and of processes and techniques
deriving
í r o m them.
Knowledge oí subject mat te r
and
oí the bas ic principies w l l
not of i t se l f c rea te a successful in terrogat ion but i t will mak e
possible
the avoidance oí
mis takes
that
a r e charac te r i s t ic
of
poor in terrogat ion. The purpose then
i s
not to t each the
reade r how to be a good in terrogator but
; rather to
t e l l h im
what he mu s t
l ea rn n a rde r to become a
go.od
in te r roga tor .
· ' · ~ .
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s ~ . T
The interrogation
of
a
res is tant
sour,ce
who is
a staff
or
agent
m e m b e r
of an Orbi t intell igence or
securi ty
service o r of
a clandest ine Conununist organization
is one
of
the
most exact ing
of
profes
sional
t a sks .
Ueually
the
odds
sti l l
favor
the
in terrogator
but
they a r e
sharp ly
cut
by the t raining, ~ : . : p e r i a n c a patience
and
toughness of the in terrogatee . In
such
circurristances the
i n t e r roga to r needs al l the
h e ~ p
that J:te can get. .Anda.
principal
source of aid today
is scientif ic
findings.
The
intel l igence
se rvice
which i s able to bring pertinent,
modern
knowledge
to
bear upon i ts
prob lema enjoya
huge
advantages
over a service
which conducta i ta clandest ine business in eighteenth
cen tury
fashion. t
is
t rue that American psychologists have
devoted
somewhat
m o re attention to Communist in terrogat ion technique s
pa r t i cu la r ly
bra inwashing
,
than
to
U.
S.
·pract ices .
Yet
they
have conducted scientif ic inquir ies into many subjects
that
a re
closely re la ted to in terrogat ion:
the
effects of
debil i ty
and
i so lat ion
the polygraph,
react ions to
pain
and fear hypnosis
and heightened suggest ibi l ity ,
narcos i s
etc.
This work
is of
suff ic ient
impor tance
and re levance tha t i t is no longer possible
to discuss in terrogat ion signif icantly without
re ference
to the
psychologica l
r e s ea r ch
conducted in the past decade.
F o r th is
rea son a maja r purpose of th is s tudy
is
to
focus
relevant
scient i f ic
í indings
upon CI
interrogation.
Every
effort
h;as
been
mad e
to repor t and in te rpre t these
findings
in
our
own language,
in place o í the
terminology employed
by the psychologists.
This
study is by
no means confined
to a resume
and
in te rpre ta t ion oí psychological
í indings. The
approach o í the
psychologis ts
i s customari ly
manipulat ive;
that i s they
sugges t methods of imposing controla
or.
al terat ions
upon
the
in te r roga tee
í r o m the outside. Except
within
the
Communis t í r ame of re fe rence
they
have
paid l eas attention.
to
the
crea t ion of
in ternal
con t ro l s - - i .e .
conversion of
the
source so
that
vo lun tary cooperat ion resul ta . Moral
considerat ions as ide
the
i:.mposition
of
external
t e c h ~ : l i q u e s
of manipulat ing people car r ies
with i t
the grave r i sk
of
l a te r
l awsu i t s adverse publici ty, or other attempts to·
s t r ike back.
2
··
..
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B. Explanat ion
of
Organizat ion
This
study
moves
f rom
the
genera l
topic
of
in te r roga t ion
per
se (Par ta I.
n. m
IV,
V, and
VI)
to
plannihg
the.
counte r
intel l igence
interrogat ion (Part
Vil)
to
the CI
interrogat ion of
res i s tant sources (Par ta VID, IX, and X).
The
defini t ions,
legal
considerat ions ,
and· discuss ions of
interrogators
and
source s , as
well
as
Sect ion
VI on
screening and
other
pre l iminar ies , a re
relevant
to
l l
kinds of interrogat ions.
Once
i t
is establ ished that
the
source
i s
probably
counte r-
intel l igence
t a rge t
(in other
words, is
probably
member
of
foreign intel l igence or
secur i ty service ,
Communis t ,
or
par t of any
other group
engaged
in
e
landestine activity
direc ted
against the
national
security) , the interrogaÜon
is
planned and conducted accordingly. The CI interrogat ion
techniques are discussed in an
order of increa.sing
i n ~ n s i t y
as
the
focus on source resis tanée grows sharper .
The
l as t
section,
on do
s
and dont
s ,
i s re turn to
the
broader
view
of
the opening par ts ; as check- l is t , i t
i s
placed las t sole ly
for
convenience.
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in terrogat ion is not
a imed
at causing the in terrogatee to
incr iminate h imsel f as
a
m ean s
of
bringing
h im to t r ia .
Admiss ions
of
compl ic i ty
a re
not,
to
a
CI
serv ice ,
ends
themselves but mere ly
pre ludes te
the
acquisi t ion
of
m o re
informat ion .
5.
Debriefing: obtaining informat ion by questioning
a
control led
and witting
source
who
is normal ly
a willing
one.
6.
Elicit ing:
obtaining informat ion, without revea l ing
intent
o r
exceptional in teres t , through a
ve rba l or
wri t ten
exchange
with
a
p e r s o n
who
may
be willing
o r
unwilling
to
provide
what
i s
sought and who
m a y o r
m a y not
be
controlled.
7. In terrogat ion: obtaining informat ion
by
di rec t
quest ioning
of
a person o r
persona
under
condit ions
which
are e i ther par t ly o r ful ly
contro l led
by the
ques t ioner
o r are
bel ieved
by those
quest ioned to
be subject to his control .
Becau se in terv iewing, debriefing,
and
elici t ing are s impler
methods
of obtaining
informat ion f ro m cooperat ive subjects ,
in te r roga t ion
i s usually
re se rved
for
sources who are
suspect ,
res is tant ,
o r
both.
8.
Intel l igence interview: obtaining
in ior i?at ion , not
cus tomar i ly
under
control led condit ions, by questioning a
p e r s o n w ~ o i s aw are
of the
nature
and perhaps
·of the
signif icance
oí his
an s w ers but who
i s
ordinar i ly unawa:t; e
of
the purposes
and specif ic in te l ligence
affi l ia t ions of the in terviewer .
5
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m LEGAL AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS
The
legis la t ion
which founded
KUBARK specifical ly
denied
it any l aw-enforcement o r
police
powers .
·
Yet
detention
in a
control led environ¿nent and perhaps for a
lengthy
per iod
is
f requent ly essent ia l
to a
successful
counter in te l l igence in te r ro
gation
oí
a recalci t rant source. · . · r
_J This necess ity
obviously
should
be determined as ear ly as
posstble.
The legal i ty of detalning
and
quest ioning a person and of
the
methods
employed
Detention
poses
the
most
common oí the legal problema.
KUBARK
has no independent legal
authori ty
to detain anyone against h is will
__ The
bas te
in
which some KUBARK
in terrogat ions
have been conducted has not
always been the product oí impatience. Some
secur i ty
serv ices espec ia l ly
-those
oí the
Sino-Soviet Bloc
m.ay
w ork a t
l e l su re depending
upon t ime
as wel l as their own m ~ t h o s to mel t reca lc i t rance . KUBARK usual ly
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cannot. Accordingly, unless it
is
consldered that the prospect lvo
in terrogatee is
coopera t ive and
wlll
r ~ i n so
indefinitely,
the f i r s t
s tep
in
planning
an
interrogat ion
ls
to
determine
how
long
the
source
can
be
held . The choice of methods
dependa in
pa r t upon the an sw er ·. ..,
to
this
quest ion.
The
ha.ndÜng
~
quest ioning
oí defectorrJ a re sub jec t
to
the
p r o v i s i o ~ s
of
Direct ive No. 4 to lt re la ted Chlef /KUBARK
DirecHves , principally. ' _
Book Dlspatch
__ ¡
and to pert inent
Those
c ~ ~ c e r n e d with
the
in terrogat lon
of
defectors ,
escapees , refugees , o r
repa t r i a tes
should
know these re fe rences .
The
kinds
of counterintel l lgence
inforrnation to be
sought in
l
CI in terrogat lon a re s tated general ly in Chlef /KUBARK Dlrectlve '
and
in g r ea t e r dotaU in Book
DirJpa tch[ .
__:_
The in terrogat ion of PBPRIME citU.enrJ poaorJ
speclal problema.
Fi r s t
s.uch in terrogat lons
should not
be cou"ducted
for
rea 5ons
lying
outs ide
the sphere
of
KUBARK
1
5 responsibl l i t ies . F o r example , the
·
S ~ T
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but should
not
normally-- -,
become
dl rec t ly
invo. .ved. Clandeatine
act lv l ty conducted
abroad on
behal i
oí
a
fo re ign
power by a prívate PBPRIM E ci t izen
doea
í a l l within
KUBARK
1
a inveat igat ive and interrogative reaponsibi l i t ies . However,
any
invest igat lon,
interrogation, or
interview
oí
a
P P R ~ M E ci t izen
which
ia
conducted
abroad
becauae l t ia known o r suspected tha t
he ia
engaged in
clandeat ine
act lv i t ies directed agains t
PBPRIME secur i ty
in tereata
requi res
the pr io r and personal approval
oí Chieí /KUDEsK or
oí h la
deputy.
Sin
ce
4
Octooer
1961, ext ra te r r i tor ia l
applicat ion
has-
been
glven to
the Eapionage Act,
rnaking
i t henceíorth poaaible to
prosecu te
in
the
Fede ra l Courta
any
PBPRIM E ci t izen who violates
the
s tatu tes oí this
Act
in ío re ign countr iea.
ODENVY
has requea ted tha t it
be
informed,
in
advance ü
t ime
permi ta i í
any
investigati'll'e
s teps a r e undertaken
in
these
cases . Since
KUBARK employees
cannot be witnessea in court ,
each inveat igat ion muat be conducted
in
auch
a
man n er that evidence
bta ined m a y be proper lv introduced i the case comes to
t r ia l .
. __
a
ta tes
policy and procedures fo r
the
conduct
oí invest igat ions
of P BP RIM E
ci t izens
abroad .
In te r rogat ions conducted under compulsion or duress a re especial ly
l ikely
to involv Ulegá.lity and to entai l damaging consequences for KUBARK.
Therefore
pr io r
Headquar te rs
approval a t the KUDOVE level
J:nust
be
obtained for the
in terrogat ion
of any source
agains t his wi l l and
under
any
oí the
following
circuxnstances:
l
I í
bodily harn1 is
to
be
infl icted.
2.
Ií
medica , chemlcal ,
o r
electr ical
methods o r
mate r i a l s
a re
to
he uaed
to induce acquiescence.
3.
8
S
/. E
T
1
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S ~ T
The CI in ter rogator
dealing
wlth an uncooperatlve interrogatee
who
has
been wel l -br lefed by
a
host i le
service on the
legal restrlctiC?ns
under
which ODYOKE serv ices operate mus t expect some
effectlve ·
·-.
delaylng tact ics .
The interrogatee
has be
en told
th.at
KUBARK
will
not hold hi.m. long that
he
need only res i s t
for
a while. Nikolay
KHOKHLOV for example repor ted that before he lef t
for
Frankfurt
a m
Main
on
his
assass inat ion
mission. the
following
thoughts
coursed
through h i s
head: f I
should
get
into
the hands
of Western authorit ies
I can
be
come re t icen t s ilent
and
deny m y volunta.ry vls it to
Okolovlch.
I
know
I
wil l not be tortured and that under
the
procedures
of
w e s t e rn law
I
can conduct m y s ~ l boldly. {17
{The footnote
numera l s
n this tex t a r e
keyed
to
the
nu.m.bered bibliography-
a t the
end . /
The
in terrogator
who
encounters
expert reslstance
should
not
gr¿;
f lurr ied
~ press ; i f
he
does he is l ikel ier to commi t Ulegal acts which the
source can l a te r
use
agains t him. Remembering that t ime
is
on
his
side the in ter rogator should ar range
to
get as much
of
i t a s he needs.
S E r E T
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IV. THEINTERROGATOR
A
nurnber oí s tudies oí
in ter rogat ion discuss
qualit ies
sa id to
be
des i rab le in an
interrogator .
The
l l s t
seems a lmo s t
endless
-
a pro íess iona l
manner ,
íorceíulness ,
unders tanding and syrnpathy,
bread th
o í
gene.ral knowledge, a re a knowledge, a
prac t ica
knowledge
oí psychology ,
ski l l
in the t r icks o í the t rade, a le r t -
ness , perseverance ,
integri ty,
discret ion,
pat ience, a high L
Q . ,
extens ive
exper ience , f lexibi l i ty ,
etc . , etc.
Some texts
even
discuss the in te r rogato r
1
s
manners and grooming,
and one
p re -
scr ibed
the t ra i t s
considered
desirab le in his secre ta ry .
A
repet i t ion oí this
catalogue would
s e rv e no purpose
here ,
espec ia l ly because a lmos t a l l oí the charac te r i s t i cs mentioned
a r e ala o
des
i rable in case off icers , agents , policemen, sa lesmen ,
lu inber jaéks, and
everybody
e lse . The
sea rch
oí the pert inent
scient if ic l i t e ra tu re disc losed no repor t s oí studies based on co m m o n -
denominator
t ra i t s
oí
auccessful
in te r rogato rs
o r
any
other
control led
inquir ies that would inves t these
l ista wlth any
objective
validi ty.
Perhaps
the í our
qualif ications o í chieí
importance
to the
in ter rogator . ·a re
} enough operat ional t ra ining and
exper ience
to p ermi t quick recognl t ion oí leads; 2} rea l fami l ia r i ty with the
language to
be
used; (3) extens ive background knowledge about the
in terrogatee a
nat ive
country
(and
intell igence
servic e ,
i employed
by one); and
(4)
a
genuine
unders tanding o í the source as a person.
.
Station_s, and even
a íew baseB
can
cal l upon
one
o r
sev e ra
in ter rogato rs
to rsupply
these
prerequ is i tes ,
individually o r a s a team. Whenever a
num be r
oí
in te r rogato rs
lB
avai lab le ,
the percen tage
oí successes ls
increased
by care íu l
matching
oí quest ionera
and
sources and by ensur ing
that
r ig id
pre-
s h e d u l ~ g does not prevent auch matching.
O í
the í our
t ra i t s
Usted,
a genulne
insight lnto the source
1
s
charac te r and motives
is perhaps
10
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most important but l eas t common. La.ter· port lons of this manual
explore this tapie
in
more detall. One gene.ral observat ion
is
int ro
duced
now,
however,
because
i t
is
considered
ba.sic
to
the
establ ish-
·
ment
of
rapport , upon which
the succesrs of
non-coercive interrogatton··
·
dependa.
The interrogator should remember that he and the interrogatee
a re
often
working a t croas-
purposes not
be cause
the interrogatee is
malevolent ly
withholding or misleading
but
s
imply because what he
wants f rom the si tuat ion
irs
not what
the interrogator wants.
The
interrogator
1
s
goal
la to obtain useful inform.at ion--facts
about
whlch
the interrogatee presumably hars acquired
information.
But a t the
outset of the interrogation, and perhaps for a long time. af terwards ,
the person
being questioned
is not
great ly
concomed wlth comm.uni
cating
his
body
of
specla l ized information to his queationer;
he
is
concerned with putting his bes t foot forward. The question upper
mos t
n his
mind,
a t
the
beginning, irs
not
l ikely to be
11
How can I
help
PBPRIME?
11
but
ra ther
11
What sor t of impress ion
a m I making?
anci a lmos t im.m.edlately tb.ereafter,
11
What irs
going
to happen to m e
now?tt (An exception
is
the penetrat ion agent
or
provocateur
sent
to a
KUBARK
i ield
lnstallat ion
after training
in
withstanding interroga
tion. Such an agent
may
feel confident
enough not to
be
grave ly
concerned about
him.self.
