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Page 1: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell
Page 2: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Chromosomes and MicroarraysDeciphering the Technology

Angela Scheuerle, M.D.Tesserae Genetics

Texas BDES

Page 3: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell
Page 4: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Molecule of DNA

6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

ohyeahdevelopmentalbiology.tumblr.com

Page 5: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Chromosome

• One huge molecule of DNA• 100s – 1000s of genes on each• Visible under a regular microscope• To be big enough to see, a change must be 4 million bases in size or greater (≥4Mb)– Roughly the size of a band on the chromosome

Page 6: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Chromosomes

Page 7: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

46,XX

Page 8: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

46,XY

Page 9: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

47,XX,+21 47,XX,+13

45,XX,‐14 45,X

Page 10: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Chromosomes

Page 11: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

46,XY,del(5)p 45,XX,t(14;21)  or 45,XX,rob(14;21)

69,XXX

Page 12: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Airplane Analogy

Looking at the genetic material like this Looking at a city like this

=

Page 13: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

From an Airplane

Having an extra chromosome

=

Adding a lake

Page 14: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

What about a particular address?

Page 15: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Chromosomes

Page 16: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

ChromosomesXp22.31

Xq11.2

Xq25

Page 17: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Xp22.31

9702 Vinewood

Page 18: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

What is the correct reading?

22q11.21 A) Twenty‐two q eleven point twenty oneB) Two two q one one point two oneC) Twenty‐two q one one point two oneD) Two two q eleven point twenty one

Page 19: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

What is the correct reading?

22q11.21 

C) Twenty‐two q one one point two one

Page 20: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

FISH

• Will tell you what is going on at a particular address

• Won’t tell you what is going on anywhere else.• Limited usefulness these days as a first‐line test– You will see it less and less over time– Used as confirmation in microarray testing

Page 21: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

FISH

46,XX,ish(22)(q11.2) 46,XX,ish del(22)(q11.2q11.2)

Page 22: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Interphase FISH

“Free” Trisomy Translocation Trisomy

Page 23: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Missing the Lake

9702 Vinewood

Page 24: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Cytogenomic Microarray

• CMA– Cytogenetic Microarray Analysis

• aCGH– Array Comparative Genome Hybridization

• Variety of proprietary names– Affy, Nimblegen, Roche, etc.  – Generally identifying the company making the physical hardware

Page 25: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Cytogenomic Microarray

• What it will tell you– Submicroscopic additions and deletions– Like doing FISH on 200,000 (or more) places– SNP arrays will tell about chromosome inheritance

• What it won’t tell you– Single gene mutations– Balanced translocations

Page 26: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Cytogenomic Microarray

• Targeted • BAC (44K)• Oligo (150K+)• SNP (600K+)

Page 27: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Airplane AnalogyLooking at the genetic material like this Looking at a city like this

=

Page 28: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Mailman

Doing  aCGHKnowing what mailboxes have mail in them

Page 29: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Array

Page 30: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Deletion 22q11.21

Page 31: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Nomenclature

Indication Abbreviation(s)

FISH was done ish

Microarray was done arr

Extra of something “+”, “x”, add, dup, mar 

Something missing “‐“, del, r 

Rearrangement der, ins, inv, rob, t

Page 32: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Normal v Abnormal

Technology Normal Result Abnormal Result

Routine Kayrotype 46,XX    or   46,XY 46,XX,del(22)(q11.2)

FISH 46,XY,ish(22)(q11.2) 46,XY,ish del (22)(q11.2q11.2)

Microarray Arr (1‐22,X)x2 Arr (22)(q11.21q11.21)x1

Page 33: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

One Last Analogy

Page 34: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Airplane AnalogyLooking at the genetic material like this Looking at a city like this

=

Page 35: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Mailman

Doing  aCGHKnowing what mailboxes have mail in them

Page 36: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell

Water BillLooking for a mutation in a single gene

Is like seeing how much I owe on my water bill

Page 37: Chromosomes Microarrays€¦ · Chromosomes and Microarrays Deciphering the Technology Angela Scheuerle, M.D. Tesserae Genetics Texas BDES. Molecule of DNA 6 Feet of DNA in each Cell