christelle coetzee // architecture thesis // the transforming ndlovu node
DESCRIPTION
ÂTRANSCRIPT
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Figure 01: View of PMC site with the copper ore pit in the foreground and Kruger National Park in the background.
Source: by Author.
...great buildings help de! ne and create the context in which
they stand, to reveal the nature of a place
that was often unappreciated before the
architecture made it visible.(Mackay-Lyons; 2015:14)
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the design of an ecological observatory in Phalaborwa
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The design of an ecological observatory in Phalaborwa
By
Christelle Coetzee
Submitted in partial ful! lment of the requirements for the degree
MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE: ARCHITECTURE: PROFESSIONAL
In the
Department of Architecture
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Supervisor: Jacques Laubscher
July 2015
The opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and cannot necessarily be
attributed to Tshwane University of Technology
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This document is submitted in partial ful! llment of the
requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae:
Architecture (Professional) in the Department of
Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment, Tshwane University of Technology.
I hereby declare that this is my own original work
and has not previously been submitted to any other
institution. I further declare that all sources cited or
quoted are indicated and acknowledged by means of
a comprehensive list of references.
Christelle Coetzee
2 November 2015
D E C L A R A T I O N
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Figure 02: Concept Model.
Source: by Author.
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The proposed intervention explores architectural systems
inspired by nature and made possible through technology
and science, enforcing a symbiotic relationship between the
structure and the environment. Ultimately it will form part of
the South African Environmental Observation Networks larger
environmental observation framework, with the transforming
Ndlovu Node being a landmark and the new core site of the
Savannah biome. The investigated site is located at the existing
Palabora Mining Company copper and FOSKOR phosphate
mines south of the town of Phalaborwa in the Limpopo
Province. While a mine site might not be the most obvious
site choice for an eco-observatory, this particular site is of
interest because of its location and close proximity to the
Kruger National Park and various other nature reserves.
Located in the Savannah region surrounded by rivers and
an abundance of animal and plant life, the site holds great
potential for future environmental rehabilitation and adaptive
re-use of existing infrastructure and ultimately, establishing
a new connection between humankind, nature and the built
environment. The new building programme concentrates
on the study of environmental, climatic and meteorological
processes that play out at different time scales, such as
daily, seasonally and yearly. Biophilic design patterns and
biomimicry were examined to create appropriate architectural
systems for the savannah landscape.
A B S T R A C T
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GEOSS - Global Earth Observation System of Systems
KNP - Kruger National Park
Koppie / Koppies - A small hill in a generally " at area
Ndlovu - Elephant (Zulu)
PMC - Palabora Mining Company Ltd
SAEON - South African Environmental Observation Network
Topography - Mapping of surface contours,
natural arti! cial surfaces.
Typology - The classi! cation of existing building types
and forms as prototypes in terms of function and ef! cacy.
WMO - World Meteorological Organization.
Meteorology - Includes atmospheric chemistry
and atmospheric physics, with a major focus on weather
forecasting.
MAMAsL - meters above sea level
glossary
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CONTENTSchapter
chapter
chapter
1
2
3
introduction outline brief
01-22
23-64
65-100
context analysis
theoretical discourse
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Site History
2.3 Climatic Study
2.4 Macro Analysis
2.5 Meso Analysis
2.6 Micro Analysis
2.7 Nano Analysis
1.1 Background
1.2 Research Methodology
1.4 Outline Brief
1.3 Site Selection
1.4 Ecological Observatory
1.5 Time Line
1.6 Conclusion
3.1 The Liminal Landscape
3.2 Nature in Flux
3.3 Memories of the Elapsed Vernacular
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chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter
chapter
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5
6
7
8
133-142
143-176
177-202
203 - 204
101-132
design concept
brief programme, accommodation
technical investigation + design synthesis
conclusion
references
5.1 Brief
5.2 Design Criteria
5.3 Programme
5.4 Accommodation Schedule
7.1 Project Exhibition
7.2 Conclusion
8.1 References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.1 Design Concept Generators
4.2 Concept
4.3 Design Development
6.1 Design Synthesis
6.2 Technical Resolution
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The central theme of this dissertation relies
on a symbiotic relationship between the built
environment and the natural environment. The
re-use of existing infrastructure with no
connection to the local environment
requires a rehabilitation plan that creates
an interdependent relationship between
human beings and nature. Architecture and
innovative design can assist as mediating
factors. The implementation of a typology that
is dependent on natural elements to function
correctly is a primary requirement for its
success. Architecture could become a third
skin responding to the constant natural ! ux,
while ameliorating environmental change.
h y p o t h e s i s
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Figure 03: Concept Sketch.
Source: by Author.
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nIndigenous landscapes and eco systems are
constantly transformed by various land uses such
as mining, agriculture, forestry and urban sprawl.
Anthropogenic and natural factors increase
global warming; according to the WMO (World
Meteorological Organization, Causes of Climate Change,
2015), this is occurring faster than ever and is therefore
of considerable interest and importance to society.
There is a growing need to conduct research on
ecological issues that may last decades and span large
geographical areas. Various organizations and networks
are working together towards global climate monitoring
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1 The Global Issue
Figure 04: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
Source: by Author. 01
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1.1 Background
1.2 Research Methodology
1.3 Outline Brief
1.4 Site Selection
1.5 Ecological Observatory
1.6 Time Line
1.7 Conclusion
Introduction OUTLINE BRIEF
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Many factors in! uence the Earths climate. According to
the report titled Causes of Climatic Change, the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO, 2015), scientists have
been observing climate change since the beginning of
the 20th century and concluded that the current climate
issues cannot be solely attributed to natural
in! uences of the past. The WMO states that this
accelerating change in climate, also referred to as global
warming, is occurring faster now than any other period since
climate change has been recorded by humans and is
consequently of extreme interest and importance to society.
This global issue necessitates research on ecological issues
that may last decades and span vast geographical areas. Site
based scienti" c research might lead to important " ndings on
regional and global scales. Various organisations and
networks have been established and are working together
towards global climate monitoring.
INTERCONTINENTAL:
The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
aims to connect the producers of environmental data and
decision-support tools with the end users of these products,
the purpose being to improve the relevance of Earth
observations to global issues. The result is intended to be
a global public infrastructure that generates comprehensive,
near-real-time environmental data, information and analyses
for a wide range of users.
CONTINENTAL:
The information and understanding obtained through
Ecological Networking in Southern Africa will support regional
natural resource management. In doing so, it will contribute
to the battle against poverty by serving to stabilise and
enhance livelihood opportunities in Southern Africa.
Effective environmental policies resulting in productive
environments will in turn strengthen the regional economic
region for greater stability and security.
NATIONAL:
The South African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON)
consists of six geographically dispersed nodes, each of which
operates environmental observatories (" eld stations and
research sites) within the particular eco-region. Taken
together, the environmental observatories represent the
diverse landscapes, coastal areas and the offshore marine
environments in South Africa. The six regions include: the
arid lands node, fynbos node, grasslands node, forests and
wetlands node, savannah node and the marine-offshore
node. The proposed design project falls within the savannah
node.
REGIONAL:
Located in the province of Limpopo within the Savannah
biome is the Ndlovu Node. Currently it monitors global climate
change in the vegetation of the escarpment. The existing
Ndlovu Node building is a small head of" ce located in the
Kruger National Park close to Phalaborwa with surrounding
af" liated sites, experimental sites and sample locations.
The transformed Ndlovu Node would be the " nal stakeholder
or client forming part of South Africas larger environmental
observation network. Monitoring the regions climate and the
effects on the local environment, this hybrid observatory will
be the new core site hosting various laboratories and
interactive educational facilities. The projects aim is to
develop an integrated facility that could assist in the mine
rehabilitation plan. The selected site is located on the eastern
edge of the copper pit.
1.1 background
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Figure 05: Intercontinental to regional organization networks
Source: by Author.