Hirs
pr imary
interest , f rom the beginning,
may
be the
acquisi t ion
of
information about the
interrogator
and
hls
se rvice .
The
_skilled interrogator
can save a great deal of t ime by
under
standing the em.otional needs
of the in terrogatee. Most
people
con
fronted by an off ic la l - -and
dimly
powel ful--representattve of a
foreign
power wil l get down to
cases
much
faster
i made to
feel, f:rom the
s tar t ,
that
they
aro
being t reated as
individuals. So
s imple a
mat te r
as
greet ing an
inte:rrogatee by
his
name a t the opening of the sess ion
establ ishes in his .mind the
comforting
awarenesrs that he is considered
as
a
person,
n o t a
rsqueezable
sponge.
This
is
not
to
say that
egotist lc
· types should be al lowed t bask a t
length
in the warmth of
individual
recognit ion.
But i t is important
to assuage the fea r
o í
denigrat ion
which
aff l ic ts m.any
people when
f i r s t
interrogated by
m.aking i t
c lear
that the indi viduality of the
interrogatee irs
recognized. With thirs
common
unders tanding
established, the
in terrogat ion can
move on to
hnpersonal mat te r s and
wlll not
later
be
thwarted
or in te r rupted--
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or
a t l eas t
n o t a s often--by i r re levant
answers des igned not to
provide
facts
but
to
prove that the in te r rogatee is a
respectable
m e m b e r
of
the human
race .
Although i t is o f t e ~
necessary
to t r ick people ~ t tel l ing
what
we
n eed to kn.ow, especial ly
in
CI interrogationst ~
init ial
quest ion which the in terrogator asks of hi.m.self
should
be,
How can
I m a k e hi.m.
want
_to tel l
m e what he knows?
11
ra the r
than
11
How can
I
t rap
hi.m.
into disc losing what_he kn.ows?
11
f
the
person
being quest ioned is genuinely
host i le fo r
ideological
reasons ,
techniques of manipula t ion a re in order . But the
assumpt ion
of
hbst i l i ty- -or
a t l eas t the
use
of pres su re . tact ics
a t
the
f i r s t en co u n t e r - -may
make
diff icult
subjec ts even
out of
those
who would re spond to recognit ion of individuali ty
and an
in i t ia l assumpt ion of good will .
Another pre l iminary comm.ent
about
the in te r roga to r is that
norma.lly he
should not
personali .ze.
That
is, h e should
not be
pleased, f la t tered , f rus t ra ted , goaded, or
otherwise
emot ional ly
and persona l ly
aifected
by
the
in terrogat ion.
A calculated display
of fee l ing employed for
a
specif ic purpose is an exception; but
even under these c i rcumstances
the
in terrogator
is
in
ful l control .
The
in terrogat ion
s i tuat ion
is intensely
in ter-personal ;
i t is
there fo re
a l l
the more necessa ry
to s t r ike a counter -ba lance
by
an
at t i tude
which
the
subject
clear ly recognizes
as essent ia l ly fa i r
and object ive. The
kind of
person
who
cannot help
personal iz ing,
who be<:=omes
. emotional ly involved in the in terrogat ion
si tuat ion,
m a y have chance
(and
even spectacular} successes as
an
i .nterrogator
but is a lmos t cer ta in to have a poor batt ing average .
t
is
frequent ly sa id
that
the
in terrogator
should be
11
a good
judge of
h u man
nature .
In fact,
•- (3}
This study s ta tes la ter (page
Grea t at tent ion has be en given to the degree to which persona a re
able
to
mak e
judgements f ro m
casua l
observat ions regard ing
the
personal i ty charac te r i s t ics of another . The consensus of r esea rch
is that with re spec t to man y kinds oí
judgments ,
a t l eas t some judges
p e r fo rm
re l i ab ly
be t te r than chance
Nevertheless , the
level
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of reUabi l i ty in judgm.ents is so low that r e s ea rch encounters
difficul t ies when
i t seeks
to determine
who
makes
bet te r judgments
(3)
n
brief ,
th e
in terrogator
is
l ikel ier
to
overes t imate h is
ab i l i t j · ,
to judge
others
t E.n
te
n d e r e ~ t i : : : n 2 t e it,
especia l ly
i f he
has
had
Uttle o r
no
t ra in ing in
mo d ern
psychology.
I t follows
that e r ro r s
in
as s e s s men t and
in handling
are Ukelier to resul t f rom snap
judgments_ based upon the assu inpt iqn of
innate
ski l l in judging
others
th n f r o m holding
such
judgments in
abeyance until
enough
facts a r e known.
T h ere has been a good rleal of discussian·
of
in terrogat ion
exper ta va sub jec t -mat te r
experta.
Such facts as a r e
avai lable
sugges t tha t
the
l a t t e r
have
a sl ight
advantage.
.But
for counter-
intel l igence purposes
the debate
is
academic.
I t is sound
prac t i ce
to
asa ign
inexperienced int ,errogators
to
guard
duty
o r
to
other supplementary tasks direct ly related to
inter:rogati.on,
so
tha t they
can
view th e procesa c lose ly befare
taking charge. The u s e of beginning in terrogators
as sc reeners
see
pa r t VI)
is a l so
recolllll lended.
Although there
is
some l iml ted
validlty
in the
view,
f requent ly
ex p res s ed in in terrogat ion primera, that
the
interrogatlon
is
essent ia l ly a bat t le of wlts , the
CI
in terrogator who encounters a
skl l led
and
r e s i s tant in terrogatee should r e m e m b e r that a wlde
*The in te r roga to r
should
be supported whenever
pass ible
by
qualif iod
analys t s
1
rev iew of his daily take
; exper ience has shown
that
such a rev iew
wll l
ra l se questiona to
be
put and
points
to
be
c la r i í i ed and l ead to a thorough coverage
oí the
subjec t in
hand.
13
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variety
oí a ids
can be made
avai lable in
the í ield or f rom
Headquar ters . These a re discussed
in
ar t VIII.) The
in tensely
personal
na ture
oí
the
interrogat ion
situation
makes i t
al l
the
more neces sa ry t ~ t the KUBARK quest ioner should a im
not
í o r
personal triu.m.ph but í o r his t rue goal-- the acquisi t ion
oí al l
needed iníormat ion by any author ized means.
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V. THE INTERROGATEE
A .
Types
f Sources :
Intell igence Categor ies
F r o m the viewpoint oí the intell igence service the
ca tegor ies
oí person 3 who
most
í requent ly provide useíul informat ion
in
r e -
sponse to questioning a re t rave l l e rs ; repa t r i a tes ; de íec to rs escapees
and reíugees; t r ans íe r red sources;
agents , including provoca teurs
double agent
s
and
penet ra t ion agents; and swindler s
and
í abr i cator s •
•
l T rav e l l e r s
a re usually
in terv iewed,
debrieíed
or quer ied
through e l ici t ing techniques. I í they
are in te r rogated the
r ea s o n
is
that they are known
o r
believed to fall into
one
oí the
íol lowing
ca te -
gor ies .
2 . Repat r ia tes a r e
somet i rnes
in terrogated although other
techniques
a r e used
m o r e
often.
The
propr ie ta ry
in te res t s
oí
the
hos t
government
wil l
í requently dictate
in terrogat ion
by
a
l ia ison
se rv ice ra the r than by KUBARK. I í
KUBARK
in te r roga tes the
fol lowing prel i rn inary steps a r e taken:
a .
A records check, including local and
Headquar te r
s
t r aces .
b.
Test ing
oí
bona
í ides .
c . Deterrninat ion oí repa t r i a te
s
kind and leve oí
acces
s
while
outside his
own
country .
d . Prel i rn inary
assess rnen t oí rnotivat ion ( including
poli t ical
orientat ion),
reliabil i ty and capabil i ty as observer
and r epor te r .
e . Deterrninat ion oí all intell igence o r Cornrnunis t
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re la t ionsh ips ,
whe t he r
with a se rv i ce
or pa r t y of
the
r ep a t r i a t e s
own count ry
count ry
of
detention
1
or ano the r .
Ful l
par t i cu la r
s
a r e
needed .
3 .
D efec to r
s
escap ees , and r e fugees
a re
normal ly in te r roga ted
a t
suf f ic ien t l eng th to p e r m i t a t l ea s t
a
p re l imin a ry
tes t ing
of bona
f ides
.
T he
e xpe r i e nc e
of t he
pos t - wa r
y e a r s has dem ons t r a ted tha t
Sovie t
d efec to r s 1) a lmo s t never
defect sole ly
o r p r imar i ly
because
of i nducement by
a
W e s t e r n se ry i ce
1
2) usual ly leave the
USSR
for
p e r s o n a l
r a t h e r
t han
ideologica l r easo n s
and
3) a r e often
RIS
agents .
Al l ana lyses
of
the de fec tor - re fugee flow have
shown tha t
the Orb i t
s e r v i c e s
a re
w e l l - a w a r e
of the advantages offered
by
this
channe l
a s
a m e a n s oí p lan t ing the i r agents in
t a rg e t
count r i e s .
j
4.
T r a n s í e r r e d
s o u r c e s
r e í e r r e d to KUBAR K
by
another
se rv ice
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_
for
in terrogat ion
are
usually suffic iently well-know n to
the
t r ans -
fe r r ing se rv ice so that
a
file has been opened. Whenever poss ib le
1
KUBARK
should
secure
a
copy
of
the
f i le
or
i ts full
in formational
equivalen t befare accepting custody.
1
5 Agents are m o re frequently debr iefed
th<l;n in te r roga ted
:...Jas an analyt ic tool .
f
it is tben es tabl ished or
s t rongly
suspected that
the
agent .belongs to one
of the following
c a t e g o r i e s · ~ fu r ther
investigation
and
1
eventually
1
in terrogat ion
usual ly
fol low.
a . Provoca teu r Many provocat ion
agents
a r e walk- ins
posing as escapees
1
refugees
1
or
defectors in
orde r
to
pene-
t r a t e emigre groups
1
ODYOKE
intell igence
1
or
other
ta rge ts
as
s
igned by
hosti l
e s
erv ices .Although denunciat ions by
genuine
refugees
and other evidence of in formation obtained
f r o m docu:rnents
1
local offic ia ls
1
and
l ike sources may
resu l t
in exposure
1
the detect ion
of provocat ion
frequent ly
dependa
upon
skil led
in ter rogat ion A
l a ter
sec t ion
of th i s
manual
deals with
the
pre l iminary
tes t ing
of bona fideS. But
the
r e -
sul ta
of pre l iminary testing a re often
inconclusive,
and
detai led
in terrogat ion
is ú ·equently
essent ia l to
confess ion
and full revela t ion.
Thereaf te r
the
provoca teur may be
qu,estioned for operat ional and posit ive intell igence
as
well
as counter in te l l igence provided that
proper
cognizance is
t aken
of
bis
status during the .questioning and
l a ter
when
r epor t s a re
prepared
h. Double
agent . The
in terrogat ion of DA
1
s
f requent ly
fol lows a determinat ion or s t rong suspic ion that
the
double
is
giving
the
edge
to
the
adversa ry se rv iee
As
is
a l so
t rue
for the in ter rogat ion
of provocateurs
1
thorough p r e -
l iminary
investigation
will pay
handsome
dividends w ~ n
questioning
gets under way. In fact
1
i t is a bas i c princip ie
of in terrogat ion that
the
quest ioner
should
have a t bis d i s -
pos al, befare
querying
s tar t s as much
per t inent
informat ion
as
can
be
gathered v,rithout the knowledge oí
the
prospect ive
17
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i n t e r r ogatee .
d .
Swindle r s
and
fabr i ca to rs
a re
usual ly i n t e r roga ted
for
prophylac t i c
r ea s o n s not for counter inte l l igence
infor-
ma t ion .
T he
purpose i s
the
prevent ion
o r nul l i f ica t ion
o í
da m a ge to
KUBARK
to
other
ODYOKE se rv i ces
Swindle r s
and f ab r i ca to r s have
l i t t le oí
CI
s ignif icance to
communica te but a re notor ious ly skil l íul t imewas te rs . In-
t e r ro g a t i o n of t h e m is
u ~ l l y inconclusive
and i f prolonged
8
S
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~
unreward ing . The
pro íess iona l
p e ~ d l e r
with
severa l IS
contac ts may prove
an
except ion; but he will usual ly give
the
edge to
a
host
securi_ty
serv ice
because
otherwise he cannot
function
with
impunity.
B . Types of Sources : Personal i ty
Categor ie s
The number oí sys tems devised
í o r
categor iz ing human beings
is
l a rge ,
and mo s t of t he m
a re oí dubious·
val idi ty . Var ious ca t e
gor ica l
sc he m e s a r e
outl ined in t rea t i ses on
in ter rogat ion. The two
typologies mo s t f requent ly advoca ted
a re
psychologic-emot ional and
geographic -cu l tu ra l . Those who
urge
.the
í o r m e r
a rg u e tha t
the bas ic
e m o t i o n l ~ p s y c h o l o g i c l
pa t t e rns
do
not
v a ry signif icantly
with t ime,
place , o r
~ u l t u r e The
la t ter
school
main ta ins the exis tence
oí a
nat ional
charac te r
and sub-nat ional ca tegor ies , and i n t e r roga t ion
guides based
on
t h i s p r inc ip le recommend approaches t a i lo red
to
geographica l
c u l t u r ~ s
It is plainly
t rue
tha t
the
i n t e r roga t ion
source cannot be
under
s tood in
a
vacuurn:, i sola ted f rom soc ia l context . I t is equally
t rue
tha t sorne
of
the m o s t glar ing blunders in in te r rogat ion
and
other
opera t ional
processes have
resu l ted
í r o m
ignor ing t he source • s
background.
Moreover ,
emot iona l -psycholog ica l
schemat iza t ions
som e t i m e s
pre sen ta typ ica l
ex t remes r a t h e r than the ·kinds of
people commonly encounte red by in te r roga to rs . Such typologies
a l so cause d i sag reemen t even among pro íess iona l psych ia t r i s ts
and psychologis ts . In te r rogato rs
who adopt
t he m and
who
note
in
an in te r rogatee one o r two oí the charac te r i s t i cs of
Type
A
may
mistaken ly as s ig n the source to Category
A
and a s s u m e the r e
maining t r a i t s .
n the
other
hand, there a r e
val id
objections to the
adopt ion
of
cu l tu ra l -geograph ic
ca tegor ie s fo r in t e r roga t ion purposes
how-
ever
val id they m a y be as KUCAGE concepts ). The pitfal ls oí
ignorance
of
the dis t inc t ive cul ture
of
the
so u rce
hav:e
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S ~
T he idea l
solu t ion
would be to avoid al i ca tegor iz ing. Bas ic
al ly , a l l s ch emes for label l ing
people
a re
wrong
per se; applied
a r b i t r a r i l y · t hey a lways produce distor t ions. Every
in te r roga tor
knows tha t a r e a l
unders tanding
of the individual
is
worth fa r
m o r e
than
a t horough
knowledge of th is
or tha t p igeon-hole to which he
h as
been
c o n s i g ~ e d
And fo r in te rroga t ion purposes the
ways
in
which he di f fe r s f rom the ab s t rac t ty pe m a y be m o r e
signif icant
t han the ways in
which
he conforms .
But KUBARK
does not
dispose of
the t ime or pe rsonne l
to
p ro
be
the dep ths of each
source
1
s
individual i ty. In
the opening
p h a s e s
of
i n t e r roga t ion , o r in a quick in ter rogat ion, w e a re
compe l l ed to
m a ke s om e
use
of the
shor thand of
categor iz ing,
des
pi te
dis to r t ions .
