chromosomes & inheritance meiosis -two successful divisions of a diploid nucleus following only...
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Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS
-two successful divisions of a diploid nucleus following only one DNA replication cycle- the original diploid cell contained a haploid set of chromosomes from mom and a haploid set from dad (except for self-fertilizing organisms - plants)- produces a haploid gamete
Chromosomes & InheritanceINTERPHASE
- G1, S, G2
- chromosomes are duplicated- produces a temporary 4N- each “chromosome” consist
of 2 sister chromatids attached at a centromere
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
-chromosome number is reduced
- PROPHASE I-similar to Prophase of
Mitosis except for crossing over of homologous pairs of chromosomes
-4 stages
-produces greater chromosomal individuality of offspring
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-Leptonema – chromosomes
begin to coil and become visible-Telomere – end of
chromosomes that do not code for proteins; protect and secure the chromosome;
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-during Meiosis I these
are clustered on the nuclear envelope to produce a bouquet of the chromosomes
-Zygonema – chromosomes continue to shorten (coil)
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-homologous pairs align
and undergo synapsis (formation of the synaptonemal complex) which aligns them base pair for base pair
-made possible because of the telomeres and bouquet
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-Pachynema – follows
completion of synapsis
-in this tetrad is where crossing-over now occurs
-each synapsed set of homologous chromosomes has 4 chromatids, this is called a tetrad
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-resulting genetic
differences between the homologs can produce new gene combinations -there is usually no loss or gain of genetic material here, just exchange – each homolog gives and receives genes
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-recombinant
chromosome - chromosome that has a different combination of genes than what it began meiosis with
-genetic recombinantion - process by which progeny receives genotypes different from the parents
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-Diplonema - synaptonemal
complex is disassembled and homologous chromosomes move apart
-chiasma – cross-shaped structure resulting from the
overlapping of chromatids
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-at these locations the
homologous chromosomes are very tightly connected
-in most organisms the remainder of meiosis goes very quickly, except for egg development in animals
-Humans: diplonema is completed by the 7th month of fetal development, then they wait, wait, wait
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-Humans: The onset of
puberty begins a cycle of one oocyte per month completing meiosis I and is ovulated.
-Humans: If fertilized, it quickly completes meiosis II
as it passes down the fallopian tube and then a functional zygote is produced
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- PROPHASE I-Diakinesis – nucleolus and
nuclear envelope break down-spindle is assembled-chromosomes can be
counted fairly easily* Crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes, mainly autosomes
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- METAPHASE I-nuclear envelope is
completely broken down-tetrads become aligned at the equator of the cell-spindle is completely formed-microtubules are attached to
the homologs
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS I
- ANAPHASE I-chromosomes of the
homologous pair (dyads) disjoin and move to opp. poles
-centromeres segregate randomly
-move to opp. poles is completed
-sister chromatids remain joined- TELOPHASE I
-new nuclear envelope forms-cytokinesis is happening
concurrently
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS II
- PROPHASE II-chromosomes condense
-spindle is organized and attaches to centromere (still connecting sister chromatids)
- METAPHASE II
-centromeres line up on the equator of the cell
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS II
- ANAPHASE II-centromeres split-chromatids are pulled to opp. sides
- TELOPHASE II-nuclear envelope forms
around each set of chromosomes
-sister chromatids of each pair move to opp. poles
-cytokinesis takes place-chromosomes become
elongated
Chromosomes & InheritanceMEIOSIS II
- after TELOPHASE II-chromosomes become
elongated and no longer easily visible -end product is 4 haploid cells
(gametes)-each gamete has one
chromosome (not exact copies) from each homologous pair