LOCAL:
The economy of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipality is highly
dependent on the mining industry; for this reason there are
plans to grow the tourism sector as an alternative to mining.
The greatest challenge here is to stimulate the local economy
and attract sustainable investment into the area when mining
activities are decommissioned.
Key anchor programmes and projects have been identi" ed
by this municipality to accelerate economic development and
job creation when mining activities cease (Ba-Phalaborwa
Municipality, 2015). These programmes include fresh
produce markets and nature reserve initiatives.
The said programmes should be integrated into and form part
of the larger master plan (see " gure Figure 04). With existing
infrastructure and services in place and its close proximity to
the KNP, the site has the potential to host various amenities,
thus ensuring a positive economic in! uence.
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Figure 06: Master development. Source: by Author.
The Palabora Mining Company has been an active
copper mine since 1956. During these active mining years it
contributed to local economic growth and development.
Unfortunately, it has simultaneously contributed to the
destruction of the environment and exhibited disconnection
from the natural environment. With the decommissioning
of the mine that will take place in 2016, the PMC site will
remain a scarred, disconnected landscape, exerting little
positive in! uence economically and environmentally.
The architectural intervention should aim to establish a
new connection and act as mediator between the built
environment and the natural environment. Transforming a
negative space into a positive one will, hopefully, promote
fresh economic growth with a new interdependence on
natural elements.
10m 100m
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copper pit
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problem statement
proposed new master plan development
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Figure 07: Proposed programs and projects for rehabilitation development. Source: by Author.
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Nature reserve initiatives view points
Hiking & biking trails Fresh produce market
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Figure 08: View from F9 (vermiculate waste dump) towards PMC site with Kruger
National Park in the background.
Source: by Author.
The research methodology consists of information and
data collection by means of literature reviews, interviews,
precedent studies, models and photographic studies. This
iterative research process informed the resolution and its
resultant hypothesis.
To gain a better understanding of the mining process and
activities the mine site was visited on various occasions. This
assisted the researcher in becoming familiar with the physical
context and scale of the existing infrastructure and the copper
mine pit. Site visits to the neighbouring areas, including the
nature reserves and parks, were carried out on a seasonal
basis to observe seasonal and climatic changes. The larger
context was analysed on various scales, from macro to micro.
This provided the analytical basis for the subsequent design
decisions.
The aforementioned research provided insight into the
mining history of the Ba-Phalaborwa region and its subsequent
cultural, economic and environmental in! uence.
Detailed analysis of existing infrastructure and the mining
processes followed on this mine provided valuable insight into
the existing structures that could be integrated and reused
to promote sustainability. Literature reviews focussing on the
heritage and memory of the context assisted in determining
the new connection between the mining site and the
surrounding context.
1.2 research methodology
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This d isser ta t ion is based on a proposa l wi th in
the rea lms and constra in ts of arch i tecture.
I t exp lores the ro le of the la t ter wi th in the
engineered and technolog ica l spheres. I t
a t tempts to descr ibe how an arch i tectura l
in ter vent ion could be used to fac i l i ta te a
symbiot ic re la t ionship between humans,
nature and the bu i l t env i ronment . G iven the
aforement ioned scope, i t is impor tant to note
that not a l l o f these aspects could be addressed
at the same leve l o f deta i l in the f ina l reso lut ion.
Aspects re la t ing to pract ices that fa l l outs ide the
arch i tectura l vocat ion were not reso lved to the i r
fu l les t ex tent . The proposa l forms par t o f a large
scale rehabi l i tat ion programme convening an
area of approx imate ly 40km. The current mine
c losure p lans for the Pa labora and Foskor
mines do not inc lude an arch i tectura l response,
a l though a d iagrammat ica l master p lan was
authored by Golder and Assoc iates in 2013
(Golder, 2013) . Hence th is d isser ta t ion focuses
on an arch i tectura l in ter vent ion responding to
the ex is t ing in f rast ructure of the Pa labora
Copper Mine.
D e l i m i t a t i o n s
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The architectural intervention will serve as a national
instrument for detecting, translating and predicting the impact
of environmental change. The programme develops
experimental spaces within the scarred landscape. It will
incorporate the latest technology and futuristic methods of
testing and construction. The " nal resolution forms part of
an integrated environmental observation network that should
serve as a national instrument for detecting and translating
environmental change, and for predicting the impact of
such change on terrestrial ecosystems. The programme
concentrates on the following:
Observation and monitoring sites and systems:
The architecture should focus on the adaptive re-use of
existing mine infrastructure on the PMC mine site, responding
to changing environmental conditions, whether daily,
seasonally and or yearly. Therefore the " rst-mentioned will
become the tangible link to creating environmental awareness.
Facilitating research on af! liated sites and sample
locations:
The facility should provide the scienti" c community, policy
makers and society with the necessary facilities to observe,
protect, and manage the nations ecosystems and their
biodiversity. Mobile capsules could assist in the process of
data collection, allowing the architecture to reach out beyond
its parameters.
Developing and maintaining collections of accurate,
consistent and reliable long-term environmental databases:
The overall goal of the facility will be to obtain and store
long-term ecological knowledge that is able to contribute to
the advancement of the health, productivity, and welfare of
the local and global environment, thereby enhancing human
well-being. The facility should promote access to data and
encourage research discoveries contributing to education in
the environmental sciences.
1.3 outline brief
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Figure 09: Site selection and location from macro to micro scale.
Source: by Author.
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The existing PMC and FOSKOR mine has left an enormous
scar in the natural landscape. Located adjacent to the Kruger
National Park, the mining activities covering almost 40km
have had a major impact on the surrounding ecological
systems.
Although the mine has adhered to environmental legislation,
simultaneously running various environmental projects and
mine closure plans, it is inevitable that the land has been
permanently damaged. This is particularly noticeable when
one is viewing the massive open pit of 1,8km by 1,3km
and roughly 700 meters deep, for which there is no future
rehabilitation or development plan. In a personal interview
with Mr J. Muhlarhi (2015), environmental manager of PMC),
he explained that the current notion is to leave the pit as it is.
The proposed architectural intervention would form part of
the larger landscape rehabilitation plan. The proposal is to
re-use the existing infrastructure for:
1 O B S E R V A T I O N
research facilities assisting in environmental,
climatic and meteorological observations.
2 I N F O R M A T I O N
data gathering and storing. Allowing access for all
enquirers to this information, and sharing it with the
larger regional and global networks.
3 E D U C A T I O N
making informed decisions and educating the public
by means of interactive facilities and
experimentation.
The mine closure plan involves the future planning for
development of the site when mining activities are
decommissioned. It sets out all the activities required before,
during and after the mine has closed. The central focus of
this plan is to rehabilitate the landscape to an acceptable
state.
The diagrammatical master plan by Golder
Associates (Golder Associates, 2013) mostly addresses the
rehabilitation of mine areas. The plan proposes open spaces
to be used for animal rehabilitation and breeding facilities.
Other amenities include hiking and cycling trails with
viewpoints.
In most cases it is impossible to rehabilitate a mining site.
The impact of mining activities, especially open pit mines,
is irreversible and the landscape is permanently altered.
Currently, as noted, the open copper ore pit will be left as
it is when mining activities cease. In South African law, the
Principles of Mine Closure, Act no. 26275 (SA, 2004:30)
stipulates the following regarding mine closure:
in accordance with applicable legislative requirements for mine
closure, the holder of a prospecting right, mining right, retention
permit or mining permit must ensure that:
(e) the land is rehabilitated as far as is practicable, to its natural
state, or to a predetermined and agreed standard or land use
which conforms with the concept of sustainable development.
This dissertation aims to answer the following questions:
- What will happen to the site after mine closure?
- How can the existing infrastructure be re-used?
- How will the closure plan in! uence the design proposal?
- How can the design in! uence the future use of the site and
local environment?
1.4. site selection mine closure
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Figure 10: Proposed mine closure development. Source: by Author.