Like other in íer rogat ion
aides , a
s c he m e
of
ca t eg o r i e s is
usefu l only i
recognized for what
i t
i s - - a
se t
of l abe ls t h a t
fac i l i ta te
communica t ion but a re not
the
same as
the pe rsons
thus
l abe l l ed .
If an in ter rogatee
l íes
pe rs i s t en t ly , an
i n t e r ro g a t o r
m a y
repor t
and
di smiss him as
a
11
pathological
l iar .
11
Yet such
p erso n s
m a y p o sses s
counter in te l l igence
or other} in
fo rmat ion qui te
equal
in
value
to
tha t
held
by other sources , and
the i n t e r ro g a t o r l ike l ies t to get a t i t
is
the
m a n
who
is
not content
with labe l l ing but
is
as in te res ted in why the
subject
Hes
as
in
what
he l i e s about .
With a l l
of
t hes e
reserva t ions ,
then,
and
with
the
fu r the r
observa t ion tha t
t hose
who find
these
psychological-emotional
ca tegor ies pragmat ica l ly
valuable
should use
them
and those who
do not should l e t t he m a lone , the following nine types a re desc r ibed .
T he ca t eg o r i e s
a re
based
upon
the fact tha t a person
1
s
pas t is
always
re f lec ted ,
how ever d imi ly ,
in h is presen t e th ics
and behavior . Old
dogs can
l e a rn new t r i cks
but
not
new ways
of
learning t h em. People
_do change,
but what
appears
to
be new behavior or
a
new psychological
pat t e rn is usual ly jus t a
var ian t
on
the
old t heme .
l
S E ~
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S ~
It is not cla imed tha t the class i f ica t ion sys tem presen ted
he re
is complete; sorne in ter rogatees will not f i t
into
any one of .
the groupings .
And l ike al l other
typologies ,
the
sys tem is
p lagued ··. · .
by
over lap , so that
sorne
interrogatees·
will
show charac te r i s t i cs ··.
of mo re than one group. Above
all ,
the
in te r rogato r
mu s t r e m e m b e r
tha t finding sorne
of the charac ter i s t i cs of
the group
in a
s ingle
source
does
not
warran t an
immedia te
conclusion
tha t
the source belongs
to
the
group,
and
that
even
co r rec t
labelling is
not
the equivalent of
u n d er
s tanding people
but mere l y an aid to understanding.
The
n ~ n e
majo r
groups within
the
psychologica l -emot ional ca te
gory adopted for th is handbook a re the following.
l The order ly -obs t ina te charac te r . People in
th is
ca tegory
a re charac te r i s t i ca l ly f rugal ,
order ly ,
and cold; f requent ly
they
a r e
quite
intel lectual . They a re not impuls ive in behavior . · They
tend to
think
things
through
logical ly and to act
del iberately .
They often
r each
decis ions
v ery s lowly. They a re
fa r l e ss l ikely to
m a ke
rea l
personal sacr i f ices fo r a cause than to use
t hem
as a t emp o ra ry
m e a ns
of obtaining a permanen t personal
gain.
They a re
secre t ive
and di s
inclined to confide
in
anyone
else their plans and plots _. which f requent ly
conce rn the ove r th row
of
sorne fo rm
of
author i ty .
h ~ y a re
a lso s tubborn ,
although
they may
pre tend
cooperation or
even
bel ieve
that
they
a r e
cooperat ing . They nurse grudges.
The order ly -obs t ina te charac ter consi .ders h imse l f super io r
to
other
people .
Somet imes his
sense of
super io r i ty is
in terwoven
with a
kind of
magica l thinking
tha t
includes
al l
sor t s
of
supers t i t ions
and
fantas ies about control l ing his environment . He .rnay
even have
a
sys tem
of
moral i ty that is al l his own. He somet imes
gra t i f ies
bis
feeling of sec re t
super io r i ty
by
provoking
unjus t t rea tment . H e
a lso
t r i e s , character is t ical ly , to keep open a
l ine
of escape by avoiding
any
rea l
commi tment
to
anything.
He i s - -and
a lways has
been- - in
tensely concerned
about
his personal possess ions . H e is
usual ly
a
t ightwad who
saves
every th ing , has a st rong
sense
of propr ie ty , and
is
punctual and t idy . His money and other possess ions
have fo r h im
a personal ized quali ty;
.they a re
par t s
of himse l i
He often ca r r i e s
around shiny
coins
,
keepsakes ,
a bunch of keys, and
other
objects
having for himsel f an ac tua l o r symbol ic
value .
Zl
SE RET
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Usuaf ly · the
orde r ly -obs t ina te cha rac te r
has
a h i s t o r y o í
rebel l ion.
in chi ldhood,
oí
persis tent ly
d.oing the exact
oí what
he is to ld to
do. As an
adult
he
m a y
have l ea rn ed
c loak h i s
r e s i s t an ce
and
become
pass ive -aggress ive ,
but
his
to
get
his
own
way is unal tered. He has m e r e l y
how
to
pr oc e e d
indirec t ly i í necessa ry . The profound f ea r
h a t red o í au thor i ty , pers i s t ing
s ince
child.liood, is o f t ~ n wel l
adul thood.
F o r
example , such a p erso n
m a y
confesa
and quick ly
under in te r roga t ion ,
ev en to acts tha t he did not
in o rd e r to th row the i n t e r roga tor off the t r a i l o í
a
s ig
can t d i scovery
(or ,
m o r e
rare ly ,
because
of
fee l ings
oí gui l t .
The i n t e r ro g a to r
who
is deal ing with an orde r ly -obs t ina te
should
avoid
t he
ro l e
of
host i le author i ty .
T h rea t s
and
g es tu res , t ab le-pounding ,
pouncing on evas ions or l íes ,
s i mi l a r l y author i ta t ive
tac t i c s
wil l only
awaken
in such
a
sub jec t his
old
anxie t ie s and habi tua l
deíense
m e c ha n i sm s . To
n rappor t , the in te r rogato r should be í r iendly.
I t wi l l probab ly
reward ing i f
the
r o o m and
the
i n t e r roga tor
look except ional ly
Ord er ly -obs t ina te in te r roga tees
often col lec t
coins
o r othe r
obj ects as
a
hobby;
t i m e
spen t in shar ing the i r i n t e re s t s m a y thaw
sorne oí
the
i ce . Estab l i sh ing rappor t is
ex t r emely
impor tan t when
with th i s
type .
3)
2 .
The
opt imis t i c cha rac te r . This kind of source is a l m os t
cons tan t ly happy-go - lucky , impuls ive , incons is ten t,
and undependable .
e
se e m s
to
enjoy a cont inuing sta te oí
wel l -being .
H e
m a y be generous
to
a
íaul t , giving to othe rs a s he wants to
be
given to . H e
may become
an
alcohol ic
o r
drug addic t . He
is
not able to
withs tand
v e r y
m uc h
p r e s s u r e ;
he
r eac t s to
chal lenge not
by increasing
his ef for ts
but
r a t h e r by running away to avoid conf l ic t . His convic t ions tha t s o m e
thing
wil l
t u rn
up
tha t every th ing
wil l work out
al l r ight , is based
on his need
to
avoid
his own
resp.onsibi l i ty
for
events
and
depend
upon
a
kindly fa te .
Such
a
p erso n h as usua l ly had
a
great dea l { over - indulgence
in
ea r ly l i í e . H e
is
som e t i m e s
the youngest
m e m b e r oí a
l a rg e
í ami ly ,
2 2
S ~ T
·.
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the child
oí
a middle-aged woman
(a so-ca l led
11
change
-o f - l i fe baby
11
} .
f
he has met
s
evere frus t rat ions in
l a t e r
chi ldhood, he m a y be
petu
lant
vengeful ,
·and
constan t ly
demanding.
As in te r rogat ion sources
opt imist ic
charac te rs
re spond
bes t
t o a kindly,
paren ta l
approach.
f
withholding, they
~ n
often be handled
effectively by
the
Mut t -and-Je f f technique discussed l a t e r
in
th i s
paper .
P r e s s u r e
tact ics or
host i l i ty will make t he m
r e t r ea t
inside t h emse lv es
whereas r ea s s u ran ce wil l bring
them
out. They tend to seek p ro mi s es
to cas t the
in te r roga to r
in the ro le of pro tec to r and
prob lem-so lver ;
and
i t is
impor tan t
tha t
the
in ter rogato r
avoid making
any
specif ic promises
that cannot be fulf i l led,
because
the opt imist
t u rned
vengefu l
i s
l ike ly to
prove
t roub lesome.
3 .
The greedy demanding éh a rac t e r . This kind of p e r s o n affixes
h imse l f
to
o thers
l ike a
leech and
clings
obsessive ly . Although ex t remely
dependent
and
pass ive he constan t ly
demanda tha t
others take ca re of
him and
gra t i fy his
wishes . If
he
considera himsel f wronged, he does
not seek r ed res s t h rough
his
own
efforts
but
t r i e s
to
p ersu ad e another
to
take
up the cudgels in
his behalf -
11
le t
1
s
you
~ d
h i m
fight.
11
His
loyal t ies a re
l ike ly to
shif t whenever he feels
tha t
the
sponsor
whom
]:le
has
chosen has
le t
h im down. Defectors of th is type fee l
aggr ieved
because
the i r
d es i r e s w e r e not
sat is f ied in
the i r
coüntr ies o f origin,
but they soon
feel
equal ly depr ived
in a second land and t u rn agains t i ts
governmen t o r
represen ta t ives in
t he same way.
The
greedy
and demand-
ing
cha rac te r is
subjec t
to ra ther f requent
d ep res s io n s .
He
m a y
di rec t
a
des i re
for revenge inward , upon
himsel f ;
i n ex t reme cas es
suic ide
m a y
re su l t .
The greedy demanding
charac te r
often suffered
f ro m v e ry
ear ly
depr iva t ion
of af fect ion
or
secur i ty . A s an adul t he cont inues to
seek subst i tu te paren t s
who
wil l
ca re
for
him
as
his
own, he fee l s
did
not .
The
in te r roga to r dealing with a greedy, demanding ch a rac t e r
mu s t be
carefu l
not
to
rebuff him; othe rwise
rappor t
wil l
be des t royed .
On the
other
hand, the in te rrogato r . mu s t
not
accede
to demands
w l\ich
cannot o r should not be met . Adopting the tone of an unde.rs tanding
fa ther o r big bro ther is l ikely to make
the
subject respons ive .
f
he
makes exorb i t an t
r eq u es t s an unimportant favor
may prov ide
a sa t i s -
23
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S ~ T
· fac to ry
subs t i tute because
the
demand arisef not f ro m a specific
n eed but as
·an
e:épres s ion
of
the subject ' s
need
for securi ty . He
is
l ikely
to
find
reassur ing any
manifes ta t ion
of
concern for his wel l
being.
In deal ing with th is type- -and
to
a considerable extent in
deal ing with any
of
the
types
here in
l is ted--the in terrogator
mu s t
be
aw are of
the
l imi ts and pitfaÜs of rat ional persuas ion. Ii he
seeks
to
induce
coopera t ion by an appeal to logic, he
should
f i rs t
dete rmine
whether the
source s res i s tance
is
based
on
logic . The appeal
wil l
glance off
ineffectually
he
res i s tance is
to ta l ly
o r chiefly
emot iona l
r a the r than
ra t ional . Emot ional · res is tance
can
be diss ipated only by
emot iona l
manipulat ion .
4.
The anxious,
se l i -cente red charac te r .
Although th is
pe rson
is
fearful , he
is
engaged
in
a constant s t ruggle to conceal his fea rs .
He is f requent ly
a
daredevi l who compensates fo r his anxiety
by
p r e
tending
that the re
is no
such thing as
danger . He ma y be
a
stunt
f l ie r
or c i rcus pe r fo rmer
who
"provea" himsel i
before crowds .
H e
m a y
a l so
·.,
be a
Don Juan. He tends
to
brag
and
often
l íes
through
hunger for approval
or
pra i se . As a soldier or
of i ice r he m ay
have been
decorated
for
bravery;
but i f
so,
his comrades may suspec t that
his exploi ts resul ted
f ro m a
pleasure in
exposing
himsel i to
danger
and
the ant ic ipated ,delights
oi
r e
wards ,
approval ,
and
applause . The anxious,
se l i -cen te red
cha rac te r
is usual ly intensely vain and
equal ly
sensi t ive.
People who show these cha rac te r i s t ics a re actual ly unusual ly
fearful .
The causes
of
in tense
concealed anxiety a:r:e
too complex
and
subt le
to
pe rmi t discuss ion of
the
subject in
this
paper .
Of grea te r
impor tance
to
the
in terrogator
than
the causes
is
the
opportunity provided by concealed anxiety for success fu l manipula t ion
of the
source.
His
des i re
to
impress
will usually be quickly evident .
He
is
l ikely to be
voluble.
Ignoring
or
r idicul ing his bragging,
or
cut t ing h i m
short
with
a
demand tha t
he
get
down
to
cases ,
is
l ikely
to
m a k e
h i m
resen t fu l
and
to stop the flow. Playing
upon
his vanity,
especial ly
by
prais ing
bis courage, will usually be ·a success fu l tact ic
_if employed
skil l iul ly.
An.xious, sel i -centered in terrogatees who
a r e
withholding signif icant facts , such as
contact
with a hosti le service ,
4
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S ~ T
a re
l ikel ier
to
divulge ü made to
feel
that the
t ruth
w
i l not be used
to h a r m them
and ü the in terrogator a lso
s t r es ses
the
c:allousness
and stupidi ty
of
the
adve rsa ry
in
sending
so
valiant
person
upon
so
i l l -prepared
miss ion . There
i B l i t t le
to be gained and
m u ch
to
be los t by exposing the nonrelevant
l íes
of_ this
kind
of source . Gross
l ies
about
deeds
of
daring, sexual
prowess ,
or
other proofs
of
courage
and
manl iness a re bes t met with
s i lence
o r with f r iendly
but
noncomm.it tal repl ies unless they
consume
an inordinate
amount
of
t ime. f
operat ional
use
is
contemplated, rec rui tment may s o m e
ti.mes
be
effected
through
such
queries
a.s, wonder ü
you
would
be
willing to under take dangerous mission..
5.
The
guil t - r idden
charac te r . Thl.s kind
of
person
has strong
cruel
unreal is t ic
conscience.
His whole
l lfe
s.eems
devoted to
r e
l iving
his feel ings
of
guilt .
Sometim.es he
seems dete rmined
to
atone;
a t other tinl.es he insis ta tha t wbatever went wrong is
the
faul t of
s o m e
body
else."
n e i ther event he
seeks
conatant ly
some proof
o r
externa
indicat ion that the gull t
of
others
is
greater than his
own.
He
is
often
caught
up complete ly in effor ts to
prove
tha t
he
has been t rea ted u n
just ly .
n
fact, he
m a y
provoke unjust
t rea tment
in order to assuage
'·,
his
conscience through
punishment . Gompulsive gamblers
who
f ind
no
rea l pleasure in winnlng
but do
f ind re l ief
in losing
belong to
this
class.
So do persona
who
fal.sely confesa to c r imes .
Somet imes
such people
actual ly
commit crim.es
in
order
to
confesa
and be punished. Masochis ts
a la
o
belong
in thl.s
category .
The
C21 1B e S
oí
most
gull t complexes a r e r ea l
or
fancied wrongs
done to párentB or others whom
the
subject
felt he ought to ove and
honor . As chi ldren such people
may
have
been frequent ly
scolded
or
punished.
O r
they m a y have been model
chl ldren
Who r e p re s se d al l
na tura l
host i l i t ies .
