chromosomes chromosome-before a cell divides it copies all the dna (replication) and then coils it...
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CHROMOSOMES
• Chromosome-before a cell divides it copies all the DNA (replication) and then coils it into Chromosomes
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CHROMATIDS
• CHROATIDS- One side of the chromosome. Each side is the same.
• (One of the copies of the DNA)
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CENTROMERE
• CENTROMERE- Point where the two chromatids are attached to each other.
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KARYOTYPE- A PICTURE OF A HUMANS CHROMOSOMES ARANGED BY SIZE. These are used to test for Chromosomal
Disorders in Unborn Babies.
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TWO TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES
• THE FIRST 22 ARE CALLED AUTOSOMES WHICH ARE THE SAME FOR BOTH MALES AND FEMALES
• THE LAST PAIR ARE CALLED SEX CHROMOSOMES AND THEY DETERMINE GENDER
• XY= MALE XX= FEMALE
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Down syndrome (extra 21st)
Trisome X
(Extra X Chromosome)
Cri du chat (Missing piece of 5th Chromosome)
Digeorge Syndrome (Missing piece of 22ndchromosome)
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DNA REPLICATION
- TAKES PLACE DURING “S” PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE
3 STEPS1. ENZYMES “DNA HELICASE” BREAKS HYDROGEN BONDS TO “UNZIP” THE DNA.
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STEP 2-ENZYME “DNA POLYMERASE” MOVES ALONG
THE REPLICATION FORKS ADDING NITROGEN BASES(A,C,T,G)
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STEP 3TWO COMPLETE DNA STRANDS ARE
FORMED. EACH STRAND IS IDENTICAL
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The replication process usually takes place on many segments of the DNA at the same
time. This speeds up the process.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teV62zrm2P0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDlKrLJjRlY&feature=related
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INTERPHASEG1=Growth Phase 1,
Normal cell function
S=Synthesis Phase, Copy the DNA
G2=Growth Phase 2, Compress DNA into Chromosomes, prepare for cell division.
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MITOSIS• P= Prophase,
Chromosomes become visible and nuclear envelope breaks down
• M=Metaphase, Chromosomes line up in the middle
• A= Anaphase, Chromosomes get pulled apart
• cells
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Mitosis Continued
• T= Telophase, Chromosomes bunch at the poles of the cell and it begins to split
• Cytokinesis- Two new daughter cells are formed and new cytoplasm is formed to make two adult
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Interphase
• Can be broken into G1, S and G2
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Prophase
• Chromosomes are formed
• The nuclear envelope breaks down
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Metaphase
• Chromosomes line up along the “equator” of the cell
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Anaphase
• Chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move toward the poles of the cell.
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Telophase
• Chromosomes reach the poles and the cell builds a cell membrane/wall down the middle of the cell
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Cytokinesis
New daughter cells replace organelles and grow into new adult cells which return to Interphase