1 Activity Viewing hole / Copper Pit
2 Possible town development
3 Rehabilitated Landscape
4 Animal rehabilitation and breeding
5 Activity Viewing point
6 Rehabilitate water basins
7 Re-use infrastructure
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Figure 11: Core site, af! liated, sample and experimental site locations. Source: by Author.
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The study proposes that the existing infrastructure and
services of the Palabora Copper Mine be re-used and
recycled. The scarred mine landscape will act as an
experimental site contributing to the larger mine closure and
rehabilitation plan. This landscape altered by human
intervention will become the new testing ground for
rehabilitation.
Using the identi" ed site as their basis, mobile data capsules
will visit surrounding sites and sample locations. The data
gathering and testing process can be divided into the
following four elements:
1.5 ecological observatory
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Figure 12: Core site, Production Shaft transformed into the new Ecological Observatory. Source: by Author.
Core site
This will become the headquarters and
data base facility of the eco-region.
It is situated in the existing production
shafts concrete headgear of the
Palabora Copper Mine. Located on the
eastern boundary of the copper pit, the
core site will use the existing landmark
within the landscape and assign it a
new function.
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Figure 13: Capsule 1, Af! liated site - This staffed capsule providing accommodation and basic research facilities. Source: by Author.
2 Affiliated sites
CAPSULE 01Locations will be manually observed
by experts on a continuous basis
(e.g. monthly). This staffed capsule will
provide accommodation and basic
research facilities. Samples of the land
and natural systems are documented
and the data are returned to the core
site.
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Figure 14: Floor plan, capsule 01.
Source: by Author.
Figure 15: Floor plan with sleeping mezzanine, capsule 01.
Source: by Author.
Figure 16: Floor plan with view roof deck, capsule 01.
Source: by Author.
Figure 17: Section illustrating interior of capsule 01. Source: by Author.
0 1m 4m
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Figure 18: Unmanned capsule 02, monitoring natural processes. Source: by Author.
3 Sample locations
CAPSULE 02Unstaffed capsules will be stationed
at sensitive sites to document
the natural processes without human
interference. This can be achieved
by the use of camera systems and
monitored site visits.
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Figure 19: Plan and conceptual section of Bio-domes. Source: by Author.
4 Experimental site
(copper pit + bio-domes) CAPSULE 03
Biomes will be constructed to assess
and test data within a controlled
environment.
1 Bio-domes
2 Planters for trees
3 Decking
4 Private circulation, walkways above
5 Accommodation units
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Figure 20: Time line of site history and future development. Source: by Author.
It is important to identify the future stakeholders and
clients of the prospective rehabilitated site. Berger (2006:239)
states that in the case of rehabilitation of waste landscapes,
or abandoned ones, there is no client consultant relationship
or contractual agreement. In most cases there is no client;
consequently, this client needs to be identi" ed through
research and custom " tted to the designers discoveries.
The proposed project should address the integration of waste
landscapes left over from any form of development and
foresee which types of waste may be productively
reintegrated for the development of social, cultural and
environmental bene" ts.
The following possible future clients and stakeholders have
been identi" ed:
Foskor and PMC: Mining Division Local Municipality: Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality Kruger National ParkSAEON: Ndlovu Node.
The proposed project will be future orientated, considering
the closure of mining activities and implementation of the
closure plan. In order to design for a speculative
future scenario, a timeline is used to analyse emerging
developments. Using grounded theory and historical analysis
as a basis, the following timeline was developed:
1.6 time line - past, present & future development
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Applying the concept of bio-mechanisms, the aim of the
architectural design will be to act as the mediator between the
natural and the industrial entities. Biomechanics refers to the
philosophical theory concerning the nature of life and
biology. It is the study of the structure and function of biological
systems such as humans, plants, organs and cells by means
of the methods of mechanics. Latour (2012) states that only
out of nature may ecological politics start again and new.
This means that if we want to create or, in this case,
rehabilitate an environment, this project should be conceived
out of natural concepts. Technology and innovation should not
be regarded as a form of liberation of nature, but rather as a
means of becoming more attached and intertwined with the
natural context in which they stand.
It is not a question of whether or not something can be immediately realized or built, its a question of how open-ended, ! ctional design proposals can change
the way someone thinks about an entire ! eld or class of technologies. (BLDG BLOG, lightning farm, 2013)
1.7 conclusion
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Figure 21: Conceptual extrapolated perspective of western and southern facades. Source: by Author. 22
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Figure 22: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
Source: by Author.
The site was analysed on four major scales, owing
to the size and larger impact of the mining activities.
By means of analysing the site on the macro, meso,
micro and nano scales, speci! c characteristics and
patterns can be identi! ed. The information is translated
into maps and data graphs to gain a better
understanding of the selected site that will inform future
design decisions.
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2 Augmented Landscapesn
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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Site History
2.3 Climatic Study
2.4 Macro Analysis
-2.4.1 Topography
-2.4.2 Mine Closure Plan
-2.4.3 Past- Present & Future Development
2.5 Meso Analysis
-2.5.1 Geological Study of Area
-2.5.2 Copper Ore Pit Analysis
2.6 Micro Analysis
-2.6.1 Mining Operations
- 2.6.2 Re-use of Existing Infrastructure
2.7 Nano Analysis
- 2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology
-2.7.2 Fauna & Flora
site analysis
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Figure 23: Site location and co-ordinates. Source: by Author.
This chapter explains the analytical part of the design
process. It involves the investigation and analysis of the local
environment, including environments constructed by humans
(infrastructure and mine site) and untouched natural land-
scapes (nature reserves and parks). The aim is to identify
pertinent characteristics of the landscape to generate an
appropriate design response.
Smout (2007:06) states that human activity is relentless in
altering the natural landscape from wilderness to cultivation.
The representation of the past, present and future landscapes
plays an important role in understanding the environment.
According to Smout (2007:07) a comprehensive analysis of
the restless landscape requires a two- and three
dimensional demonstration of the site. This includes
photography, collages, prototypes, models and drawings. By
representing the site in various dimensions, its
transformation and events are examined together with the
notions of static space and material. As part of the analysis,
the inherent features of the landscape, that is, the geography,
climate, geology and land use were all examined in order to
appreciate the natural processes and the resultant transfor-
mation of the site.
Limpopo Province is located in the Southern region of Africa,
just below the tropic of Capricorn. The province consists of
" ve local municipalities, four regions and four district
management areas and is part of the Greater Limpopo
Transfrontier Park. It is bordered by Mozambique to the east
and Zimbabwe to the north.
The region under investigation is known as the Olifants
Valley. Tourism and wildlife activities complement the
economic contribution of the mines. Phalaborwa is the main
town of the Ba-Phalaborwa municipal region and falls within
the Great Olifants Valley, known for its diverse wildlife,
spectacular scenery, mountains, rivers and dams.
The Palabora Copper Mine is located within the Phalaborwa-
Timbavati Mopaniveld vegetation type of the savannah biome.
This region extends approximately 40 km east and west of
Phalaborwa and forms part of the Klaserie-, Umbabat- and
Timbavati Game Reserves. This type of vegetation is easily
identi" able because of the dominance of the Mopane Bush-
veld and is characterised by Golder Associates (2013:23) as
open tree savannah on undulating plains with sandy uplands
and clayey bottomlands .
Until 2015, the Foskor and PMC mines served as the major
economic drivers of the town of Phalaborwa. Situated " ve
kilometres south of Phalaborwa and adjacent to the Kruger
National Park and the Klaserie Nature Reserve, the mining
activities have consisted mainly of extracting a phosphate ore
(Foskor) and a copper pit ore (PMC). The life time expectancy
of each mine is reaching its end, with the PMC copper mine
to be decommissioned at the end of this year.