The gull t - r idden cha rac te r
is
ha rd to in terrogate . He m.ay
confess
to host i le clandes t ine act ivi ty,
or
other
acta of
i n t r ~ t
to
KUBARK, in
which he was
not involved. Accusations
level led a t him
by
the in terrogator a r e l ike ly to t r igger such fal.se confesa ions. O r
he
may rema i n
si lent
when accused ,
enjoying
the punishment . He
is
poor subject fo r LGFLUTTER.
The
complexit ies of
deal ing
with
conscience-r idden in terrogatees
vary
so widely f ro m
case
to case
that it
is
a lmos t
inl.possible to l i s t sound
genera l principies .
Pexhaps
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fue bes t advice is
that
fue
in terrogator ,
OJ? Ce
a le r ted
by informat ion
f rom
the screening
procesa
(see Pa r t VI or
by
the subject s ex-
cessive
preoccupation
with moral
judgements, should
t r ea t
as
suspect
and subject ive
any
information provided
by the
in te r roga tee .
about any mat te r that is oí mora l
concern to
him. Persona wlth
intense
guilt
íee l ings
may
ceas e res istance and cooperate i f
punished
in
some
way, b e c ~ s e
oí
the
gratificati.on induced
by
pun
ishment.
6. The
charac te r
wrecked by success
is
closely re la ted
to the gui l t -r idden charac te r . This so r t oí person cannot
tolera te
success and goes through l ife failing a t
cri t ica l
poi.nts. He is
oíten acciden:t-prone. Typical ly he has a long his tory
oí being
promising and
oí
alm.ost
completing
a
si.gnificant
assignm.ent
o r
achievement but not bringing i t off.
The
charac te r
who
cá.nnot
s tand succes s enjoya his
ambit ions as
long
as
they r e m a in fan-
tas ies but somehow
ensures that they
will
not
be fulfilled
in
real i ty .
Acquaintances oíten feel that his
success
is
jus t
around
the
corner , but something always in tervenes .
In actual i ty
this
something
is a sense oí
guilt, oí
the
kind
descr ibed
above. The
person
who avoids success has a
conscience
which forbids
the
pleasures oí accomplishment and
recognit ion.
He
í requent ly
projects
his
guil t
íeel ings and íee ls
that al l of
his fa i lur is
were
someone else
1
s íaul t . He m a y have a strong need
to
suf íer and
m a y seek danger
or
injury.
As interrogatees these people who
11
cannot s tand p r o s -
peri ty pose no special
problem unless the
in terrogat ion
impinges
upon thei r íeelings oí guilt or the reasons
ío r
their pa st fa i lures .
Then subjec t ive
dis tort ions ,
not facts, will resul t . The success -
íul in terrogator will isolate this area oí unre1iability.
7. The schizoid
or s t range charac te r
l ives in a world oí
fantasy m.uch
oí
the t ime. Somet imes
he seems unable to
dis -
t inguish
real i ty
fro.m
the
r ea lm
oí his
own
creat ing.
The
rea l
world seems to
him.
empty
and meaningless , in
cont ras t
with
the myster ious ly significant world that he has made.
He
s
ext remely
intolerant
oí any
f rus t ra t ion
that
occurs in the
outer
world and deals with
it by
withdrawal
into the
in ter ior rea lm.
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He
has
no r e a l
at tachnlents to others , although he may a t tach
symboHc and privat·e
meanings o r values to other people.
Chi ld ren r e a r e d in hom e s lacking in ordinary af fect ion
and
at tent ion or in orphanages o r
s ta te - run
communes
may
b e
c om e
adul ta who
belong to
t h i s
category. Rebuffed in ea r ly
efforts
to at tach themse lves- to
ano ther ,
they become
dis t rus t fu l
of
a t tachn len ts and
t u r n
inward. Anyl ink to a
group
o r country
will
be undependable and, as
a
ru le ,
t rans i tory . .At
the same
t i me the
schizoid charac te r needs e x t ~ r n l approval . Though
he r e t r e a t s f r o m
rea l i ty ,
he does not want to feel abandoned.
A s
in
in te r roga tee
the schizoid
charac te r i s
l ike ly
to
l ie readi ly to win
approval . He will
t e l l the
in te r rogato r what
he th inks the i n t e r roga to r wants to
hea r
in o rder to win the award
of see ing
a smi le on
the
in te r roga tor
1
s
face . Because he
is not
always capable
of
dist inguishing between fac t and
fantasy,
he may
be
unaware of ly ing. The des i re for approval provides the in
t e r roga to r
with
a
handle . Whereas accusat ions
of
lying o r other
indicat ions of dise
s t eem wil l provoke
withdra wal f ro m the
situation.
t eas ing the t ru th out of the schizoid
subject
may not
prove di l i icul t
i f he i s convinced tha t he wi l l not
incur
favor
through in i s s ta tements
o r dis favor th rough te l ling the t ru th .
Like the gui l t - r idden
charac te r ,
the schizoid ch a rac t e r
m a y be an
unre l iab le
subject for
tes t ing b y L CF L U T T E R
b e
cau se
his in te rna needs l ead im to confuse fact
with fancy.
He
is also l ike ly to m a k e a n unre l iable agent because
of
his
incapac i ty
to
deal
with facts
and
to
fo rm r ea l
relat ionships .
8.
The
excep t ion
bel ieves tha t the
world
owes
him a great
deal .
He fee l s
tha t
he suffered a gross in just ice , usual ly ear ly
in
l i fe , and
should be repaid .
Somet imes the in just ice was meted
out
impersona l ly ,
by fate ,
a s
a
physical
deformity ,
an
ex t remely
painfu l
i l lness or operat ion in childhood,
o r the
ear ly loss
of
one
p a ren t
o r both. Feel ing tha t
these
mis for tunes :were undeserved,
the except ions r e g a r d
t h em
as in jus t ices that someone o r so me
th ing
m u s t rec t i fy . Therefo re they
c la im as their
r ight privi leges
not pe rm i t ted o the rs . When the
c la im
is ignored
o r
denied, the
except ions b eco me rebel l ious , as adólescents often do. They
are
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convinced
that the
jus t i ce
of the c la im i s
plain
for
al l
to
see
and
that
any re fusa l to
gran t i t is
willfully malignant .
V..'hen in te i rogated , the excep t ions a re l ikel y
to
ma k e
demands for money , r e s e t t l e m e n t aid, and o ther f a vo r s - - de m a nds
that
a re comple te ly
out of propor t ion to
the
value
of t he i r
con
t r ibut ions .
Any ambiguous repl ies to such demands will be in
t e rp re ted as acqu iescence . Of al l the t ypes cons idered here , the
exception
is
l ike l ies t to
c a r r y an a l leged in jus t ice dea l t
h im
by
KUBARK
to the
newspapers
or
the
cour ts .
The
best
genera l l ine to
fol low
in handling
those
who·
bel ieve
that
they
a r e
except ions
is
to
l i s t en
at tent ively
(within
r easonable
t ime l imi t s )
to
the i r gr i evances and to make no
c o mmi t me n t s tha t cannot be d i scharged
ful ly .
Defec to r s
f r om
host i le in te l l igence
se rv ices ,
doubles , provoca teur s , and
othe rs
who have had m o r e than pass ing
contac t
with a Sino-Sovie t
se rv ice may ,
i f
they
belong
to th i s ca tegory , prove unusual ly
respons ive
to
sugges t ions f rom the i n t e r r oga to r tha t they have
been t r ea ted
unfai r ly
by the other
se rv ice .
Any
planned
opera t iona l
use
of
such pe r s ons should take in to
account the
fact
that
t h e y
have
no sense of loyal ty to a c o m m o n cause and a r e
l ike ly
to t u rn
aggr ievedl y agains t
supe r i o r
s.
9. The
average
o r normal c ha r a c t e r i s not a pe r son wholly_
lacking in the ch a rac t e r i s t i c s
of the
other
types .
He
ma y ,
in
fact ,
exhibit m os t o r al l of t he m
f r om t ime
to t ime . But no one of t he m
is pers i s t en t ly dominant ; the average man
1
s quali t ies of obst inacy ,
unrea l i s t i c
optimis:z:n,
anxie ty ,
and the
r e s t are
not
ov.erriding o r
imper ious
except for r e la t ive ly shor t in te rva l s .
Moreover , his
react ions to the world around him a re m or e dependent
upon events
1n tha t wor ld and
l e s s
the product o í
r ig id ,
subjec t ive pa t te rns than
1s t rue of
the
other types d iscussed .
C.
Other
Clues
.,
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The
t rue
deíec tor (as
dis t inguished í r o m the
host i le
agent
in deíec to r
1
s guise)
is
l ikely to
have
a his to ry oí
opposi t ion
to
author i ty . The sad
í ac t
is that
deíec tors
who
le í t thei r homelands
because they could
not
ge t along with
thei r immediate
o r ulti .mate
super io rs
a re a lso
l ikefy
to
rebe l
agains t author i t ies
in
the
new
envi romnent (a fact which usual ly playa an im.portant
pa r t in r e
deíection). There ío re deíec to rs a re l ikely to
be íound ir the ranks
oí
the order ly -obs t ina te , the greedy and demanding, the schizoids ,
and
the
except ions.
•,
Exper iments and sta. t is t ical analyses per fo rmed a t the
Universi ty
oí Minneso ta concerned the re laÜonships among
anxiety and
aff i l iat ive
tendencies
(des
i re
to
be
with
other
people) ,
on
the one·hand,
and
the
ord ina l posi t ion (ra.nk in
birth, sequence)
on the other . Some
of
the
f indings,
though
necessa r i ly
tenta t ive an d speculat ive,
have som.e
re levance
to
in ter rogat ioñ.
(30). As
is
noted
in
the bibliography,
the
invest igators concluded that i.solation typical ly crea tes anxiety,
tha t
anxiety intensif ies the
des i re
to b e with others who share the s a m e
fear ,
and
that only and
f i r s t -born
chi ldren a r e m o r e anxious and
l es s
v.ill ing
o r
able to withsta.nd pain
than l a t e r -born chi ldren.
Other
appl icable hypotheses a r e tha t fear
increases
the aff i l iat ive needs
oí
f i r s t - b o rn
and only
chi ldren
m.uch
m o re than those
of the
l a t e r -born .
These di f ferences
a r e
m o r e
pronounced
in
persons
í r o m
sma l l
fami l ies
than
in those who
grew up
in l a rge famil ies . Final ly,
only chi ldren
a re mu ch l ike l i e r to hold
t hemse lves
together and pe rs i s t in anxie ty
produc ing s i tuations
than
a re the
í i r s t -born , who
m o r e f requent ly
t ry
to r e t r ea t . n the
other major respec ta
in tens i ty o í
anxiety and
emot ional
n eed
to
affi l ia te no
s
ignif icant
di f ferences between " f i r s t s
and onlies
w ere
dis
covered .
I t ío l lows tha t determining the sub jec t
1
s ordina l pos
it ion
before questioning
begins
may be us efui
to
the in terrogator . But
two caut ions a re
in
o rd e r . The f i r s t
is
tha t the
f indings
are ,
a t
this
s tage, only tenta t ive
hypotheses . The
second
is that
even they preve acCU-
ra te
fo r
l a rge
groups, the
data a re
l ike
those in
ac tuar ia tables;
they
have no specif ic predict ive
value for
individuals .
29
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VL
SCREENING
AND
OTHER PRELIMINARIES
A. Screen ing
s om e l a rg e s ta t ions a re
able to conduct
p re l imin a r
y ps
ychologica l sc reen ing
befo re
in -
t e r ro g a t io n s ta r t s .
The
purpose of sc reen ing i s to p rov ide the
i n t e r ro g a to r
in advance with a r ead ing
on
the
type
and
c h a r -
ac t e r i s t i c s
of
the in te r rogatee . I t i s recomm ended tha t sc reen ing
be conducted
whenever
personne l and fac i l i t ies
pe rmi t
unless i t
is r easo n ab ly ce r t a in tha t
the i n t e r roga t ion wil l
be
of
minor -
por tance
o r
t ha t
the
i n t e r ro g a t ee is ful ly coopera t ive .
Screen ing should be conducted
by
i n t e r v i e we r s not
in te r -
ro g a to r s ; o r
a t
l eas t the subjec ts
should not
be
s c r e e n e d
by the
sa m e
KUBARK
pe r sonne l who
will
i n t e r roga te
t he m l a t e r .
Other psycholog ica l t e s t ing aids
a r e
bes t adnünis te red
by
a
t r a ined
psycholog is t . T es t s
conduc ted
on Am e r i c a n P O W s
r e -
tu rned to U. S. j u r i sd ic t ion in Kor e a dur ing
the
Big and
Lit t le
Switch sugges t
tha t
prospec t ive
in te r rogatees
w?o show nor m a l
emot iona l r e sp o n s iv en es s on the Ror sc ha c h
and
re la ted t es t s
a re
l ike l ie r
to
prove coopera t ive
under i n t e r roga t ion than
a re those
whose r e s p o n s e s
indica te tha t they a r e apathet ic and emotional ly
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withdrawn
o r
b a r r en . E x t reme r es i s te r s , however , share
the
r e s p o n s e
cha rac te r i s t i c s
of
col laborators ;
they
diifer
n
the
natu re
and
in tens i ty of motivat ion rathei" than emotions . ~ 1 . ·,
ana lys i s
of
object ive t e s t
r eco rd s and
biographica l informat ion
is
a sample of 759 Big
Switch
repa t r i a tes revealed.
t ha t men
who
had co l l abora ted di f fe red f rom
m e n who
had
not in the following
ways: ·
the
co l l abora to rs
were
older , had completed mo re y ea r s of
school , s co red h lg h e r
on
intell igence ' t e s t s admin is te red a f te r
re
patr ia t ion ,
had
se rved
l onger
in
the
A:rmy
pr io r to
capture ,
and
s c o re d
higher
on the
Psychopathic Deviate Scale - p d . . . . However,
the
5 pe rcen t of
the noncol l abora to r
sample
who
re s i s t ed act ively -
who
w ere
e i ther decora ted
by
the
A r m y
o r
considered
to
be
1
reac t ionar ies
1
by the
Chinese
- di f fe red f rom
the remain ing
group in prec i se ly the
s a m e
di rec t ion a s the col labora tor group
and could
not
be
dis t inguished
f ro m
th is group on any var iab le except age;
the
r es i s te r s were older
than the co l l ab o ra t o r s .
11
(33)
E v en
a
ro u g h
prel :Uninary est ímate,
i i
valid, can be a
boon to
the i n t e r roga to r because i t will
p ermi t
h:Un to s t a r t
with genera l ly
sound t a c t ic s f rom the
beginning
- tact ics
adapted
to ~ h
personal i ty
of the source . D r . Moloney has ex p res sed the
opinión, which
we
m a y use
as
an example
of
th is ,
that
the AVH was
abÍe
to
get
what i t
wanted f ro m Card i n a l
Mindszenty
because
the
Hungar ian
serv ice
adap ted i t s in te r roga t ion methods to
his perso nal i ty .
T h ere
can
be
no
doubt tha t M indszen ty 's preoccupa t ion with the concept of
becoming
s ecu re and
powerfu l
through the s u r r e ~ e r
of
se l f
to
the
grea tes t
power of t h em a l l -
his God idea
-
pred i sposed him
to
the
response
e l i c i t ed
in
his exper ience
with
the communis t in te l l igence .
F o r
h:Un
the
s u r r e n d e r
of
s e l f - s y s t em to au thor i ta r ian-sys tem was natural ,
as was the v e r y pr inc ip le of martyrdom. (28}
The
t a s k of screening
is made
eas ie r by the
fact tha t the
sc reene r i s i n t e re s t ed
in the
subject ,
not
in
the
informat ion
which
he m a y posse ss .
