chromosomal disorders. chromosomal disorders having mild to severe (fatal) mental and/or physical...
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Chromosomal Disorders
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Chromosomal disorders
Having mild to severe (fatal) mental and/or physical deformities due to:
1.Adding or deleting part of a chromosome
1.Having extra or missing chromosomes
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How do these disorders happen?
Mistakes before and during
Parents never have the disorders! Can happen to anyone. Family history does not matter!
Must follow:
*Replication rules: Make an exact copy of the DNA with A-T and G-C
*Law of segregation: homologous chromosomes must separate into different gametes
*Crossing over- homologous chromosomes exchange pieces DNA
meiosis!!!
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TelophaseII
AnaphaseII
MetaphaseII
ProphaseII
AnaphaseI
MetaphaseI
TelophaseI
Starting cell Interphase
Meiosis
ProphaseI
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The cell grows bigger and a copy of each chromosome is made
Interphase
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Chromosomes condense and crossing-overoccurs
ProphaseI
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The homologous pairs line up in the middle
MetaphaseI
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The homologous pairs are pulled away to opposite sides
AnaphaseI
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Cell has split in two
TelophaseI
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New spindle fibers begin to form
ProphaseII
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Chromosomes line up in the middle
MetaphaseII
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Sister chromatids are pulled apart
AnaphaseII
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Each cell separates leaving 4 unidentical haploid cells
TelophaseII
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How do these disorders happen?
1. Adding or deleting part of a chromosome
Causes:
Mistakes during DNA replication Or
Mistakes during Crossing over
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How do these disorders happen?
2. Having extra or missing chromosomes
Causes:
Nondisjunction: homologous chromosomes pairs or sister
chromatids do not separate during
meiosis.
This leads to gametes (sperm or egg) that contain more or less than 23 chromosomes
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Common Chromosomal Disorders
Down Syndrome = an extra 21st chromosome
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Turners Syndrome = Missing X or Y chormosome
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Klinefelters Syndrome =having extra X chromosomes XXY or XXXY
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