Continent - Africa
Country - South Africa
Province - Limpopo
Municipalities - Ba-Phalaborwa
Region - Valley of the Olifants
District - Mopani
Town - Phalaborwa
23o5938.16s
31o737.53e
2.1 Introduction
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Figure 24: Google map with PMC (Palabora Mining Company) site location
Source: https://www.google.co.za/maps/search/conundrum+meaning/@-23.9881315,31.115911,14320m/data=!3m1!1e3, edited by Author.
The proposed site the PMC and Foskor mine site is situated south of Phalaborwa town.
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
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Figure 25: Site Location. Source: by Author27
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Figure 30: The terraced benches on Loolekop, 1964. Source: Foskor Museum PhalaborwaFigure 29: Foskors bench 1 on Loolekop, 1955.Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 28: Primitive minnig shaft in Foskors bench one on Loolekop, 1961.
Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 27: Primitive horizontal mining tunnel in Foskors bench one on
Loolekop, 1961 .Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 26: From the apex of Loolekop, looking towards the Olifants River,1962.
Today this is a huge open-cast pit for modern mining. Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
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Figure 31: Illustrating the various elevation planes Loole Kop went through
Source: by Author
According to the Foskor Museum (A Miracle in the North, the
Foskor History) the Phalaborwa region was once an area of
intense volcanic activity. Over time this area was named the
Phalaborwa Igneous Complex, referring to the mix of metals
and minerals in existence here.
The " rst settlers who lived and mined around these areas are
estimated by archaeologists to have been there circa CE 770.
Around the magnate outcrop is a koppie, previously referred to
by locals as Loole Kop, where several types of furnaces dating
from the Iron Age were discovered. Over time, Loole Kop was
transformed into the current ore pit (Foskor Museum: A Miracle
in the North, the Foskor History).
Loolekop before industrialized mining activities
Removal of Koppie due to mining activities
Open ore copper pit. Inverted version of what was there
Proposed design intervention is to recreate the lost Loolekop
silhouette by implementing an overhead plane.
A - Base Plane
B - Elevated Base Plane
C - Depressed Base Plane
D - Overhead Plane
Visual seperaton between its " eld and surrounding ground by
means of vertical surfaces.
The vertical surfacws of the lowered area de" nes a volume of
space.
A horizontal plane located overhead de" nes a volume of
space between itself and the ground plane.
2.2 site history
30
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Figure 32: Cardinal solar times and prevailing wind directions
Source: by Author
Phalaborwa is situated in the Limpopo Province, in climatic
zone 3 (hot interior). The mine site experiences typical
subtropical, summer-rainfall climatic conditions with hot
summers and warm to cool winters.
The following climatic features are outlined in Golder
Associates Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Addendum (2013:12):
Warm to hot with high humidity
Rainy season: November to March with maximum
rainfall in January
Rainfall varies from 250 to 700 mm per annum in
low-lying areas
The average number of rain days per year is 65 days
Most precipitation falls in the form of thunderstorm
and heavy showers
Hail is rare
Wind direction in mainly from the southeast or
north-northwest.
2.3.1 Temperature
The Phalaborwa area experiences warm to hot
temperatures, with the highest temperatures being between
October and March. Average temperatures range from 18 to
30C in summer and from 10 to 23C in winter. However,
extreme temperatures of 44.9C in October 2010 and the
lowest minimum of 2C in August 1972 were recorded
between 1961 and 2013 (Golder Associates, 2013:12).
According to Golder Associates (2013:12) very high levels
of humidity can be expected during the " rst half of the year
when rain occurs frequently and temperatures are high.
From January to June high averages of humidity are between
80% and 85% while low averages are from 76% to 80%.
A maximum of 97% humidity has been recorded.
The design should consider these high temperatures by
implementing passive design principles that respond to local
climate and site conditions. These principles include the use
of cross ventilation, stack effect and thermal mass and the
like to prevent heat or direct sunlight from penetrating the
building. Allowing the building to transform in order to adapt
to climatic conditions will hopefully enforce the connection
with the environment. Alternative and sustainable design
elements should not only contribute to climatic response but
also become part of the overall aesthetic of the building.
2.3 climatic study
Cardinal solar seasonal times and angles
31
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Figure 33: Zone 3, hot interior.
Source: Architective, building construction standards for south africa, 2013, page 105.
Figure 35: Average midday temperature oC
Source: By Author
Figure 34: Average night time temperature oC
Source: by Author
j
8
24
20
32
j
f
f
m
m
a
a
m
m
j
j
j
j
a
a
s
s
o
o
n
n
d
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Figure 36: Passive design principles to apply to design
Source: By Author
Passive design principles
33
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Figure 37: Passive design principles
Source: Architective, building construction standards for South Africa, 2013, page 117. 34
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2.3.2 Monthly and Annual Rainfall
The Phalaborwa area has a relatively low annual rainfall.
Most precipitation takes place from November to March
in the form of irregular and intense thunder storms. Per
annum, the area receives about 250 to 700mm, with an annual
average of approximately 500mm. This results in an
average of about 94 rain days (Golder Associates 2013:12).
Rainfall over the period May to September is generally very
low and it is not unusual to receive no rain at all during this
period. The monthly evaporation at Phalaborwa exceeds
precipitation, with the average annual evaporation being
2 074 mm and the rainfall 527 mm. This high level of
moisture loss in relation to rainfall makes Phalaborwa a
water scarce area.
The design therefore caters for rain water to be harvested
from the roof of the ecological observatory which will become
part of an integrated system where the water will be stored in
water tanks on various levels and make use of a gravity fed
system. Another method of water collection is the relocation
of ground water pumped from the underground mining
tunnels. The underground mining activities are below the
water table and are currently being pumped away to tailings
on the mine site. The proposal is to relocate this water to be
used for irrigation and cooling of the building.
The harvested water will be used for fountains, the southern
water wall, the northern green wall and other planters. It will
also be integrated with a ! uid misting system for cooling and
dust control.
2.3.3 Wind
The predominant wind direction for Phalaborwa is south-
east and south-south-east, in both summer and winter, while
north and north-north-westerly winds are more frequent in
winter than in summer.
Golder Associates (2013:14) state that wind speeds are
lower in winter than in summer and occur on a daily basis;
maximum wind speeds are found at night during all seasons.
This is an advantage as higher wind speeds in summer can
be used to cool the building down during the night.
According to Golder Associates (2013:14), over 60% of the
wind speeds experienced at Phalaborwa are between 1.1
and 3.5 m/s, with calm conditions experienced on an
average of 29% of the time. On average wind speeds do
not exceed 8 m/s, but wind gusts of up to 14 m/s have
been recorded at the Palabora Copper Weather Station.
The topography of the landscape also in! uences local wind
systems by the development of surface inversions where
cooler air will drain down a sloped area.
It can be hypothesised that the cool air will drain down the
massive copper pits slopes, and if captured or re-channelled,
it could be used to cool the building during the night.
Wind ventilation uses the force of wind to draw air through
a building. This passive design principle is a cost effective
and easy way of cooling a structure. Successful ventilation of
a structure is determined by having adequate fresh air and
high thermal comfort for the spaces, while using little or no
energy for HVAC systems. Strategies for proper natural wind
ventilation include operable windows, ventilation louvres,
rooftop vents, as well as structures to funnel or steer
breezes. Implementing architectural elements such as wing
walls, casement windows, fences or strategically placed
vegetation should create a pressure difference, allowing air
to be pulled into the building from the high pressure zone
to a low pressure zone (see Figure 38). Once again, these
architectural elements should contribute to the effective
ventilation of the building as well as to the aesthetic of each
faade.
2.3.5 Extreme Weather Events
The Phalaborwa area experiences occasional hailstorms
and downpours; the following extreme events have been
recorded:
Floods during 2000 when extremely high rainfall resulted
in extensive damage to infrastructure
A maximum 24-hour rainfall of 182 mm during February
2000 and January 2012
The area was struck by Cyclone Emily in 1977
Highest daily maximum temperature: 44.9C in October
2010
Lowest daily minimum temperature: 2C during August
1972.