Most
people - -even
m a ny provocat ion agents who
have
been t r a ined to
reci te
a legend--wil l speak with some
f reedom
about chi ldhood events and
famil ia re la t ionships .
And
even the
p ro v o ca t eu r
who
subst i tu tes a f ict i t ious
person fo r
his rea l father
will
d i sc lo se so me of his feel ings about his
fa ther
in the course
o í
deta i l ing
his s to ry about the
imagina ry
substi tute. f the screener
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has l ea rned
to put the potent ia l
source
a t eas·e
to feel
his way
along n each
case , the so u rce is
unlik.ely
to cons ider that
a
casual conv ersa t ion about
hi..tnself
dangerouso
The
s c r e e n e r i s in teres ted n
gett ing the subj.ect
to ta lk about
hi..tnself.
Once the flow s tar ts , the s c reen e r should t ry not to
stop
it
by ques t ions ges tu res ,
o r
other in terrupt ions unt i l
sUfficient
i.nform.ation
has been r ev ea l ed to p ermi t
a rough
de te rmina t ion
of
type.
The
subjec t
is l ik .eliest to
talk f ree ly
i the s c r e e n e r
1
s
m a n n e r
is fr iendly
and
pat ien t . His facial express ion should not revea l . spec ia l
in teres t in
any
one
s ta tement ; he
should
jus t
s e e m syrnpathet ic and
unders tanding .
.Within a shor t ti..tne mo s t people who
have
begun
ta lking
about
t hemse lves
go b ack to ea r ly
exper iences ,
so that
me:re ly
by
l i s ten ing and
occasional ly
making a quiet encouraging r e m a r k
the
sc reene r
can
l e a rn a
g re a t
deal.
Routine
quest ions about school
teachers ,
employers , and group l eaders ,
í o r example
wil l l ead
the
subjec t to
revea l a
good deal of how
he
feels about
his
paren ts ,
super io ra , and others o í emotional
consequence
to him
b ecau se oí
associat ive l inks in
his
mind.
I t is
very
help íu l
i the s c r e e n e r can
im.aginat ively place
h i m -
se l f n the sub jec t
1
s posi t ion.
The m o r e
the
s c r e e n e r know·s
about
the
sub jec t
1
s nat ive
a r e a
and cu l tu ra l background
the
less · l i .kely
is
he
to
dis tu rb
the
sub jec t
by
an
incongruous
r e m a rk .
Such
comments
as , That
m u s t ha ve
been
a b a d t ime í o r
you and
your family
o r
Yes
I can see why
you
w ere angry o r
I t
sounds excit ing
a re
suff iciently i.nnocuous not to. dis t rac t the subject yet provide adequate
evidence oí sj :mpathetic
in teres t .
Taking ·the sub jec t
1
s
s ide aga ins t
his enemies s e rv es the s a m e purpose
and
suc h
comments
as That
was unfai:r; they had
no r igh t
to
t r e a t you
tha t
w ay
wil l a id
rappor t
and
sti..tnulate fur ther
reve la t ions .
t is
impor tan t
that g ro s s abnormal i t ies be spot ted dur ing
sc reen ing
process .
P e r s o n s
suffer ing
í r o m s e v e re
mental i l lness
wil l
show
m a j a r dis tort ions , delus
ions
o r
hal lucinat ions
and
wil l
usual ly
give
biza r re
explanatio:ns ío r the i r behavior . Dism is sa l
o r
prompt
r e í e r r a l oí the menta l ly ill to profesa ional special is
ts
w
ill
save t ime and
money.
The second
and re la ted
purpose oí
screen ing
is
to
p e r m i t a n
educated
guess ·about
the
source
1
s
probable
at t i tude
toward the
S
·:
· ....
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o
4
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in te r roga t ion . n e s t ím a te oí whether the i n t e r r oga t e e will be
. coopera t ive
o r r e c a l c i t r a n t
i s e s
sentia l
to planning
be
cause
v er
y
di í f e r en t
.methods a r e
used in
deal ing
with
t hese two types .
At
s ta t ions o r ba s e s
which cannot
conduct sc reen ing
in
the
fo rm al sense , i t i s
st i l l worth-while
to
pre face any 1mpor tan t in -
t e r r oga t i on
with a n
in te rv iew
oí the sou rce , conduc ted by
someone
o ther than
the
i n t e r roga tor and
designed to
provide a
m a x i m u m oí
evaluat ive in format ion be fa re in ter rogat ion c om m e nc e s .
Unles s a shock effect is de
s i
red, the t r ans i t ion í r o m the
s c r e e n ing i n t e r v i e w
to
the in ter rogat ion s i tuat ion should not be
abrupt . At the
f i r s t
meet ing with the
in te r roga tee i t
i s usual ly
a
good
idea
í o r the i n t e r roga tor
to
spend
some t ime in the s a m e
kind of
quie t ,
f r i end ly exchange that charac te r i zed the sc reen ing
interview.
E v e n though the
in ter rogator
now has the sc reen ing
produc t , the
rough c las s i f ica t ion
by type, he needs to
under s tand
the
sub jec t in h i s
own t e r m s .
I f
he
i s immed ia t e ly
a gg r e s s i ve , he
im pos e s upon the
f i r s t
in ter rogat ion
sess ion and to a dimin ish ing
ex-tent
upon succeed ing
sess ions
too
a rb i t r a ry a pa t te rn . As one
e x p ~ r t has
sa id , Anyone
who
proceeds without cons ide ra t ion
fo :
the
d i s junc t ive
power of
anxie ty in human
r e la t ionsh ips
will
never
l e a r n
i n t e rv iewing .
34)
B. Other P r e l i m i n a r y Pr oc e du r e s
The
pr e l i m i na r y handl ing·
oí
other
types oí in te r roga t ion
sou r c e s is u s -
ual ly l e s s
d i f f i c u l t ~ l t su f f ices íor
the
presen t
purpose
to l i s t the
ío l lowing pr inc ip lé
s: ·
l
All
avai lab le
per t inen t in fórmat ion
to
be
a s
se
m bled
and s tud ied b e ~
ore the i n t e r roga t ion
i t se l f
is
planned, m u eh l e s s
con-
ducted . n ounc·e o í inve st igat ion m a y be worth a pound oí ques t ions .
2. A
dis t inct ion
should
be
dra
wn as soon
as pos s ible
be -
tween sou r c e s who will be sent to
s i te or ga n i z e d and equipped
for
in te r roga t ion and
those
whose
33
s
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in te
r roga t ion wi ll be
comple ted by the base
o r s ta t ion
wi th which
con tac t i s
í i r s t
es tab l i shed .
3 The s ugge s te d p r oc e du r e for ar r iv ing t pre l imina ry
a s s e s s m e n t of
wa lk - in s r e m a i ns the
same
The key
poin t s
a r e r e pe a te d he r e í o r ease
oí
r e í e r e nc e .
These
p r e l i m i n a r y
t e s t s
a r e des igned .to supplement the t echnical
examina t ion
of
a walk- in ' s docu m ents , substan t ive ques t ions
about
c l a im e d hom e la nd o r
occupat ion ,
and
other
standa rd
i nqu i r i e s . T h e
ío l lowing ques t ions , i í
a sked , should be posed
a s soon a s
poss ib le a f t e r the in i t ial
contac t ,
while the walk- in
i s st i l l unde r s t r e s s and be ío r e he has adjus ted t o a rou t ine .
a .
The
wa lk - in
m a y be
asked
to
identi íy
al l
r e l a t i v es and
í r i en d s
in the a r e a , o r even
the
count ry ,
in which P B P R I M E a s y l u m
is í i r s t
r eques ted . T r a c e s
shou ld
be run speed i ly . P rovoca t ion agents
a r e
s om e t im e s d i rec t ed to de íec t in
the i r
t a rge t a reas ,
and
í r i e n d s
o r r e l a t i ve s a l ready
in
place
ma y
be
host i le
a s s e t s .
b. At the í i r s t in terv iew the ques t ioner should
be on the a l e r t í o r
p h r a s e s
o r concep ts
c ha r a c t e r i s t i c
oí
in te l l igence
o r
C P
act iv i ty and should r e c o r d
such
l eads whether
i t
is
planned to
ío l low
t h e m
by in te r roga t ion
on the
spo t
c L C F L
UTTER should
be u sed
i í
í eas ib le . f
not , wa lk - in m a y be asked to
undergo
such t es t ing
t
l a t e r da te . Re íusa l s should
be
r ecorded , a s well
a s
ind ica t ions
tha t the walk - in
has
be en b r iefed on the
t echnique
by a no t he r s e r vice . The n1anner
as well
as
the
na t u r e
oí the
walk- in ' s
r eac t ion to
the
proposal
should be noted .
34
··· ·¡.
J
.
.
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S ~ T
d .
i
LCFLUTTER screen. ing inves t iga t ion o r
any
o ther methods do es t ab l i sh a pr io r inte l l igence
his tory
the fol lowing min ima l
in format ion
should be obtained:
h.
·
7
S
.
· ~ .
}.\
~
1
5
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S ~
5
Al documents
that have a
bear ing
on the
planned
in ter rogat ion mer i t
study.
Documents
f r o m Bloc
count r i e s ,
o r
those
which
a re
in
any
r e sp ec t
unusual or
uniami l ia r
· a r e
cus tomar i ly sent to
the
proper
f ield
or headquar ter s component
fo r
technical
ana lys i s .
6. f
during
screening
o r
any other pre- in te r rogat ion
phase i t is ascer ta ined that the sour
ce
.has be en
in ter rogated
before ,
this ' fact should be made known
to the
in te r rogato r .
A gents , fo r example , a re
accus tomed
t being questi .oned
repea ted ly and professional ly . So a re p erso n s who
have
been
a r r e s t e d
severa t imes . People
who
have
had
prac t i ca t r a in ing
in
being in ter rogated be come sophis t ica ted subjec ts , able to
spot uncer ta inty , obvious t r i cks , and
other
weaknesses .
C. Sum m a r y
Screening and the other pre l iminary
pr oc e du r e s
will he lp
the
in te r rogato r and his base , sta t ion, . to dec ide
w h e t h e r
the
prospect ive
source {1 i s
l ikely to p o sses s
useful
counter inte l l igence because
of
assoc ia t ion
with
a
í o re ign
s e r vice o r Communis t P a r t y
and
{2) i s l ike ly
to
coopera te
voluntar i ly o r not . A r m e d with these es t imates and
with
whateve r
ins ights
screening has provided into the per sona l i ty
of the
source ,
the in te r rogato r is ready to plan .
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SE0T
VII.
PLANNING THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
INTERROGATION
A . The Nature of Counter in te l l igence ln ter rogat ion
The
long- : range purpose
of CI in ter rogat ion i s to get f ro m
the s o u rce al l
the useful
counter in te l l igence
information that
he
has .
The
shor t - range
purpose
is
t
enl is t
his
coopera t ion
t o w ard th i s end or , i f he is
res i s t an t ,
to des t roy his capacity
fo r re s i s t ance
and rep lace i t with a
cooperat ive
att i tude. The
t echn iques
u
sed in null ifying res i s t ance ,
inducing
corrtpliance,
and even tua l ly
el ici t ing voluntary cooperat ion
a re
di scussed in
P a r t
VIII
of th is handbook.
No
two in te r rogat ions
a re
the
same .
E ve r y
interrogation
is
shaped def ini t ive ly by the persona l i ty of the
source
- and
of
the i n t e r roga to r ,
be
cause
interrogat ion
is
an in tense ly
in
te
r p e r
sona l
pro ces s .
The whole
purpose
oí
screening
and
a m a j o r p u rp o se
o í
the í i r s t s tage oí the in ter rogat ion i s to
p ro b e the s t reng ths and weaknesses
oí the subject.
Only
when
these have
been es tab l i shed
and
unders tood does
it become
pos
s ib le to· plan rea l i
st ica l ly .
Plann ing the
CI
i n t e r roga t ion oí a res i s t an t
source
requ i res
an unders t and ing {whether
ío rmal ized
o r
not} oí
the dynamics
of
confess ion .
H e r e
Horowitz
1
s
study oí the nature
oí
confession
is per t inen t . H e s ta r t s by asking why confess ions occur at al l .
Why not a lways b razen i t
out
when confronted by accusa t ion?
W hy does a
p e r s o n
convict himse l í
through
a confession, when,
a t the ver y wor
s t ,
no coníe
ssion
would leave
i ~
at l eas t as
w el l off
{and
poss ib ly bet te r off)
? He
answers that
confess ions obtained
without d u res s
a re usually the
product
o í
the
ío l lowing
condit ions:
.
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l The p erso n is accused explici t ly o r impl ic i t ly and fee l s
accused .
2 .
A s
a
resu l t
his
psychological
f r e e d o m -
the
extent
to
which
he
fee ls able to do what he wants to - is .curtailed. This
fee l ing need not cor respond to confinement o r any other externa
rea l i ty .
3. The accused fee ls defensive because he i s on unsure
ground.
He
does not
know
hbw much the accu se r knows. A s a
resu l t
the accused "has no fo rmula fo r proper behavior
no ro le
if
you will1
that
he
can
uti l ize
in
this s i tuation.
,,·
4 . He perce ives the accuser as
represen t ing
author i ty .
U n l es s
he
bel ieves tha t
the accuser
1
s powers fa r exceed his
own, he i s unlikely to f ee l hemmed in and defens ive . And if
he "perce ives tha t
the
accusat ion
is
backed
by
' rea l ' evidence ,
the rat io of externa forces to his own fo rces is increased and the
p e r
son
1
s
psychologica l pos i t ion
is now m or e p reca r io u s . I t is
in teres t ing to note tha t in
such
s i tua t ions the accused tends
t oward over response , o r exaggera ted response; to
host i l i ty
and emotional d isplay; to se l f - r ighteousne ss to counter
accusa t ion, to
defense
5 .
He
m us t
bel ieve
that
he
is cut
off fr.om
f r iendly
o r
suppor t ing fo rces . I f he does,
he himse l f
becomes
the only
source of his ' ' sa lva t ion.
6.
' Another condi t ion, which i s mos t probab ly ne.cessary ,
though not
suff icient for
confess ion ,
is
.that
the
accused
p e r s o n
fee l s gui l t . A possible
reason
is
tha t
a sense of guil t p ro mo tes
self-host i l i ty .
It should be equal ly
c lear tha t if the
per
son
does not fee l guil t
he
is not in his
own
mind guil ty and will not
confess
to
an act
which
others may
rega;rd as
evil
o r
wrong
and
he,
in
fac t ,
cons ide rs co r rec t . Confess ion
in
such
a
case
can
come
only
with
d u res s
even where all other
condi t ions
previous ly ·
ment ioned m ay prevai l .
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SEvr
7.
The accused , f inally , is pushed fa r enough along
the
path
toward
confession
tha t
it
i s eas ie r for hirn to keep going
than
to
tu rn
back.
He
p erce iv es
confession
as
the only way
out
of his
pred icarnen t and into
freedorn. 15)
Horowi tz has
been
quoted and surnmarized
a t
sorn.e length
b ecau se i t is cons idered that· the foregoing is a
basica l ly sound
account of the
p ro c e s s e s
that evoke
confessions
f rorn so u rces
w h o s e re s i s t ance
is
not
s t rong
a t
the outse t , who have not
prev ious ly ·been confronted
with detention
and
ir i terrogation,
and
who
have not
been t ra ined
by an
ad v e rsa ry
intell igence
or
secur i ty se rv ice in res i s t ance
techniques .
