chs day 1.docx
TRANSCRIPT
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Hardware Servicing Training Course
Computer Fundamentals
What is Computer?
◦ An Electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed withinstructions
◦ A Machine that does three things: Accepts input, processes it according to prescribed rules, andproduces the results as output.
◦
A computer is composed of Hardware and Software, and can exist in a variety of sies andcon!gurations.
Three Elements of Computer
Hardware
◦ "he #hysical e$uipment of a computer system, including the central processing unit, data%storagedevices, terminals and printers.
Software
◦&ritten coded commands that tell a computer what tas's to perform. (or example, &ord, #hotoShop,#icture Easy, and #hoto)eluxe are software programs.
◦ Peopleware
◦ *t refers to the computer user
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Two primary software categories
+perating System
◦ *t is responsible for controlling the allocation and usage of hardware resources such as memory, centralprocessing unit -#/ time, dis' space, and peripheral devices. *n general it runs the computer system.
Application Software
◦ *t is a computer programs designed to help people perform a certain type of wor'.
Operating System
An operating system +S/ is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a
computer.
"he +S performs basic tas's, such as:
controlling and allocating memory
prioritiing the processing of instructions
controlling input and output devices
facilitating networ'ing
managing !les.
Operating System
0inux
Mac+S
MS%)+S
1*2
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&indows 3.x
&indows 45
&indows 46
&indows ME
&indows 78889server
&indows 2#97883 server
&indows ista
&indows ;
asic Operation of Computer
*nput
◦ *nformation entered into a computer for processing, as from a 'eyboard or from !le stored on a dis'drive.
#rocess
◦ "o manipulate data with a program
+utput
◦ "he results of processing, whether sent to the screen or printer, stored on dis' as a !le, or sent toanother computer in a networ'.
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#arts of "he #ersonal -omputer
Scanner
External MODEM
CD ROM Drive
System Unit
Keyboard
Monitor
PC Fundamentals
Floppy Disk Drive
Mouse
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PC Fundamentals
PC External Sound Systems
Printe
r
!R
+ther #- peripherals
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Hardware Functions
System !nit
% "he case that houses the processor, motherboard, internal hard% and
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"other+oard Parts
Parts of the "other+oard
System Panel
Connector
AGP Slot
FDD Socket
IDE Socket
ATX Power
Connector
Expansion
slots
ROM Cip
Memory slots
CMOS !attery
"ort#ri$%e
So&t#ri$%e
cipset
Microprocessor
socket
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%O" chip
% "he chip or *- which contains and stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer and>*+S.
(,P Slot
% Accelerated ?raphics #ort supports @.5
% Slot refers to a unit of space in a motherboard that supports A?# cards and it yields a throughput rate of 7M>ps.
E'pansion Slot #-* or *SA/
% A soc'et on the motherboard that accepts an expansion card.
B #-* C #eripheral -omponent *nterconnect is a high%speed connection for devices including modems, sound
cards, 0A1 cards etc. *t can run at cloc' speeds of 33 or MH. At 37 bits and 33 MH, it yields a throughput rate of @33 M>ps.
F## Connector-Soc$et
% A soc'et for (loppy )is' )rive cable connector or interface.
South+ridge
& is the chip that controls all of the computers *9+ functions, such as S>, audio, serial, the system >*+S, the*SA *ndustry Standard Architecture/ bus, the interrupt controller and the *)E *ntegrated )evice Electronics/channels. *n other words, all of the functions of a processor except memory, #-* and A?#. "hey do not normally comewith a heat sin'.
.orth+ridge
% A -hip that connects to a -# to memory, the #-* bus, 0evel 7 cache and A?# activities. "he 1orthbridgechips communicate with the -# through the (S>.