35
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Figure 38: Principles to ventilate the building.
Source: by Author 36
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Macro Scale consists
of the larger PMC and
Foskor mine site. and
surrounding context.
This analysis includes:
- Typology
- Koppies of Phalaborwa
- Five elements
- Closure Plan
- Past, Present and
Future development
Micro Anallysis is
focused on the selected
area for architectural
intervention and the
re-use of existing
infrastructure.
This analysis includes:
- Existing infrastructure
- Mining Operations
- Re-use of existing
infrastructure
ma
cr
o s
ca
le
mic
ro
sc
al
e
37
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Figure 39: Macro, Meso, Micro and Nano site scales.
Source: by Author
Nano Analysis is the
natural elements
occurring on site. This
analysis compromises of
natural fauna and ! ora
that occurred on the site
and comparing current
conditions and the
impact of the mining
activities.
Meso Scale analyses
the selected site area,
mapping the following:
- Geologic study of area
- Copper ore pit analysis
na
no
sc
al
em
es
o s
ca
le
38
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Figure 40: Section through landscape.Source: by Author
2.4.1 Topography
Golder Associates (2013:14) describe the pre-mined land-
scape as typical of the central Lowveld igneous complex,
consisting of low key grazing and natural bush.
Greater Phalaborwa is situated approximately 400 meters
above sea level. The average elevation of the study area as
listed by Golder Associates (2013:14) is 380 meters above
sea level (mamsl), with the undulations varying between
360 and 420 mamsl. The koppies on the site can reach an
elevation of up to 460 to 480 mamsl and are conical and
rocky in nature.
Seventeen prominent koppies were identi" ed in the
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) located in the
Phalaborwa area. Four of these have been historically
disturbed by the mining activities. This disturbance not only
includes present mining activities but also metal work and
mining activities from the Iron Age, where narrow shafts and
topes can be seen on the remaining hills.
The design aims to create a new visual connection with the
identi" ed koppies. Viewpoints and elements will be placed
to face these important hills. Their topography consists of
stacked granite boulders; and a similar typology can be
applied to the proposed architectural elements. The use
of natural and locally available stone and materials would,
hopefully, reinforce this connection to the landscape.
Water table level 24.17m
Loolekop Pro! le Maximum hight of
surrounding koppies
Hight of Ecological
Observatory +475 amsl
Copper Pit depth 800 m below ground level
Section pro! le of copper pit with
various mineral found in the
Phalaborwa geological complex
2.4 Macro analysis
39
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15
3
2
4
Figure 41: Contour Map indicating positioning of Koppies .Source: by Author
Figure 42: The two koppies that the Baphalaborwa regard as sacred ground. Right: Sealene. Left: Mmodimulle
Source: by Author
GPS Co-ordinates
1 Sealene - 235718.55S / 31 76.76E
2 Muhululu - 24 138.64S / 311021.72E
3 Shankare - 23586.24S / 31 941.40E
4 Moloto - 24 043.88S / 311131.62E
5 Lolwe - 235853.23S / 31 82.12E
The K o p p i e s of P h a l a b o r w a
40
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Figure 43: Ceremony at Sealene Hill, 20 November 1970 .Source: Foskor Museum Phalaborwa
Figure 44: Sealene Hill. Source: by Author.
1 Sealene
This is regarded as the resting place of the spirits of the royal
ancestors of the baPhalaborwa.
Sealene is a steep koppie serving as a landmark in
Phalaborwa. FOSKOR (1970) states that for centuries the
rulers of the tribes used this area as the mosate (seat of
the chief) for the rulers of the tribe. Ruins at the koppie bear
testimony of this. At its foot the remains of iron forges and
an ironsmith workshop dating from the Iron Age are evident.
The ability of the Ba-Phalaborwa to smelt and use iron made
them a strong force in this region.
41
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Figure 45: Aerial view of Muhululu Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
Figure 47: Aerial view of Shankare Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author. Figure 48: Aerial view of Lolwe Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
3 Shankare Hill
Shankare Hill is located around 4 to 5 km to the
north-east of the copper mining pit. Three hills with
archaeological remains located to the east, north and
to the west of Shankare were designated Shankare 2,
Shankare 3 and Shankare 4. Copper ingots (marale)
were manufactured at the hill and used as marriage
goods during the Iron Age (Golder, 2013: 41-42).
5 Lolwe
Lolwe, about 3km from Sealene, was the source from
which these primitive ironsmiths gathered unlimited
iron ore for the manufacture of picks, axes, spear-
heads, arrows and so forth.
2 Muhululu
Muhululu is located to the north of the con" uence
of the Olifants and Selati Rivers. It is one of the few
large mountains in Phalaborwa associated with
metal working. Various archaeological metal working
and residential remains were found at Muhululu
(Pistorius, 1989:90-91).
4 Moloto Hill
Moloto Hill was located to the north-west of Muhululu
Hill. Today, only the top part of this dome-shaped hill
is recognisable above a tailings dump. Settlements
immediately to the west of Moloto Hill are all situated
within the boundaries of the Foskor terrain.
42
Figure 46: Aerial view of Moloto Hill. Source: Google Earth image, edited by Author.
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Figure 49: Granite koppie with natural vegetation. Source: by Author
2.4.3 Five Elements
The water-basin of Greater Phalaborwa forms part of the
Letaba and Olifants Rivers to the north, and the Selati and
Olifants Rivers to the south. The site is naturally divided by
various water courses. The southern border is de" ned by the
Selati River that ! ows in an easterly direction. Loole Creek
de" nes the northern border, consisting of numerous water
streams which drain into it. The water courses located on the
southern region of the site drain directly into the Selati and
Olifants Rivers (Golder Associates 2013:14).
The vegetation can be classi" ed as bushveld with scattered
trees and shrubs, intermingled with tall tufted grasses.
Features of the mines, such as the waste rock dumps
and tailing dams, stand out from the natural undulating
landscape.
The natural landscape and identi" ed elements acted as
design generators for layout, material " nishes and visual
connections in the surroundings.
43
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44
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FOSKOR and PMC mining zone
Phalaborwa town
Kruger national Park
R40
R71
Railway
Ga-Selati River
Olifants River
Kruger National Park Border
Hendrik van Eck AirportPhalaborwa townKruger National Park gateHand Merensky Golf Course
Natural
Unnatural
districts
paths
edges
nodes
landmarks
The macro site analysis superimposes various indepen-
dent layers to produce a heterogeneous surface. The different
layers represent the existing site and contextual conditions as
well as future development.
Topographic elements identi" ed by Lynch (1982:47) include:
Districts: Districts are medium to large sections of land,
perceived as having a two-dimensional context which the ob-
server mentally enters inside of. These districts possess a
common identifying character (Lynch, 1982:47).
Paths: Paths are channels along which the observer moves.
They can be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals or rail-
ways. People observe a space while moving through it and
along these paths (Lynch, 1982:47).
Edges: They are boundaries between two phases, linear
breaks in the community. These edges can be barriers. Edges
are important organising features, particularly in the role of
holding together generalised areas (Lynch, 1982:47).
Nodes: Nodes or points are strategic spots into which the
observer can enter. They may be primarily junctions, places
where a break in transportation methods occurs, a crossing or
convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to
another (Lynch, 1982:47).
Landmarks: Another type of point-reference, but the
observer cannot enter within them; they are external. They are
usually a simply de" ned object: building, sign, store or moun-
tain (Lynch, 1982:48).
45
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Figure 50: Macro Site Map
Source: Image by Author.
Kruger National Park
F9
Ga-Selati River
Van Ryssen
Dam
Olifants River
Copper Pit
Selati Tailings
Dam
PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
46
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Figure 51 (opposite page): Meso Scale Site Plan
Source: Photos by Author
2.5.1 Geological Study of the Area
Professor Gaudin of MIT (FOSKOR museum, 2015) states that
millennia ago, a volcano that existed in the area somehow
became " lled with carbonate rock. During these carbonated
deposits, deposits of other sulphide minerals containing
copper, apatite, magnetite, uranium, sulphur, vermiculite,
mica, thorium and zirconium oxide (represented by a mineral
known as baddeleyite) as well as gold, silver and platinum also
occurred. This rich deposit was mined since 1966 resulting in
the scarred landscape of today.