A fledgling o r
disaffected
Cornrnunis t
o r
agent, for
exarnple ,
rnight be
brought
to confession
and
coopera t ion without the
use
of any externa
coerc ive
fo rce s other than the
in ter rogat ion
situation i t se l i ,
th rough
the
ab o v e-d esc r ib ed p ro g res s io n of
subjective
events .
It
is
i rnpor tant to unders t and that in ter rogat ion, a s
both
si tua t ion and p r o ces s ,
does of
i t sel i exert
signif icant
ex terna
p r e s s u r e upon
the
in te r rogatee
as long as
he i s not perrni t ted
to accus to rn h i rnse l i to i t . Sorne psychologis ts t race this effect
b ack to
infanti le
re la t ionsh ips . Meerlo , fo r exarnple , says
tha t
every
verba l re la t ionsh ip repea ts to sorne degree the pat te rn
of
ea r l y
verba l
re la t ionsh ips between child and paren t . (27)
A n in te r roga tee , in pa r t i cu la r ,
is
l ikely to se e
the in te r rogato r
a s a p a ren t o r paren t - symbol ,
an
object
of
suspicion
and
re s i s t ance
9 r of subrniss ive
acceptance .
f the in te r rogato r
is unaware of
th is
unconcsious process , the
resu l t
can be a
confused bat t le
of subrnerged at t i tudes,
in
which the spoken
words a r e often rnere ly a .cover for
the unre la ted
st ruggle
being waged a t
lower
l eve l s of both pe:rsonalit ies . On the
other
hand,
the in te r roga to r
who does
unders tand these fac t s
and
who
knows how to
t u rn
t h e m to his advantage
may not
need
to
r e so r t
to
any
p r e s s u r e s
grea te r
than
those
that
flow
di rec t ly
f ro rn
the
in te r rogat ion set t ing and function.
Obviously , many re s i s t an t subjects of counter in te l l igence
in te r rogat ion cannot
be
brought to cooperation, or even to
cornpl iance, rnere ly th rough p res su res which they genera te
40
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within t h emse lv es o r through the
unre inforced
effect of
the
in terrogat ion si tuat ion. Manipulat ive techniques - sti l l keyed
to the individual
but
brought to
bear
upon h i m f r o m outs ide
h i m s e l f -
then become n eces s a ry .
It
is a fur damental·
hypothesis
of th is handbook that
these techniques, which
can
succeed even with highly res i s t an t sources , a re in es·sence
met h o d s
of inducing r eg re s s i o n of the personal i ty to what
ev e r ear l i e r and
weaker leve l
is requ i red for the dissolut ion
of r e s i s t an ce and the
i n c ~ c t i o n of dependence.
All of the
techniques employed to b reak
through
an in terrogat ion
roadblock, .
the en t i r e sp ec t ru m f r o m s imple
isolat ion
to
hypnosis
and
na rcos i s ,
a r e
essent ial ly
ways
of speeding
up
the
process
of
r eg re s s i o n .
As
the
in te r rogatee
s l ips back
f ro m matur i ty toward a m o r e
infanti le
s ta te , his l e a rn ed o r
s t ruc tu red personal i ty t ra i t s fall away in a r ev e r s ed
chronological
o rd e r ,
so
that
the
charac te r i s t i cs most recen t ly
acqu i red - which
a r e
a lso the
charac te r i s t ics
drawn
upon
by
the
in te r roga tee
in his own defense - a re the f i r
s t
to go.
As
Gill and Bren man have poin ted out ,
reg re ss ion
i s bas ica l ly a
los
s of
autonomy.
{13
Another
key
to
the
success fu l in te r rogat ion of res is t ing
source
is
the
prov is ion
of
an
acceptable
rat ional izat ion
for
yielding.
A s reg re ss ion proceeds ,
a lmos t a l l r e s i s t e r s
feel
the
growing
in terna s t r e s s tha t resu l t s
f r o m
wanting
s imul taneous ly
to
c9nceal and to divulge. To escape the
moun t ing t ens ion ,
the source
m ay
grasp a t any face-sav ing
reason fo r
compl iance
- any explanation w hich will placate
both his
own conscience
and the poss ib le w ra th
of
f o r m e r
super io r
s and
assoc ia te
s
i he is
r e tu rn ed to Communis t
control .
It
is
the b u s in es s
of
the
in te r roga to r to
prov ide
the r igh t
rat ional izat ion
a t the
r igh t t ime. Here
too
the
impor tance of
under
standing the in te r rogatee i s evident;
the
r igh t ra t iona l iza t ion m us t be an excuse
o r
r easo n tha t
is
ta i lored to the source
1
s personal i ty .
The in te r rogat ion
process
is a
continuum,.
and every th ing
that take s
place
in
the
continuum influence s al l sub sequent
events . The continuing
process ,
being in te rpersona l , i s not
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S y<:
r ev e r s ib l e . There fore i t i s wrong
to
open
a counter in te l l igence
i n t e r roga t ion
exper imenta l
y intending to abandon unfrui t ful
approaches
one
by
one
until
a
sound
method
i s d i scovered
by
chance .
The fa i lu res
of the in ter rogator his painful r e t r ea t s
f r o m bl ind a l l eys , bo l s t e r the confidence of the
source
and
i n c rease h i s
abi l i ty
to
res i s t .
While the i n t e r roga tor
is
s t ruggl ing
to l ea rn f ro m
the
subject
the fac ts
that
should
have
be en
e stabl i shed befo re in ter rogat ion s ta r ted , the
subject
is
l ea rn ing
m o r e and
m or e about
the i n t e r roga tor .
B. The In te r roga tion Plan
Planning fo r in ter rogat ion
is
more impor tan t
than
the
speci f ics
of
the plan. Because no two in ter rogat ions a re
a l ike ,
the in ter rogat ion cannot rea l i s t ica l ly be
planned
f r o m
A to Z in
al l
i ts
pa r t i cu la r
s at
the
out se t . But i t
can and
m ust be
planned f r o m
to
or
to M. The chance s of
fa i lu re
in
an unplanned
CI in ter rogat ion a re
unacceptably
high . E ve n w o rse , a
da sh - on - r e ga r d l e s s
approach can
ruin the p ro sp ec t s of success even i f
sound
methods a r e
used l a t e r .
The
in te l l igence category
to
which the
subject
belongs l
though not
de te rminan t for
planning
purposes , i s st i l l
of
som e
s ignif icance .
The plan íor the in te r roga t ion oí a
t r av e l l e r
dif fers f r o m tha t for o ther
types because
the
t ime
avai lable
for quest ioning
is often br ief .
The examinat ion
of
hi s bona f ides
accord ing ly ,
is often l ess sea rch ing .
He
is
usual ly
r e ga r de d
as
reasonably
re l iable i f his
ident i ty
and
f r e e dom
f r o m other
in te l l igence
associa t ions have
been
es tab l i shed
if r eco rd s checks do not produce deroga tory
informat ion , i his account of his background i s f ree of
om i ss i ons
o r
di sc repanc ies suggesting signif icant withholding
i
he
does
not at ternpt
to
elici t
in íormat ion about
the
ques t ioner
o r his
sponsor ,
and if
he willingly provide
s deta i led informat ion
whi c h ap p ea r s re l iable or is
es tabl ished
as such.
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S
e
Deíec tors
can
usual ly
be in ter rogated uni la tera l ly , a t
l ea s t
í o r · a
t ime. P r e s s u r e íor par t ic ipa t ion will usual ly
come
r o ~
an ODYOKE
in te l l igence
component The t ime avai lab le
ío r
uni l a t e ra l
tes t ing
and
exploi tat ion should be calcu la ted a t the
out se t , with
a
í a i r
r e g a r d ío:r the r igh t s
and
i n t e res t s o í o th e r memb ers o í the
in te l l igence communi ty The
most s ignif icant
s ing le
í ac t
to be
kept in mind when planning
the
in te r roga t ion o í
Soviet
de íec to rs
is
tha t
a cer ta in percentage
oí
t he m have proven to be
control led
agents ;
es t ima tes
o í
th is percentage
have ranged ·as high as
iur ing
a per iod oí
se ve r a y e a r s af ter 1955 { l l )
KUBARK
s l ack
o í execut ive
powers i s especia l ly
signif icant
i
the
in ter rogat ion oí
a suspect
agent o r o í any other
subject
who
is
expected
to
r e s i s t
i s under
cons ide ra t ion . A s
a
genera l
ru le ,
it
is diff icul t
to
succeed in
the
CI interrogation_
oí
a
r e s i s t an t so
urce
unle
s s
the
in ter rogat ing
se r v i c e cap
control
the
subject
and
hi s environment
í o r
as
long
a s
prove
s
ne
ces
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C.
The
Specif ics
l The Specif ic Purpose
Before
questioning
s ta r t s
the
in te r rogato r has c lear ly
in mind what he
wants
to
l ea rn
why
he
thinks the
source has
the
in formation
how impor tan t
it
is
and how
i t
can bes t ~ obtained.
A ny confusion h e re o r any
quest ioning
based
on
the premise
tha t the purpose wil l take shape
af te r
the in te r rogat ion i s under
way
i s
a lmos t cer ta in
to
l ead
to a imles sn es s and
f inal fa i lu re .
I f the specif ic goals cannot be
discerned
clear ly fu r ther
inves t igat ion i s needed
before
querying s t a r t s .
l
Re
s is tance
The
kind
and
intensi ty of
ant ic ipated
res i s t ance
is
e s ~ i m a t e d l t
is
usefu l
to recognize
in
adva?3 ce
whethe r the
informat ion
des i red would be th reaten ing o r damaging in any
way
to the
in te res t s
of
the
in te r rogatee .
If so the
in te r roga to r
should
consider whether the sa m e in formation
o r
conf i rmat ion
of i t
1
can be
gained f ro m
an ?ther source .
Quest ioning
suspec ts
immedia te ly on
a f l imsy factual
bas is wil l .usual ly cause
v.e.ste oí t ime not save
i t .
On the other hand
1
if the
needed
informat ion
is not sensi t ive f r o m the
subjec t s
viewpoint
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m e r e l y
asking
for i t
ts
usual ly p re fe rab l e
to
t ry ing to
t r ick
h i m
in to ad mis s io n s and thus creat ing an unnecessa ry batt le
of
wits .
The p re l i mi n a ry psychologica l
analysis
of the subject
m a k e s i t eas i e r to decide
whe the r
he is l ikely to r es i s t and
if so
whethe r
his
re s i s t ance
wil l be the produi::t of fear tha t
his
persona l i n t e re s t s will
be
damaged
or the
resul t
of the
non-coopera t ive natu re of
order ly -obs t ina te
and re la ted
types . The choice
of
methods to be used
in
overcoming
re s i s t ance i s
a l so d e te rmin ed by the
charac te r i s t i cs of
the
in te r roga tee .
3.
The In te r rogat ion Sett ing
The r o o m in which the in terrogat ion
is to be
conducted
should be f r e e of dis t rac t ions . The color
s
of
wal l s ,
cei l ing
rugs ,
and
furni ture
should not
be
s tar t l ing . Pic tu res should
be
m
i s s ing o r
dúll .
Whether the fu rn i tu re should include
a
d esk
depends not
upon the
in te r roga to r
1
s
convenience but
ra ther
upon
the
sub jec t
1
s ant icipated
reac t io n
to
connotat ions of
super io r i ty
and off ic ia ldom.
A
pla in
t ab le may
be preferab le .
Arj
o v e r
stuifed
chai r fo r the use of the in te r rogatee
i s
somet imes
p re fe rab l e
to a
s t ra igh t -backed , wooden chai r because i i
he
i s
m a de to stand
fo r a
lengthy per iod
o r
is
otherwise
depr ived
of
phys ica l comior t ,
the
con t ras t
is
intensi i ied
and i n c reased
d isor ien ta t ion r esu l t s . Some t rea t i ses on
in ter rogat ion
a re
emphat ic about the value
of
arrang ing the lighting so tha t i ts
source
is behind
the
in terrogator
and
glares
direct ly a t the
subject .
H e re ,
too,
a
i l a t
ru le is
unrea l i s t i c . The effect
u
pon
a
coopera t ive so u r ce i s inhibi tory ,
and
the
effect
upon
a withholding sour
ce
may be to make h im mo re s. tubborn.
Like al l other de ta i l s , th i s one depends upon
the
per sonali ty
of the
in te r roga tee .
Good
planning will
preven t
in terrupt ions . f
the
r o o m
i s a l so
used
fo r purposes other than
in ter rogat ion,
a
Do Not Dis tu rb s ign
o r
i t s equivalent should
hang
on the
door when
quest ioning
is
under way. The effect
of
someone
wander ing in
be cause·
he
forgo t
his pen
or
wants to invite the
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in ter rogator
to
lunch
can
be
devastat ing. · F o r the
s a m e
r e a son
the re
should
not
be
a te lephone in the room; i t i s ce r t a in
to
r ing
a t
prec i se ly
the wrong
moment . M or e ove r ,
i t
i s
a
vis ible
l ink to
the
outsi.dt:;
i t s
presence
makes
a subject íee l
l e s s cu t
off,
be t t e r able to
res i s t .
The
in te r roga t ion room a i fords
ideal
condi t ions
fo r
photographing the
in ter rogatee without
hi s
knowledge by
concea l ing
a c a m e r a behind a pic tu re o r e l sewhere .
f .a new
sa iehouse
is to
be
used
as · the
in ter rogat ion
si te ,
it
should be
s tudied
care íu l ly to
be
sure tha t the to ta l
envi ronment
can
be
manipula ted
as
des i red .
F o r
example ,
the elec t r ic cu r ren t should be known in advance ,
so
tha t
t r an s ío rmer s o r .other modifying
devices
will be
on
hand. if
needed.
Arrangements a r e
usual ly
made
to
r eco rd the
in ter rogat ion,
t r an smi t i t
to another
room, o r do both.
Most
exper ienced
i n t e r roga tors do
not l ike
to
t ake no tes .
Not being
saddled
with th is chore leaves t he m f r ee
to
concent r a te
on
what sources
say,
how they say i t , and what else they do
while talking
o r
l i s tening.
Another r e a son
ío r
avoidiÚg note
taking
is
that
i t
d i s t r ac t s
and
somet imes w o rr i e s
the
i n t e r roga tee .
In
the cour se of seve ra se ss ions conducted without note- taking,
the
subjec t
is
l ike ly to
fal l into the comfor table i l lus ion tha t
he
is
not.
talkii_lg for the
record .
Another
advantage
of
the
tape
is that
i t
can be p layed ba c k l a t e r . Upon some subjects the
shock
of
hear ing the i r own
voices
unexpectedly is
unnerving.
The r e c o r d
also
preven t s l a t e r tu r i s t inqs
o r deni.als of
admis
s ions .
r ecord ing
ts a l
so
a va luable
t ra ining
aid for
in te r rogato r s ,
who
by th is
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means can
study
the i r mis tak es and their . mo s t effect ive
techniques .
Except ional ly
inst ruc tuve
- interrogations,
o r
se lec ted
port ions
thereof
can also
be
used
in the
t ra ining
of
o t h e r s .
f poss ib le ·audio equipment should a l so be used
to t r an s mi t the proceed ings to
another
rooni ,
used
as
l i s tening.post . The
main
advantage of t ransmí.ss ion is tha t
i t
enables
the p e r s o n in
charge
of
the in ter rogat ion to
note
crucial
points and
r.nap
fu r ther s t ra tegy replac ing one
in te r roga to r
with ~ o t h e r
t iming
d ramat i c
in terrupt ion
cor rec t ly etc .
t
is
al
so helpful
to
insta l l
smal l
bUnker
bulb
behind
the subjec t o r to a r r an g e some other method
of
signall ing
the
in te r roga to r
without
the so
urce
s
knowledge,
th,at
the
quest ioner should leave the
ro o m
for
consul ta t ion
o r tha t someone e l se i s about to
en ter .
