christian hartmann pascal jouquet michel grimaldi umr bioemco (becoming ‘iees paris’) team...
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Christian HARTMANNPascal JOUQUET
Michel GRIMALDI
UMR BIOEMCO (becoming ‘IEES Paris’) Team ‘BIOPHYS’
Soil Bio-physical Structural Management
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Before explaining why we want to use biological activity to mange I would like to present the context: 1. our UMR : mixed research unit2. our regional partnership in South-East Asia…
UMR = a scientific question…
i i EESEES Paris Paris
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Biophys team
Main focuses:
In tropical landscapes subject to intense changes in land use
1.Describing biophysical processes that structure soil (aggregation vs. disaggregation)
2.Evaluating effects of changes in biophysical processes on soil ecosystem services (primary production; regulation of water fluxes and soil erosion; regulation of climate; …)
i i EES EES ParisParis
Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris
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Biophys team
Axis 1: Landscape and soil dynamics as a result of LAND-USE changes
Field observations in long-term observatories
• Drivers of land-use changes• Agricultural practices effects on:– vegetal cover diversity and fragmentation;– biodiversity of plants and soil fauna;– soil surface conditions: crusting, infiltrability, erodibility.
i i EES EES ParisParis
LAND USES Changes
Vegetal mosaicBiodiversity
Soil surface states
AXIS1
Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris
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Biophys team
Axis 2: Biophysical PROCESSES of SOIL structuration and resulting hydro-structural properties
Field and laboratory experimentations
Analysis of interactions between soil engineers (roots and macroinvertebrates) and soil composition, structureand hydrodynamic properties,at soil horizon andfunctional domains rhizosphere, drilosphere,…) scales.
i i EES EES ParisParis
Shrinkage curve
Soil engineers
PRO CES SES
Soil composition and structure
LAND USES Changes
Soilhydro-structural
properties
AXIS1
AXIS2
Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris
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Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse
BIOEMCO; IRD makes the link with local partners that have the willing of improving the well being ofpeople
Et au sein de l’UMR on a un le groupe biophys…. Maintaing soil ressources…
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-Knowledge transfer (academic research, lab, instruments…)
-Well being of people and ressources of the country
PARTNERSHIP ==> OUTCOME FOR THE COUNTRY
Laos: NAFRI & NUOL
Thailand: LDD & KKU
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IRD ==> partnership (national partners)
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-Knowledge transfer (academic research, lab, instruments…)
-Well being of people and ressources of the country
PARTNERSHIP ==> OUTCOME FOR THE COUNTRY
==> SOIL RESSOURCES & FARMERS
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WHY SOIL RESSOURCES?
(and not food production for example…)
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Soils….
A limited ressource,
wisely developped….
through agriculture !
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Big success for food production!
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IN THE PAST 50 YEARS…….IN THE PAST 50 YEARS…….
+12%
+117%
+200%
World’s cultivated
land
Irrigated area
Agricultural
production
Increments in the past 50 years
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High ecological and environmental cost…
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• Soils of varying degradation status (low to high) show increasing degradation trends (GLADIS, 2011):
Soil degradation status and trendsSoil degradation status and trends
– Water and wind erosion
– Nutrient and SOM depletion
– Acidification– Salinisation– Compaction – Contamination
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SYSTEMS AT RISK SYSTEMS AT RISK (SOLAW)(SOLAW)
B
- A series of land and water systems now face the risk of progressive breakdown of their productive capacity (driven by demographic pressure and unsustainable agricultural practices).
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Till now, objective was food self sufficiency
= studies mainly focused on optimizing crop yield (increase fertilizer, irrigation)
Impact on groundwater quality ?
?
From now,
objective sould also be ‘maintaining soil ressources’…
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0
1
10
1 10 100 1000Na/
Cl
Chloride (mg/L)
rainfall
Na-plagioclaseweathering
KCl addition(or Na adsorption)
CULTIVATED
FOREST
evapotranspiration
Variations of 2-3 orders of magnitude in Cl, NO3
How to explain such variations ?
Chloride (mg/L)
Comparison pristine vs irrigated agriculture
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Importance of soil type on Nitrogen balance
Red soil
(Feralsol)
Black soil
(Vertisol)
Example of Turmerick (irrigated cash crop)
Need to combine monitoring & modeling for understanding N behavior in soil = integrated approach
What are the important parameters ? How to measure them at reasonable cost ?
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A limited,
Soils….
…ressource.
non-renewable,
already degraded,
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What to do now???
Change our practices:-avoid wasting,-increase recycling…
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But most of the soils are already degraded…..
How to do the job?
Using engineers!
Soil and ecosystem engineers…
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THE KEY SOIL ENGINEERSTHE KEY SOIL ENGINEERS……
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Some examples of Biogenic structuresBiogenic structures
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Bioturbation by soil engineers
Formation of biostructures: Biopores & Biogenic aggregates (galeries) (casts, mounds…)
Water infiltration, retention& quality Flood & erosion control
Fertility & productivityGreenhouse gas emission
Modification of soil structureHydrodynamic, SOM decomposition, nutrient cycling
Ecosystem services
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21st century farmers have two options…
Firstoption:
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THE KEY SOIL ENGINEERSTHE KEY SOIL ENGINEERS……
Second option:
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Soil Bio-physical Structural Management(SBSM)
And this is where
becomes an INOVATIVE project…
We want to link natural sciences with economic and social sciences….
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After more than 100 yrs of intensification,50 yrs of incredible success in food
production for farmers,
How to shift to soil ressource and environment management?
They are economical factors,And even cultural factors….
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Economical factors….
We are asking farmers to abandon a set of techniques that were efficient and take the risk of loosong everything….
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Cultural factors….
We will lack of proteins…. And we know all risks
associated with animal breeding…
Eating insects is logical, and is also appreciated!
But even cartesian westerners who do not take any risk will
not easily consider insect as…
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How to convince farmers ????
But two tropical countries are different..
But….is this a relevant question????
What kind of research would be useful for farmers, or at least take into account the farmers’ view point?
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This is why SBSM needed to be organised in India, to discover and learn from Indian experience…
Experience in the labs and in the fields.
Scientists know the natural processes, but we need to know also ‘agriculture’ and even ‘culture’…
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Conclusion….
But solving practical,and necessary complex problems,
we need to launch interdisciplinary researches, effectively interconnected
with synergetic actions.
We have all skills in our own science.
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SBSM brings together people who have never worked together and who have
complementary skills between natural and ‘human’ sciences….
The goal is to propose a draft of research project; it still is a challenge….
Thank you for your attention…
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