2.5 meso analysis
47
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1300 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
0m 50m 200m 300m 600m 800m
The Meso Site analysis will follow the game-board strategyGraa"and game-boards are conceived as shared working surfaces and should facilitate the different spatial claims on the same territory to !nd a common ground while playing out various scenarios.
This analysis will evaluate the different
parties involved in the proposed project
relating the larger context of this
geomorphologic system to the various
changes - political, soci
cal-, that can effect the
48
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Figure 52: Site Samples - minerals colour, texture and re" ectiveness analysis.
Source: Photos by Author49
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Colours
Textures
Reflection
Edges
Transparency
1 Olivevine - mineral
2 Pyroxenite - mineral
3 Biotite - mineral
4 Granite - mineral
5 Metamorphic rock
6 Sandstone - Sedimentry rock
7 Biotite - mineral
8 Boitite - mineral
9 Boitite - miniral
10 Granite containing various minerals
11 Granite
12 Sedimentry rock
As part of the site exploration colours, textures, re! ections,
edges and transparency were investigated. Samples were
collected during the various site visits. This analytical approach
informed the subsequent design decisions.
50
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Figure 53 (top): Paper model of Copper Pit before in-cavement
Source: Photos by Author
2.5.2 Copper Ore Pit Analysis
The mining activities in the open copper ore pit of" cially
came to an end in 1996. Subsequently, the implementation of
underground block cave mining extended the productivity of
the mine. The underground mining of the pit was immediately
deepened by 400m and this resulted in a major failure of the
north-west wall when approximately 100 Mt of soil collapsed
into the pit (Moss, Diachenko, Townsend, 2006).
The following section analyses and describes the copper pit,
aiming at a future settlement prediction . The proposed design
is based on the conclusions of this analysis.
Cave Pit Interaction
According to Moss, Diachenko and Townsend (2006: 483),
there is a direct relationship between the pit and the under-
ground block and cave mining process. The caves breaking
through into the bottom of the pit is adversely affecting the
stability of the pit walls. Increased movement of these led to
the discovery of cracks surrounding the pit, which extended up
to 250 meters from it. This failure increased in extent so that
after 18 months a partial wall collapse of approximately 800
meters high and 300 meters long occurred.
Conclusion
Based on the above information, the following design
decisions were made:
The underground mining activities will be decommissioned in
2015, initiating the rehabilitation process. The pit walls will
remain in their current condition, the mining activities will
cease and the underground tunnels will be left as they are
order to prevent any further movement of the pit walls and
perimeter. The shape, size and slope of the pit will be regarded
as remaining in their current condition for the purposes of this
dissertation.
51
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Figure 55: Interaction between the block cave and the pit slopes at Palabora mine
Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss,
S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]
Figure 56: Movement of Pit mm/day during October 2006
Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss,
S. Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]
Figure 54: General Geology and Pit Slope Geometry
Source: Interaction between the block cave and the Pit slopes at Palabora mine, A. Moss, S.
Diachenko, P. Townsend. [pdf]
Concrete
headgear
Ultimate pit crest
scale
Pit boundry at base of weathered rock
52
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existing infrastructure - remove - reuse - recycle
2.6 micro analysis
53
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Figure 57 (opposite page): Mapping existing infrastructure
Source: by Author
The aim of the micro analysis is to gain a better
understanding of the chosen mine sites infrastructure and
its current activities. By understanding what is happening
and why it is happening, informed decisions can be made
on how to reuse existing structures in the future. Instead of
destroying and recreating a new life and purpose is given
to the site through incorporating the old and preserving the
memory of the site.
2.6.1 Mining Operations
Phalaborwa Copper (Pty) Ltd extracts and bene" ciates copper
and other by-products in the Ba-Phalaborwa area. This mine
is South Africas only producer of re" ned copper and provides
the local market with 85% of its copper requirements.
The copper operations include an underground mine,
primary and secondary crushers, auto mills, concentrator,
copper smelter with casting facilities and an associated acid
plant (tailings). The operations comprise an open pit mining
operation and recovery plant.
1. Copper Pit
The open ore copper pit is no longer in use since 1997.
2. Underground block & cave mining
Underground mining activities are being carried out by means
of the block cave method. This takes place underneath the
copper mine pit. The rock containing the copper ore is
broken up by means of explosives in the shape of hour glass
taverns to funnel rocks down (see " gure 59). Gravity is used
to extract the ore which is then transported via underground
tunnels to the production shaft. When the ore body is
depleted, the mining caves will be imploded, affecting the
state of the open copper ore pit above.
3. Towers Production Shaft &
Service Shaft
The northern tower is the tallest tower and is called the Pro-
duction Shaft. This shaft is used to transport the ore to the
various auto mills and crushers for further processing. The
southern tower is the Service Shaft and is utilised to transport
men and equipment. There is also a Ventilation Shaft that
provides oxygen in the mining tunnels for the miners.
4. Auto Mills
Ore from the underground block-cave mine is conveyed
to two stockpiles, each feeding two separate autogenous
wet-grinding circuits. Two large tumbling mills reduce the
size of the ore, which results in the liberation of the copper
sulphides. The mills products are sized by vibrating screens
to produce coarse feed to the pebble crushers. The ore is
then pumped to the Secondary Milling Plant (SMP) where it
is further g round to less than 0.15mm.
5. Primary Crusher + Secondary
Crusher (conventional process route)
Copper and magnetite are recovered from the neighbouring
FOSKOR mine. The primary crusher is used to reduce ore
size. Feeders and conveyers transport the ore to a secondary
crusher to reduce its size further before it is conveyed to the
SMP.
6. Concentrator
Ball mills containing steel balls grind the ore down to the
size of beach sand. Water is added and the ore is turned
into a liquid blend known as slurry. The next several stages
involve ! otation tanks where chemicals are added to sepa-
rate the copper from the ore. Air bubbles allow the copper
to ! oat to the top of the ! otation tank, after which the slurry
is thickened and pumped to the dewatering plant. The " nal
product is therefore a copper concentrate which is thereafter
conveyed to the smelter to produce the " nal product, copper
sheets.
7. Tailings disposal, dewatering and
magnate production
The thickened slurry is pumped to the dewatering and tailing
disposal plant. The water is " ltered out and, by means of
magnetic separation, the magnetite is separated and trans-
ported to large magnetite storage dams. Export magnetite is
used for iron and steel production.
54
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Figure 58: Aerial view of site and selected structures for re-use.
Source: Photo by Author.
0 0 0 0 meters
55
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56
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Figure 59: Existing mining process
Source: by Author.
Existing infrastructure will be removed and materials reused
or recycled for the new architectural proposal.
The selected mining infrastructure will be reused for the
following new functions that will form part of the larger
master plan development:
1.Copper Pit
geodesic biomes, to create controlled testing
environments.
2.Underground block & cave mining
mining tunnels to be left as they are, the existing water pump
system to be reused so as to re-route water to be used in
main building functions.
3.Towers
Production Shaft Tower
Ecological Observatory
Service Shaft Tower
Visitors center and access to copper pit.
4.Auto Mills -
Accommodation
5.Primary Crusher
Arrival point and fresh produce and craft market space.
All other infrastructure on the site should be removed and the
site transformed to its natural landscape conditions. The reuse
of materials such as sheet metal, steel grids and steel
members could promote sustainability.
E x i st i n g m i n i n g p ro c es s
Existing infrastructure
57
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Figure 60: Proposed new functions for existing structures
Source: by Author.
2.6.2 Proposed new application and re-use of existing
structuers and materials
58
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Figure 61: Cross-section of existing infrastructure and its current and proposed functions
Source: by Author.
