chronic adaptations physical education, unit 4 aos 1
TRANSCRIPT
CHRONIC ADAPTATIONSPhysical Education,
Unit 4 AoS 1
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Key knowledge:Chronic adaptations of the cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems to training.
Chronic Adaptations
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Chronic Adaptations•A long-term physiological change, in response to training loads, that allows the body to meet new demands.
•Categorised as either: • Aerobic adaptations; • Anaerobic adaptations.
•Occur at the following levels (locations) of the body:• Respiratory Level• Cardiovascular Level• Muscular Level
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Plateau• Plateaus (relatively stable levels) will occur once the athlete’s body has adapted to the new loads.
• No new adaptations will occur due to the training load no longer challenging the body.
• Progressive Overload must be implemented at this point for further adaptations to occur.
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Type of training•Aerobic Training Methods• Continuous
Training• Long Interval
Training• Fartlek Training
•Anaerobic Training Methods• Short Interval Training• Intermediate Interval
Training• Speed Training• Plyometrics Training• Weights/Resistance
Training
•Aerobic Adaptations
•Anaerobic Adaptations
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Respiratory LevelOxygen intakeWhen discussing changes at the Respiratory Level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s lungs.
Any changes at a Respiratory Level, ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to intake.
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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations - Respiratory Level
Lung VolumeTidal VolumeAlveoli size and surface areaPulmonary diffusion
O2 cost to ventilatory musclesVentilation (rest and submax)
Aerobic AdaptationsRespiratory Level
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In More DetailIncreased alveoli size and surface area
Alveoli size and surface area
Aerobic AdaptationsRespiratory Level
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increase in alveoli size and surface area can improve performance for a triathlete.
(2 marks)
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File:Emma_Jackson_Budapest.jpg
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Cardiovascular LevelOxygen transportWhen discussing changes at the Cardiovascular Level, we are talking about changes occurring in an athlete’s heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Any changes at a Cardiovascular Level, ultimately lead to an increase in the levels of oxygen we are able to transport
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Heart#mediaviewer/File:Gray505.png
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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level
Left ventricle sizeStroke VolumeCardiac Output
Resting Heart RateSubmaximal Heart RateRecovery Heart Rate
Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
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In more detailIncreased left ventricle size
Left ventricle size
Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increase in the size of the left ventricle of the heart can improve performance for a 3000m runner.
(2 marks)
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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood vessels)Capillary density to heart
Capillary density to musclesBlood flow redistributed to working muscles
Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
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In More DetailIncreased Capillary Density at the Muscles
Capillary density at the muscles
Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Capillaries#mediaviewer/File:Illu_capillary-IT.jpg
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased capillary density at the muscles can improve performance for a hockey midfielder.
(2 marks)
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File:Ch_carpesa.jpg
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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood)
Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
HDL (High-Density Lipoproteins)Blood VolumePlasma LevelsRed Blood CellsHaemoglobin
LDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins)Blood Pressure (Submax and Rest)
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In More Detail…Aerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level (blood)
Aerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
Red blood cell count
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased red blood cell can improve performance for a road cyclist.
(2 marks)
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%C3%A9tape_9_01.jpg
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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level
Aerobic AdaptationsMuscular Level
Capillary Density to musclesMyoglobinMitochondriaOxidative EnzymesGlycogen StoresTriglyceride StoresGlycogen sparingGlycogen Synthasea-vO2 difference
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Chronic AdaptationsAerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level
Aerobic AdaptationsMuscular Level
Mitochondria
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased mitochondria size and surface area can improve performance for a netballer playing in the position of “Centre”.
(2 marks)
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Concept ExplorerWhich of the following typical changes would you expect to occur as a result of 6 months of endurance training?
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Chronic AdaptationsAnaerobic Adaptations – Muscular Level
Anaerobic AdaptationsMuscular Level
Fast-twitch fibre size and numberATP StoresCP StoresGlycogen StoresGlycolytic EnzymesContractile ProteinsMyosin ATPaseMuscle buffering capacityNeural transmissionSize of connective tissueMotor unit recruitment
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In More Detail…Increased Contractile Proteins
Aerobic AdaptationsMuscular Level
Contractile proteins
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased amount of contractile proteins within an athlete’s muscle cells can improve performance for an AFL ruckman during boundary throw-ins around the ground during a match.
(2 marks)
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Chronic AdaptationsAnaerobic Adaptations – Cardiovascular Level
Anaerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
Left ventricle wall thickness
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In More Detail…Increased Left Ventricle Wall Thickness
Anaerobic AdaptationsCardiovascular Level
Left ventricle wall thickness
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Concept ExplorerDiscuss how an increased ventricle wall thickness can improve performance for a 200m runner in the Olympics.
(2 marks)
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VCAA Question: 2013 Exam Question 12A chronic adaptation to aerobic training is an:
A. Increase in the recruitment of fast-twitch fibres
B. Increase in fat oxidation at the same energy expenditure
C. Increase in carbohydrate metabolism at the same energy expenditure
D. Increased contribution from the anaerobic energy system at the same energy expenditure.
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VCAA Question: 2013 Exam Question 6dA chronic muscular adaptation to weight training is muscular hypertrophy.Identify two changes that occur in the muscle that contribute to muscular hypertrophy.
(2 marks)
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VCAA Question: 2012 Exam Question 14cPrior to undertaking an endurance training program, a 45-year-old male ran at 10 km/h on a treadmill at an intensity of 80% HR max.
Post-training (after weeks of endurance training), would running at this same speed (10 km/h) see him working at a higher or lower percentage of maximum heart rate. Justify your answer.
(3 marks)
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