4. The Par t i c ipan t s
In te r rogatees a re normal ly quest ioned separa te ly .
Separa t ion
pe rmi t s the
use of number of techniques
tha t
would
not be
possible
otherwise. I t
also in tensi f ies
in the
source
the
feeling
of being cut
off
f r o m f r iendly ~ i d ,Confrontat ion
of two o r
m o r e
suspec ts
with
each
other
in a rd e r to
produce
recr imina t ions o r admiss ions i s
especia l ly
dangerous i f not
p reced ed by separa te in te r rogat ion sess ions
which
have evoked
compliance f ro m one of the
in terrogatees
or a t
l eas t
s ignüicant
admiss ions involving both. Techniques
í o r the
separa te
in te r rogat ions
oí
l inked sources
a re
.d iscussed in P a r t IX.
The
n u mb er of
in te r rogato r
s u
sed
ío r single
in te r rogat ion case v a r í e s
í r o m one
m a n t o l a rge team.
The s ize of the
t e a m
depends on
severa l
cons idera t ions
chiefly the
impor tance of the case and
the in tens i ty of source
res i s t ance .
Although
m os t ses s io n s
consis t
of
one
in terrogator
and one in te r roga tee some of the techniques descr ibed l a te r
cal l í o r
the
p res en ce of two, th ree o r
four
in te r rogato r s . The
two-man t eam in
par t icula r
i s
subjec t
to unintended ant ipa thies
and
conflicts not cal led for by ass igned ro les . Planning
and
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S ~
subsequept
conduct should
el iminate such
c ross -cur ren t s
before
they
develop ,
espec ia l ly
because
the source will
seek
to
tu rn
t h em
t
his
advantage.
T e a m
m e m b e r s who
a re not otherwise engaged can
be
employed
to bes t a d v a n t a g ~
at
the l i s tening pos t . Inexper ienced
in te r roga to r
s f ind tha t l i s tening to the
in terrogat ion
while i t is in
p ro g re s s can be highly
educat ional .
Once que stioning
s ta r t s , the in te r rogato r is
cal led
upon
to funct ion a t two levels . He i s
t rying to
do two
seemingly
con t rad ic to ry th ings a t once:
achieve
rappor t
with·
the
subjec t
but
ren :a in
an essen t i a l ly
detached
observer .
O r
he may·
pro jec t
h imse l f to
the
re s i s t an t
in te r rogatee
as
powerful and
ominous in o rd e r to eradicc:.te res i s t ance
and crea te the
necessa ry conditions fo r rappor t while
remain ing
wholly
uncommit ted
a t the deeper leve l , noting the s ignif icance of
the subjec t
s
reac t ions
and the effec t iveness of his own
per fo rmance .
P o o r
in_terrogator s often
confuse
th is
b i - leve l
functioning
wi th
ro le -p lay ing , but there
is
a vi tal
difference.
The in te r roga to r
who
mere ly p re tends , in his
sur face pe r formance ,
to
fee l
a given emotion o r to hold a given at t i tude toward
the
source i s l ike ly to be unconvincing; the source quickly sen ses
the
decept ion .
Even
ch i ld ren
a re
v ery
quick to fee l
th is kind
of pre tense .
To
be
p e r s u as i v e , the
sympathy o r anger
mu s t
be
genuine;
but to
be
useful , i t mu s t
not
in te r fe re with the
deeper level .of p r ec i s e , unaffected
observat ion.
Bi- leve l
functioning i s not d i i f icul t o r even unusual; m o s t people ac t
a t
t imes
as both
p e r fo rm e r
and o b s e rv e r
unless. thei r
emot ions a r e
so deeply
involved
in the
s i tuat ion tha t the
cr i t i ca l
facul ty
dis in tegra tes . Through
exper ience the
in te r roga to r
becomes adep t
in
th i s dua l i sm.
The in te r roga to r
who f inds tha t he
has
be come emotional ly involved and
is
no
longer capable
of
unimpa i red
objectivity should
repor t
the
fac t s
so
tha t a subst i tu t ion can be
made .
Despi te
al l
planning effo r t s to se lec t an
in te r roga to r
whose age ,
background, ski l l s ,
personal i ty ,
and exper ience
make
h i m the be
s t
choice fo r
the job,
i t
somet ime s
happens
tha t both que s t ioner and subjec t fee l , when
they
f i r s t meet ,
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an immedia te a t t rác t ion
o r
antipathy which is so
strong
that
a
change
of in te r roga tors
quickly
becomes
essent ial . No
in te r roga to r should be re luc tan t to notify
his superior
when
emotional
involvement
be come
S evident.
Not the
react ion
but a fa i lu re
to
r epor t i t would
be
evidence of a l ack of
profess iona l i sm.
Other
rea sons for
changing in te r rogato rs should be
ant icipated and avoided
a t
the
out
se t .
During
the fir s t pa r t
of the i n t ~ r r o g t i o n the
developing
relat ionship between the
ques t ioner . and the ini t ial ly uncoopera t ive source i s more
impor tan t
than the informat ion obtained; when this
relat ionship·
is
des t royed
by
a
change
of
in terrogator
s .
the
replacement
m u s t s ta r t
nea r ly f r o m scratch . n fact , he s tar ts
with
a
handicap. be cause exposure
to
in terrogat ion
will
have made
the
source
a mo re effect ive re s i s te r . Therefore the
base .
s ta t ion, should
not ass ign
as chief in terrogator
a pe rson whose
availabil i ty
will
end
before the est imated
comple t ion of the
case .
5.
The Timing
Before in te r rogat ion
s t a ~ t s
the
m o u ~ t
of
t ime
probab ly r eq u i r ed and probably avai lable to
both
in te r rogato r
and
in te r roga tee
should be calculated. f
the subject
is not
to be under
detent ion his n o rmal schedule i s ascer ta ined
in
advance. so that
he
will not have to
be
re leased at a cri t ica
point because he has an appointment o r has to go
to
work.
Because
pull ing
information f ro m
a
reca lc i t ran t
subject is
the
h a rd way oí doing bus iness , in te r rogat ion should
not begin
unti l
al l per t inent facts
available
f ro m overt
and f r o m
cooperat ive s o u rces have been assembled.
In te r rogat ion
sess ions
with
a
res i s t an t source who i s
under detent ion should not be held on an
unvarying
schedule
The capaci ty for
res i s tance
is d i minished by disorientat ion.
The
subject m a y be le f t
alone
for days; and he may be re tu rned
to his cel l , a l lowed to s leep for
five
minutes ,
and
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to an
in ter rogat ion
which
is
conducted
as
t ~ o u h eight
hours
had
in te rvened .
The
pr inc ip le is
that
session.s
should
be so
planned
as to dis rup t the source
1
s sense
oí
chronological o rd e r .
6.
The
Termina t ion
The
end
oí an
in te r roga t ion
should be planped
be íore
quest ion ing
s t a r t s .
The
kinds oí ques t ions asked , the
methods
employed , and even
the
goals sought m ay be shaped by
what
w i l l happen when the end
i s r eached .
If
he i s
to
be
r e l eased u
pon
the loca l e
conomy
perhap
s
blackl i
s ted a s a suspe c ted
host i le agent
but
not
subjected
to subsequent counter inte l l igence
survei l lance ,
i t
i s imp or tan t
to avoid
an i .nconclusive ending
that
has warned the i .n ter rogatee
o í
our doubts
but
has es tab l i shed
nothing.
The
poor e s t
i .nterrogati .ons
a re
those tha t
t ra i l
off
into an inconclus ive nothingne s s .
A
number o í
prac t i ca t e rmina l de ta i l s should
a l so
be cons ide red in advance. Ar e the source
1
s
documen t s
t be
r e tu rn ed to him, and wil l they be avai lable
in
t ime? Is J; e
to
be pa id? f
he is
a í ab r i ca to r or hos t i l e agen t , has he been
photographed
and
í i nge rpr in ted? Are ·
sub sequent contac ts
n eces sa ry o r d es i r ab l e , and
have
recon tac t p rov i s ions
been
a r r a n g e d ? Has a qui t -c l a im been
obta ined?
A s
was no ted
a t the beginning
oí th is
sec t ion ,
the
success íu l in t e r roga t ion of a s t rongly res i s t an t source
ord ina r i ly
involves two
key
p ro ces ses : the
calcula ted regress i .on
o í
the
i n t e r roga tee and
the provis ion
of an
acceptable rati .onalizati .on.
f
these
two
s teps
have been taken , i t
become
s
v ry
i .mportant
to cl inch the new
t ractabi . l i ty
by
m e a ns of conver s ion . In
other wor ds ,
a
subject
who
ha s
f inal ly divulged
the
i .nformati .on
sought
and
who
ha s
been gi.ven
a reason fo r divulgi.ng
which sa lves
his se l i -e
s t e e m ,
hi.s conscience ,
o r
both
wil l
oí ten
be
in a mood
to take
the
f inal s tep o í accepting the
in te r rogato r
s
va lues and
making common
cause
with
him. f opera t iona l
use
is now
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contempla ted , convers ion
is
impera t ive .
But even i
the source
has
no
fu r ther value a i t e r his fund of informat ion
h as been
mined,
spending
some
ex t ra
t ime
with
h im
in
orde r
to
rep lace h is
new
sen se of
empt ine
s s with new values can be good
i nsurance .
.AH
non-Communis t s e rv i ces
a re
bothered a t t imes by disgrunt led
ex in te r roga tees who p re s s
demands and th rea ten
o r
take host i le
act ion
if the de m a nds
a re not satisf ied. Deíec to rs
in
par t i cu la r ,
b ecau se they
a r e
oí ten host i le toward any
kind
oí
author i ty ,
cause
t rouble
by
threa tening
o r bringing sui ts in
loca l
cour t s ,
ar rang ing
publ ica t ion
oí
vengeíul s to r i es ,
o r
going
to
the loca l
pol ice . The f o r m e r
in ter rogatee i s esp ecia l ly l ike ly
to be a
íu tu re t ro i lb le -maker i dur ing
in ter rogat ion he
was subjected
to
a
f o r m
of compuls ion imposed
í r o m
outside
himsel f .
Time
spen t ,
a i te r the
in te r rogat ion ends , in
for tifying
the s o u rce s
sense oí accep tance in
the
in te r roga to r s
wor ld may
be
only
a
f rac t ion oí the t ime req u i red to bott le
up
his a t tempts to gain
r ev en g e . Mo reo v e r , convers ion
may crea te a useíul
and
endur ing asse t .
See
a l so
r emark s
in
VIII
4 . )
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VIII.
THE
NON-COERCIVE
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
INTERROGATION
A . Genera l Rernarks
The
t e r m non-coerc ive is
used
above
to denote
rnethods of
in terrogat ion
-that
a re
not based
upon the
coerc ion o í a n unwil l ing
sub jec t
t h rough the
employrne
nt o í super io r
fo rce
or ig inat ing
out
s ide hirnself . However , the non-coercive
in ter rogat ion
is
not
conducted
without p r e s s u r e . On the contrary , the goal is to
gen
e ra t e rnaxirnun1
pres su re ,
o r at leas t
as
m u c h a s
is needed
to induce
compl iance ; The
dif ference i s that
the pre ssure
is genera ted
inside
the in te r roga tee . His res i s t ance
is
sapped, his urge to yield is
fort i f ied, unt i l in the end he defeats
hirnself .
Manipula t ing the subjec t
psychologically
unti l
he becornes
complian t , without
applying
externa rnethods
oí forc ing him to
submit , sounds
ha rde r than
i t is
The
in i t ia l advantage ' l ies with
the
in te r roga to r .
F r o m
the
outset ,
he knows
a
grea t dea l mo re
about the source than
the
source knows about h im. And
he
can
c rea t e
and
ampl i fy
an· effect oí omniscience in a
number
oí ways.
F o r example , he
can
show the in terrogatee
a
thick file bear ing
his
own
na m e . E ve n if
the
f i le conta ins
l i t t le o r
nothing but blank
paper ,
the
a i r oí fami l i a r i ty with which the
in te r roga to r
· refers to
the
subject ' s
background can convince sorne sources that a l l i s
known and tha t r e s i s t an ce
is
futi le.
1f the in te r roga tee is under detention,
the
in te r rogato r can
a ls
o manipula
e
his
envi ronment .
Merely
by cutt ing
off
al l
other
human e
ontac ts , the
in te r roga to r
monopol izes the socia l envi ron
m e n t
o í the source . (3) He exerc i ses
' the
powers
of
an al l -poweríul
paren t , de te rminfng
when
the source will be sent to bed, when and
what he
will
ea t , whether he will be rewarded for
good behavior
o r
punished fo r
being
bad. The in te r rogato r can and does m ak e
the
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s ~ b j e c t s
world not only
unlike the world
' to which he
had been
accus tomed but a lso s t range in
i t sel f a wor ld
in which
fami l i a r
pat te rns
of
t ime
space
and
sensory
percept ion
a re
over thrown.
He
can shif t the envi ronment abruptly. F o r example, a source who
re fuses to talk. a t a l l
can
be placed in unpleasant sol i tary conf ine-
ment for
a
t ime. Then
a
f r iendly
soul t rea ts
him to an unexpected
walk in the
woods.
Exper iencing rel ief and
exhilarat ion,
the
subjec t
will usual ly
find
i t impossib le not to respond to innocuous comments
on the weathe r and the f lowers . These
a re
expanded
to include
remin iscences and soon
a precedent
of
verba l
exchange has been
establ i shed.
Both the Germans and the Chinese have used this
t r ick
ef fec t ive ly
•
The
in te r roga to r a l so chooses the emotional
key
o r keys in
which the
in terrogat ion o r
any
pa r t
of i t
will be
played.
Because of these and other advantages ,
. . (3)
B .
The
St ruc ture
of
the
Interrogat ion
A counter in te l ligence in te r rogat ion consis ts
of four par t s :
the opening, the reconna i ssance the deta i led quest ioning .and the
conclus i6n.
l The Opening
Most
res i s tant
in ter rogatees
block
off
access
to
signif i -
cant counter in te l ligence
in their p o s ~ P . s s i o n for one o r mo re oí
íour
reasons .
The
f i rs t
is
a specif ic
negative
react ion
to
the
intel: rogator.
Poor ini t ia l handling
o r
a fundamenta l an t i -
path;r can
makP
:
rrce u n c o o p ~ r t i v e
even
if he
has
nothing
significaG.t o r damaging
to conceal . The second
<;:ause
i s tha t
sorne
sources a re res is tant
by na ture
i e , by P.arly
condit ioning to any cornpliar
::e
with authori ty.
The
th i rd is
that the subjec t bel ieves that the informat ion sought
will
be
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damaging o r
incr iminat ing
fo::: him
personal ly
~ h a t
cooperat ion
with the in te r roga tor wil l have consequences
more
painful
for
h im than
the
resul ta
oí non-cooperat ion.
The
fourth
is
ide
ological res i s tance .
The source
has
identif ied hims elf
with
a
cause
a polí t ica
movement
or organizat ion, o r
an
opposit ion 1':ltelligence
service .
Regardless of
h i ~
at t i tude
toward the in te r roga to r · his
own
personali ty ,
and
his f ea r s
for
the iu ture
the person who is
deeply devoted
to
a host i le
cause
will ordinar i ly
preve
s t rongly res i s tant under in te r roga-
+"
.1on.