Headgear........................ Vertical transport of skips....................................Moving of building facade for solar control
Building structure............. Structural stability..............................................Structural stability
Underground shaft........... Vertical mining circulation...................................Natural cooling system
Water pump.................... Pumping water out of pit and mine tunnels............Used for water features, cooling and irrigation
Conveyor system............. Transporting mined ore.....................................Private circulation on site for staff
Existing structures............ Storage and offices..........................................Removed and materials re-used and recycled
Mined Rubble................. Stacked next to excavations, artificial hills...........Used for gabion walls and textured landscape features
59
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Figure 62: Proposed new functions of selected elements
Source: by Author.
Moving facade for solar control Structural Load-bearing system
Water features, fountains and irrigation
Public + Private cirulation on site
Re-use materials
Gabion walls
Natural cooling system
60
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2.7.1 Terrestrial Ecology
The mine site borders the Klaserie Nature Reserve to the
south and the Kruger National Park to the east. According
to Golder Associates (2013:23), a few animals permanently
reside within the mining area, but there is considerable
movement of wild animals between the mining area and the
conservation areas.
A variety of fauna species can be found within the mine
complex. This includes various antelope species, predators
such as leopard and lion as well as larger mammals
including elephant and buffalo. There are also several bird,
reptile and amphibian species residing within the selected
area.
The new development should welcome animal species into
the development by providing watering holes and viewing
points for visitors. A permeable boundary wall will allow for
the animals to roam freely in and out of the site.
Important Plant Taxa
Analysis of plant species was necessary for developing the
design of the planter box types situated within the building
and also for the landscape design proposal. It is essential
to choose the appropriate plant species to create shade
for spaces but not block important viewpoints. Seasonal
changes in plant species also play an important role
regarding the transformation of the building. Shrubs and
grasses create a soft landscape and help to lower the
temperature of a particular space. Indigenous herbs are
chosen for their scents and attraction of insects such as
butter! ies.
The following criteria are listed in Palabora Copper (Pty)
Ltd EMP Addendum for the proposed Magnetite Expansion
Project, the Lift ll Process Additions and Environmental
Pollution Control Project (2013:23-24):
Important taxa in the Limpopo Sweet Bushveld vegetation
type:
Trees
1 Knob-thorn Acacia nigrescens
2 Marula Sclerocarya birrea
3 Mopane Colophospermum mopane
4 Umbrella thorn Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha
5 Red bushwillow Combretum apiculatum
6 Large-fruited bushwillow Combretum zeyheri
7 African Blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon
8 Sickle bush Dichrostachys cinerea
9 African weeping wattle Peltophorum africanum
10 Magic Gwarra Euclea divinorum
11 Silver Cluster Leaf Terminalia sericia
The following Shrubs and grasses are indigenous to the area
and can be used for planter inside the building because of its
shallow root depth.
Shrubs
1 Clerodendrum ternatum
2 Commiphora africanum
3 Hermannia glanduligera
4 Melhania forbesii
Grasses
Finger grass - Digitaria eriantha
Broad-leaved Curly leaf - Eragrostis rigidior
Herringbone grass - Pogonarthria squarrosa
Blue grass - Andropogon gayanus
Tassel three-awn - Aristida congesta
Natal red top - Melinis repens
Guinea grass - Panicum maximum
Cats tail - Perotis patens
Rooigras - Themeda triandra
Indigenous herbs are used in the northern green wall,
planters and the ! oral walls that form part of the sample
locations (see capsule 02). Flowers should hopefully attract
insect life such as butter! ies and bird life.
Herbs
Evolvulus alsinoides
Heliotropium steudneri
Hemizygia elliottii
Ipomoea magnusiana
Kohautia virgata
2.7 Nano Analysis
61
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Figure 63: Trees and shrubs.
Source: by Author
This shrub is extremely sensitive to atmospheric humidity and
will expand its leaf buds at the $ rst hint of moisture-laden winds.
Consequently it is the $ rst shrub to come to leaf with the arrival
of the wet season, and remains remarkably green throughout the
rainy period. The characteristics of this plants reaction to external
effects can inform the users and visitors of environmental changes
in the atmosphere. The building should in a similar way be sensitive
to environmental changes. Adding plants to the interior and
exterior of the building can contribute to being a visual link
regarding seasonal change.
trees
mopane umbrella thorn
Commiphora
africanum
marula
Hermannia
glanduliger
Melhania forbessii
Fruit bearing plants attracts animals.
Protection /
Spatial de$ nition
design generator
Shrubs
62
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Figure 64: Perspective of entrance with " oral tower.
Source: by Author.
Some danainae butter! ies, such as
the queen, like to visit these plants
as it produces a pheromone to
attract mates.
overhead plane - tree
base plane - hardscape / paving
Flor
al /
her
bal t
ower
Sof
tsca
pe
hard
scap
e
Visi
tors
cen
ter
and
mar
ket s
pace
Um
brel
la tr
ees
for
shad
e
hardscape + softscape
63
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Figure 65: Herbs and grasses.
Source: (top): www.gardenworldimages.com/Search.aspx?search=Heliotropium
Source (bottom left): Photo by Author
Source (bottom right): www.! ickr.com/photos/auyaeh/4415543761
herbs
Evolvulus alsinoides Hellotropium
steudneri
Kohautia virgataHemizygia
elliottii
Cats tail Finger grass Natal red top Tassel three-awn
grasses
64
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nFigure 66: View of the copper pit with the two mining shaft towers in the background
Source: by Author.
Transformation in architecture involves the change in the
nature, function or appearance of building elements.
The transformation process is implemented when
two-dimensional data is transformed into a three
dimensional physicality, and back again (Porter,
2006:198). The intangible data is transformed into the
tangible when the concept is converted into the building
design. The incorporation of multi-sensory experiences is
needed to enhance intangible data and transform it into
a tangible building design. Sensory stimulation should
ultimately assist in repairing the relationship between
nature, human beings and space within the liminal
landscape .
Architecture should be suf! ciently open to be able to be
redirected and re-interpreted in an unpredictable manner,
conceiving a type of architecture that is open to its own
transformation.
Nicolas Michelin (2002:182)
ch
ap
te
r
3 transformation
65
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3.1 The Liminal Landscape
- Abandoned industrial structures and their
effect on the environment
3.2 Nature in Flux
- The relationship between nature and
architecture
3.3 Memories of the Elapsed Vernacular
- Memory and architecture
Theoretical discourse
66
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Abandoned industrial structures and their effect on the
environment.
Industrialisation and technological innovations can impact
positively and negatively on our environment. They do contribute
to economic growth and development while at the same time
having a negative environmental impact. The described
technological mining innovations have irreversibly changed
the composition of the Mopani Bushveld environment.
The mining activities and their technological development
of structures and systems allowed for the control and
manipulation of natural environments. The proposed new
building should, instead, allow the natural environment to
control and manipulate the proposed building elements
so as to create a tangible link between structure and the
environment.
Relevance and importance
The process of adapting existing structures for a new, intended
purpose and, hopefully, contributing towards successful
integration of the building within the landscape.
The intention of discussing this topic is to emphasise the
potential possibilities that these industrial structures offer
when they become part of the environment instead of being
static or disconnected from it. Berger (2006:29) refers to land-
scape leftovers as being in a liminal or transitional phase and
encourages designers to re-integrate these spaces left over
from industrial development. The application of innovative
architectural elements inspired by the landscape and cultural
references is a way of transforming the site by linking the
building with it.
When mine closure is implemented, mining activities
cease and the reclamation process begins. Environmental
rehabilitation programmes are implemented after the mine is
decommissioned, but this does not include a spatial or
architectural intervention, typically resulting in abandoned
structures and meaningless landscapes. Currently, the
industrialised mine site displays little concern for context and
heritage.
we can never separate ourselves
from the nonhuman world we, our
technologies, and nature can be no more
disentangled than we can remember the
distinction between Dr. Frankenstein and
his monster (Latour, 2012).