System Panel Connector
% "his connector accommodates several front panel functions
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a. System #ower 0E)
b. H)) Activity
c. A"2 #ower Switch
d. Deset Switch
*#E Connector Soc$et Intelligent Drive Electronics or Integrated Drive Electronics)
% A soc'et for *)E -able connector9interface
(T/ Power Connector Soc$et
% A soc'et for the A"2 #ower Supply -able -onnector
"icroprocessor Soc$et
% is the connector that interfaces between a computers motherboard and the processor itself. Most -#soc'ets and processors in use today are built around the pin grid array #?A/ architecture, in which the pins on theunderside of the processor are inserted into the soc'et, usually with ero insertion force F*(/ to aid installation.
P,( % A feature of a -# soc'et whereby the pins are aligned in uniform rows around the soc'et.
"emory Slots
% A space for place the memory modules
C"OS attery
% -M+S G -loc' >ac'up batteries perform the same function in des'top and laptop computers: when thecomputer is turned o, the battery maintains the time and date, thus insuring their accuracy when the system isonce again restarted. More importantly, the battery saves the computers >*+S setup con!guration, which allows thesystem to eIciently reboot once it is restarted.
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%ear Panel
'A" port(S! inter)ace
Firewire inter)ace
!l&e * line in
Pink * mic
'ime * line o&t
Parallel port
printer
Mo&se
port p+s ,
-ey#oar$
portCom port
Serial port
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The ac$ of the system unit
PC Rear Panel
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#ower input
◦ *t is where you plug the #-s electrical power cord.
Jeyboard port
◦ *t is where you plug only the 'eyboard
Mouse port
◦ *t is where you plug only the mouse
S> port
◦ niversal Serial >us S>/ ports are general%purpose connectors found on newer #-s.
Serial port
◦ "his 4%pin connector is one of the oldest and most universal ports found in #-.
#arallel port
◦ "he 75%pin parallel is intended for connecting printers.
ideo port
◦ "his uni$ue three%row, @5%pin connector is where the monitor connects to the system
Audio port
◦ "hese are used to connect spea'ers, microphones, and other audio devices
?ame port
◦ "his @5%pin connector can be used for Koystic'
Modem port
◦ *t enables your computer to communicate with other computers via a telephone line.
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1etwor' interface
◦ *t connects your #- to other #-s in a 0ocal Area 1etwor'
How PC wor$s?
*OS
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*OS
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% stands for >asic *nput9+utput System or >asic *ntegrated +perating System. >*+S refers to the software code run
by a computer when !rst powered on. "he primary function of >*+S is to prepare the machine so other software
programs stored on various media such as hard drives,
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Primary PC Hardware loc$ #iagram Components in the PC shown a+ove1
"other +oard PC components1
-#, Math -o%processor, StaticDAM cache, )ynamicDAM, ideo DAM, >*+S D+M, #-* >ridge
Peripherals1 Monitor, Jeyboard, Mouse, E*SA Hard )rive, (loppy )is', -) D+M, printer, scanner, S> drive
.orth+ridge & -onnects -# with )DAM, S%DAM cache, video DAM and Southbridge
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South+ridge & -onnects peripherals to the 1orthbridge chip
S%(" and #%("
Static DAM
◦ Static DAM can store only about one%fourth as much data as a dynamic DAM chip, but static DAM doesnot re$uire refreshing and is usually much faster than )ynamic DAM
)ynamic DAM
◦ )DAM store information in *- that contain capacitors. >ecause capacitors lose their charge over time,)DAM boards must include logic to Lrefresh recharge/ the )DAM continuously. &hile a )DAM is beingrefreshed, it cannot be read by the processorN if the processor must read the DAM while it is beingrefreshed, one or more wait states occur.
!SES
>us is a set of hardware lines Cwires% used for data transfer among the components of a computer system.
A bus is essentially a shared highway that connects dierent parts of the system C including the
microprocessor, dis'%drive controller, memory and input9output ports C and enables them to transferinformation.
◦ E*SA >us Extended *ndustry Standard Architecture/
◦ S-S*9*)E >us Small -omputer System *nterface/ 9 *ntegrated )evice Electronics/
◦
#-* >us #eripheral -omponent *nterconnect/
◦ S> >us niversal Serial >us/