A
p-rincipal goal
during the
opening phase
is
to
conf i rm
the
personal i ty
asse ssment
obtained
through screening and to
allow the
in te r roga tor to gain a deeper understanding
oí the
source as
an individual . Unless t ime
is
crucial the in te r roga
t e r should
not
become impat ient i the in te r rogatee wanders
í r o m the purposes of the interrogation and
rever ta
to
persona l
concerns . Significant
facts
not
produced
during screening
may
be
revealed . The se reening repor t
i t sel f
is brought to
l i fe,
the type becomes an individual, as the subject· ta lks . And
so met imes
seeming ly
rambling monologues about persona l
mat te rs
a r e pre ludes to
significant
admiss ions .
Sorne
people
cannot
br ing themse lves
to
provide
information
that '
puts
them
in
an
unfavorable l ight until, through a lengthy prefa to ry
ra t ional izat ion ,
they
feel that
they have se t the stage, that the
in te r roga tor
wil l now unders tand why they
acted
as they
did.
I f
face- :saving
is
necessa ry
to the in te r rogatee
i t will be a
waste of
t ime to t ry to force h im to
cut the pre l iminar ies shor t
and
get down
to cases . In his
view,
he
is
deal ing with
the
impor tan t topic, the
why.
He will
be offended
and
may
become
wholly uncoopera t ive i í
íaced
with ins is tent demanda í o r the
naked
what.
There is another
advantage
in
lettit...g
the
subject
ta lk
í r e e ly and even ramblingly in the f i rs t stage oí
in te r roga
t ion. The in te r roga tor is
f ree
to
observe. Human beings
communicate
a grea t
deal
by
non-verbal mean s . Skilled.
in te r roga tors for exa1nple,
l i s ten
closely to voices and
l ea rn
a grea t
dea l
í r o m
them. An interrogation
is not mere ly a
54
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verba l
per fonnance ; i t i s a vocal
performance ,
and
the
voice
projects tension,
fear ,
a
dislike
of cer ta in tapies , and
other
useful pieces
of information.
It
is
a lso helpful
to
watch
the sub jec t s mouth,
which
is as a ru le m uc h more. reveal ing
than his eyes . Gestures and
postures
a l so
tel l
a
s to ry
f
a
sub jec t
nonna l ly gest icula tes broadly
a t t imes and
is
a t
other t imes physica l ly re laxed
but
a t sorne point s i ta st iff ly
mot ion less , his posture is l ikely to
be
the physical image of
his menta l
tension. The
in terrogator
should make a
menta l
note of
the
topic that
caused
such
a
reac t ion .
One textbook on
in terrogat ion l is ta· the following physical
indicators
of
emot ions
and
recommends that in te r roga tors
note
them,
not
as
conclusive proofs
but
as a s se ssment
aids:
1) A ruddy
or
f lushed
face is
an
indicat ion
of anger
o r
emb ar ra s s men t
but
not
necessar i ly of guil t .
2} A cold sweat is a s t rong s ign of fear
and
shock.
3} A
pale
face indica tes fear and usual ly shows that
the in te r roga to r is
hitt ing
close to the
.mark .
4} A
d ry
mouth denotes
nervousness .
5}
Nervous
tension
is
also shown
by wringing
a
handkerchief
o r
clenching the hands t ightly.
{6) Emotional
s t ra in
o r tension m a y cause a pumping
of
the hear t
which
becomes
vis ib le
in
the pulse
and throat .
7)
8)
A s l ight gasp,
holding
the
breath , o r an unsteady
voice may bet ray the subject .
F idget ing
m a y
take
many fo rma, al l
of which
a re
good
indicat ions of
nervousness .
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9)
lO)
A m a n
under
emotional st:i:ain
or
nervous tension
wil l
involuntar ily draw
his elbows to his s ides .
It
is
a
protec t ive deíense mechanism.
The movement oí the íoot
when
ene leg is c rossed
over
the knee oí the other can serve as an indica t e r .
The circulat ion oí
the
blood
to the lower leg is
par t ia l ly
cut
off,
thereby causing
a sl ight
l ift o r
movement
oí the f ree
íoot with
each
hear t beat .
This
becomes mo re
pr.onounced
and observable
as the
pulse ra te inc reases .
Pau s es are
a lso
signií icant . Whenever
a perseo
is
ta lking
about
a
subject
o í
consequence to
himself , he goe s through
a
procesa oí
advance se l f -moni tor ing,
per ío rmed
a t l ightning
speed . This sel í -moni toring
s
more intense í
the
perseo i s
ta lking
to
a s t range r
and especial ly
intense
i í he
is
answer ing
the s t range r s quest ions.
Its
purpose is
to keep f ro m
the
ques t ioner
any guilty i n f o r m ~ i o n o r iníormation
that
would be
damaging
t the
speaker s
sel f -es teem. When questions o r
answers
get
c lose to
sensi t ive a rea s
the pre-scann ing
is
l ikely
to
crea te menta l blocks. These in turn
produce
unnatura l
pauses
meaningless sounds
designed to give
the
s p eak e r mo re
t i me
o r
othe:r
in terrupt ions .
It is
not
easy
to
dist inguish
between innocent
blocks
- - things
held back for reasons of
persona l
pres t ige
- - and guil ty blocks - - things the in te r ro
gator
needs to lcnow. But the success íu l establ ishment o í
r ap p o r f
will
tend
to el iminate innocent blocks, or
a t
leas t to
keep t h em to
a rnin:Unurn.
The
establ ishment of
rapport i s the
second
principal
purpose of
the
opening phase oí
the
in terrogat ion. Somet imes
the
in te r roga tor
knows in advance, as a resul t of screen ing
that
the subjec t
wil l
be
uncooperat ive.
At
other
t imes
the
probabi l i ty oí res is tance is establ ished without
s c r e e n i n g ~
detected
hosti le agents, íor
example ,
usually
have
not
only
the wil l to
res i s t but a lso
the
means , through a
cover
s tory o r
other explanation. But the auticipatiou oí
withholding
inc reases
ra the r than diminishes , the value of rappor t .
In
other words ,
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S ~
a
l ack of
rappor t may cause
an
in terrogatee
to withhold
informat ion tha t he would otherwise
provide
freely ,
whereas
the
existence
of
rappor t
m a y
induce
an
in te r rogatee
who
is
in i t ia lly determined to withhold to change his attitude·. T h ere
fore the in te r roga to r must not
become
host i le
if
confronted
with ini t ial hosti l i ty, o r in
any
other
way
conf i rm such
negative att i tudes as he may encounter a t the outset .
During
th is f i r s t
phase
his
att i tude
should rem ain bus iness - l ike but
also quietly (not ostentat iously) fr iendly and welcoming.
Such
opening r e m a rk s by subjec ts
as , know
what
you
so-and-so
s are a f te r , and I can te l l you r ight now
tha t
you
re nof going to get i t
f ro m
m e
are bes t handled by an
unperturbed
Why
don
t
you
te l l
me what
has
made
you
an g ry ?
At th is s tage
the in te r roga to r should
avoid being
drawn into
conflict , no
mat te r how provocatory may
be the
at t i tude o r
language of the in te r roga tee . If
he
meets t rucu lence
with
nei ther
ins incere
protes tat ions
that
he is the subjec t
s
pal
nor an equal anger
but
ra the r a ca lm in te res t
in v.hat
has
aroused
the
subjec t , the in terrogator has gained
two
advantages
r ight
a t
the s tar t .
He
has establ ished the super ior i ty that he
wil l need l a te r , a s the
quest ioning
develops, and he has i n c reas ed
the chances of establ ishing
rappor t .
How long the opening phase cont inues depends
upon
how
long i t t akes to es tablisb.
rappor t o r
to de te rmine that volun
t a ry cooperat ion is
unobtainable .
It may be l i tera l ly a m a t t e r
of s e c o ~ d s
o r
i t m a y be a drawn-out , up-hl l l bat t le . Even
though the
cos t
in t ime and patience i s somet imes high, the
effort to
make
the subject fee l that
his
quest ioner is a
symp athet ic f igure
should
not
be
abandoned
until
a:ll reasonab le
re sources
have
been
exhausted
(unless,
of
course, the i n t e r ro
gation does not
mer i t
much t ime . Otherwise , the cbances
a r e
tha t
the
in te r rogat ion
will not produce opt imum resul ta .
In
fact ,
i t
i s
l ike ly
to be
a
fai lure ,
and
the
in te r roga to r
should
not
be dis suaded f ro m the effort to es tabl ish rapp'ort
by
an
inward conviction that no m a n in bis r ight mind
would
inc r imi
nate
himsel f
by providing
the
kind of informat ion that
is sought.
The his to ry
of
in te r rogat ion is full of
confessions
and other
se l f - incr imina t ions tba t were in es sen ce the
resul t
of
a subst i
tution of the in te r rogat ion world for
the world outs ide .
In
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S y<
other words, as
the
sights and sounds ·of an
outs ide
world
fade
away,
ts signif icance fo r the in terrogatee tends
to
do l ike-
wise .
That wor ld
is
replaced
by
the
in terrogat ion room,
i ta
two occupants, and the dynamíc re la t ionship between them.
As
in terrogat ion
goes on, the subject
tends increasingly to
divulge
o r withhold in accordance with
the values of the
in terrogat ion world
ra ther
than
those
of the outs ide world
unless the
periods· of quest ioning are only
brief
in terrupt ions
in
his
normal l i fe . In
th is
smal l wor ld
of
two
inhabi tan ts
c lash
of
personal i t ies - -
as dist inct f ro m a conflict
of
purposes
as s u mes exaggera ted force, l ike
a tornado
in
a wind-tunnel .
The
s .e l f -esteem of the in te r rogatee and of the in terrogator b eco mes
involved,
and the
in te r rogatee fights to keep his secre ta f r o m
his opponent fo r subject ive reasons , because he is
gr imly
determined not to
be
the lose r ,
the
infer ior . f on
the
other
hand the in terrogator establ ishes rapport , the subjec t m a y
withhold because
of other reasons , but his res i s tance often
l acks the bi t ter , las t -d i tch
intensi ty
that resul ta i f
the
con tes t
becomes personal ized . ·
The interro.gator
who senses o r determines in the
opening
phase
that what he i s hear ing is
a
legend should
res i s t the f i rs t ,
natu ra l
impulse to demons t ra te i ts
fals i ty . In
sorné in te r ro
gatees
the
ego-demanda,
the need
to
save
face,
a r e
so
in te r
twined
with
preservat ion of
the
cover
s to ry that
calli.ng the
Inan
a
l i a r
will mere l y in tensi fy res is tance.
It is
bet ter
to
leave
an avenue o escape,
a
loophole which permi ta the so u rce to
co r r ec t his s tory without looking foolish.
f i t
is
decided, much la ter in
the
in terrogat ion, to
confront the in te r rogatee with proof of lying, the following
re la ted advice about l ega l c ross -examinat ion may
prove
helpful.
Much dependa
upon the sequence in
which
one conducta
1
the
cross -examina t ion
of
a dishonest w.itness. You should
never hazard
the
i :mportant
question unti l you have la id
the
foundation
for
i t in
such a
way
that ,
when
confronted with the
fact , the witness
can ne i ther deny n o r explain i t . One often
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sees
the
most damaging
documentary
evidence,
in the
forma
of
le t ters
or affidavits , fal l absolute ly f lat
as
be t r aye r s of
.
fa lsehood,
mere ly
because
of
the
unskil l iul
way
in which
they·
a r e handled. f you hav3 in your possess ion
a
l e t t e r ·wr i t t en
'·
by the witness , in which he
takes
an opposi te posi t ion on
sorne
par t
of the case to the one he has jus t
sworn
to, avoid the
c ommon
e r r o r
of
showing
the witness
the
l e t te r for ident i f ica-
t ion, and then
reading
i t
to
h im
with the
inqui ry , What have
you to say to
tha t?
1
During the
reading
of his l e t t e r the
witness
will be collect ing his thoughts
and getting ready
bis
explanat ions in anticipation of
the
quest ion tha t
is
to follow,
and fhe effect
of
the damaging l e t te r wil l
be los t . • • The
co r rec t
method
of using
such
a
l e t t e r
is
to
lead
the
witness
quiet ly into
repeat ing
the staternents he has made in
his
di rec t tes t imony,
and
which his l e t t e r
contradic ts .
Then
read
i t
off
to him.
The witness
has Íno
explanation7.
He has s tated
the fact , there
is nothing to qualify. (41)
2.
The Reconnaissance
l the
in te r roga tee i s coopera t ive a t the outset
or i
rappor t i s
es tabl i shed
during
the
opening phase, and the source
becomes cooperat ive, the reconnaissance
s tage
is
need less ;
the in ter rogator
proceeds
direct ly
to detai led quest ioning.
But i
the in te r roga tee
is
withholding,
a
per iod of
explora -
t ion
is neces sa ry . Assumpt ions have
normal ly
been
made
a l ready a s
to
what he
i s
withholding:
.that
he is a fabr ica tor ,
o r an RlS agent ,
or something
.else he
deems it. impor tant
to
conceal . O r
the
assun1ption may·
be that
he had knowledge of
such act ivi t ies car r ied out by someone else . At any ra te , the
purpose of the r econnaissance is to provide
a
qÜick test ing of
the
assumpt ion
and, more
important ly ,
to
probe the
causes ,
extent ,
and
in tensi ty of
res i s tancc .
During
the
opening
phase
the in ter rogator
will
have
cha:rted the
probable
a reas of
res i s tance
by noting
those
topics
which caused
emot ional o r physical
react ions,
speech blocks,
OJ; other indicators . He now begins to probe these a rea s .
Every exper ienced in te r roga tor
has
noted
that
i an in te r roga tee
S
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is withholding, hls anxiety
inereases
as the quest ioning
n ea r s
the mark .
The
safer the
topie , the
m o r e
voluble the
souree .
But
as the
quest ions malee him inereasingly un-
eomfor tab le the in te r rogatee beeornes l e ss
eommunieat ive
o r perhaps
e
ven
host i le .
During the opening
phase
the
in te r roga to r
has
gone
along
with this p;r:oteetive rneehanism.
Now, however ,
he
keeps eorning baek to eaeh a r ea
of
sens i
t ivi ty unti l he has deterrnined the
loeation of
eaeh
and the
in tensi ty í
the
defenses.
f res i s tanee
is slight, m e re
pers i s t enee m a y overeorne
it;
and de.tailed
quest ioning
may
follow immediately .
But
if res is tanee is st rong,
new
topie
should
be
introdueed, and detai led
quest ioning
reserved
fo r the
th l rd s t age .
Two dangers are especia l ly l ikely
to
appear during the
reeonnais sanee.
Up to tbis
point the in terrogator has not
eontinued l ine
of
quest ioning
when
res is tance was eneountered.
Now, however , he does
so, and
rappor t may
be s t ra ined .
Sorne in te r roga tees
will
take this
ehange
personal ly and
tend to
personal ize the eonfliet .
The
in te r rogato r should r es i s t
th is
tendeney.
f he succurnbs
to
it , and beeomes engaged in
batt le
of wits he
m a y
not be
able
to aeeompl i sh the
f:ask
a t
hand. The
seeond temptat ion
to
avoid
i s
the
natural
inel inat ion
to r e s o r t premature ly to ruses
o r
eoere ive teehniques in
orde r
to set t le the mat t e r then and there . The bas ie purpose
of
the
reeonnaissance
is
to
determine
the kind and degree of p re s s u re
that wi l l be needed in the th i rd
stage.
The in te r roga to r should
r e s e rv e his f i re -power
unti l he
.knows what he is up .against .
3. The Detai led Questioning
a .
f rappor t
is
establ ished and if the
in te r rogatee
has
nothing
signif ieant
to
hide, detai led questioning
presenta only routine problema. The rna jor
routine
e
onsidera t ions
are the
following:
··