3.1 the liminal landscape
67
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Figure 67: Graphic illustration of the two extreme futures the site can experience. Dystopia vs. Utopia.
Source: by Author.
Architectural typology changes from
generation to generation. This constant
change or evolution doesnt mean that
elements from the past should have no
signi! cance or contribution to present
designs. The image above, Frankenstein
Architecture, is a conceptual illustration
and explores the two extremes that can be
achieved if past elements are incorporated,
or the alternative when its rejected.
68
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Figure 69: Eastern view of mine from Kruger National Park.
Source: by Author Vermiculate Waste Dump
The composition of the landscape comprises air, water, land,
vegetation and elements produced by human beings which all
contribute to the aesthetic value of the space. This reintegration
or reprogramming of these waste landscapes involves the
designer identifying characteristics, natural and arti" cial, that
could be reused for future social, cultural and environmental
upliftment.
A deeper connection with the liminal landscape can be
achieved by understanding its cultural history. Berger
(2006:29) explains that the liminal condition relates to the
formation of community in tribal cultures and adds that these
rites of passage are marked by three phases:
Separation, Liminality, Aggregation
air
water
land
69
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Figure 68: Transformation process, illustrating how the environment changes
Source: by Author
Production Shaft
Landscape is under the in" uence of nature but under the control of man.
Allen (2007:07)
fauna
vegetation
man-made
70
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These three phases are compared to the copper smelting
process and informs the architectural typology:
Separation >>> STATE
Separation comprises of symbolic behaviour signifying
detachment of an individual or group form an earlier " xed
point in the social culture and cultural conditions (Berger
2006:29).
The copper smelters: Copper smelters were separated
from their villages as part of the ritual process, and smelting
was therefore carried out in furnaces in the " elds away from
the villages.
The furnace: Copper ore was extracted from the earth by the
use of stone tools. Clay built furnaces were either cylindrical
or triangular in shape and stood about one meter tall. The
extracted copper ore was then placed inside the clay furnace.
Architecture: The existing production shafts main function
is to transport the extracted copper ore from the underground
mine to the primary crusher for further processing. The pro-
duction shaft is evident of the absence of architectural design
and its disconnection between built environment and nature.
Liminal Period >>> PASSENGER
Characteristics of ritual subjects are ambiguous passing
through the cultural realm, having few or none of the
attributes of the past or coming state (Berger 2006:29).
The copper smelters: Archaeological discoveries suggests
that furnaces were sculpted to represent the human body. The
furnaces were seen as the midwives of the smelters (Schmidt
2009:263). This formed part of the ritual process where the
furnace is transformed from a non-living static object into a
living organism. This transformation from non-living to living
allowed the smelters to develop an intimate connection with
their furnace and the ritual process.
The furnace: Ore, medicine and " re are mixed in the furnace
and the ritual process of copper extraction is implemented.
According to Pistorius (2015:03), medicines, such as
human hand bones, were placed inside holes in the furnace,
suggesting some form of ritual sacri" ce during the smelting
process.
Architecture: The process of implementing the proposed
architectural intervention in order to link the existing
infrastructure with the environment. Similar to the furnace,
the production shaft and other mining infrastructure had a
purpose because of the sacri" cing of the environment. As
mining activities come to an end, the site is in a transitional
phase awaiting or preparing for its new purpose: the union
of nature and the built environment. This can be achieved by
reinterpreting the local and natural elements to become part
of architectural elements.
Aggregation >>> STRUCTURAL
The ritual subject is in a relatively stable state one more and,
by virtue of this, has rights and obligations.he is expected
to behave in accordance with certain customary norms and
ethical standards. (Berger 2006:29).
The copper smelters: Schmidt (2009:265) suggests that
these rituals transform the material representation of the
furnace from an artefact into a living human being.
The furnace: The melted copper is separated from the rock
sediments and, when cooled, forms ingots completing the
process when a new pure mineral is born from the furnace.
Architecture: The separated elements are brought together
with the architectural intervention. Selected materials and
elements form part of a new intervention where the
interactive building elements rely on natural ! uxes to create a
symbiotic relationship. A once disconnected mine shaft with
nature as its sacri" ce has reached the " nal phase,
aggregation with the landscape.
71
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Figure 70: Three phases of Transformation, Separation - Limimnality and Reaggregation.
Source: by Author
S e p a r a t i o n
l i m i n a l i t y
r e a g g r e g a t i o n
72
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Relevant ideas and principles
The aim is to re-route the existing systems to animate the
building exterior (creating a visual connection) and the
building interior (habitable spaces).
Applying a building typology that changes the existing
structure from being static to being an active participant
within the environment.
Re-evaluating the shaft towers and exposing their
technologies will contribute to the integration of the
building within the landscape.
North
East
South
Water Wall Water falling down eastern
facade. Cool air " ows into the
building and cools interior
spaces.
Western Solar ScreensCopper panels re" ects the
western heat. The colour of
this facade will change over
time when the copper reacts
to the moisture in the air,
becoming a greenish colour to
the facade.
Green WallThe green wall is ! lled with
colourful herbs and
" owering plants. The colour
and density of the wall
changes with the seasons.
Movable Shading FinsA system inspired by the existing
mining infrastructure used to
move skips up and down the shaft
is now re-used to move shading
screens up and down according
to the daily solar movement.
West73
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Figure 72 (middle): Conceptual Illustration of screen movement.
Source: by Author
Figure 71 (top): Mopani leaf inspired adjustable solar screen.
Source: by Author
Figure 73 (bottom): Eastern elevation.
Source: by Author
Screens closed prevent morning
sun light (heat and glare) from
entering the building
Mopani leaf solar screens on
eastern facade of building
Screens open up as sun moves
from east to west. Allowing natural
light to enter the building.
Screens open to full extent,
allowing visual link with
exterior environment.
east
west
74
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Figure 74: Material transformation, copper.
Source: by Author75
-
Figure 75: Northern green wall.
Source: by Author
Figure 76: Cross ventilation.
Source: by Author 76
-
Figure 77: South East Perspective of British Seville Pavilion
Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Figure 78: Southern Facade stretched PVC coated fabric - Yacht
technology. Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Figure 79: Eastern Water Wall
Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Architects: Nicolas Grimshaw
Location: Seville, Spain
The building can be de" ned by its structural clarity that is
designed as parts of a kit. The external skin responds to the
climate conditions with each faade specially designed to
react to exterior environmental conditions. The eastern faade
supporting a water wall designed to cool the interior of the
building. Solar panels on the roof harvests solar energy to drive
water pumps. Stacked steel freight containers on the western
faade are " lled with water or sand to shield the exterior heat.
This project was selected as a precedent study for its response
to climatic conditions. Each faade has different features as
explained above to react to changing climatic conditions. The
water wall adds to the sensory experience with the constant
sound of water and the cool interior environment it creates.
Innovative use of materials such as the reuse of freight
containers for western facade and the yacht technology for
southern facade to prevent direct sunlight but still allow and
interior glow to the building can be incorporated into the
proposed design. The aim is to incorporate the same
environmental responsive design elements, minimal use of
mechanical air conditioning, natural ventilation and reduced
energy consumption.
precedent - British pavillion
77
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Figure 80: Passive design principles, Seville Pavilion.
Source: http://ziyangpoharchitecture.blogspot.com/
Solar panel roof
Yacht technology
Yacht technology
Western Facade
Solar panels shade roof from direct
sunlight. Photo voltec cells collects
solar energy and the energy is used to
for cooling the building and pumping
water for the water wall on eastern
facade.
The water wall is located on the
eastern facade creating a feeling
of cool fresh air. The water wall
reduces the internal temperature
of the building from 38oC to 27oC.
Air conditioning is still used to
regulate exhibition spaces. The
fall span is 65 meters long and
15 meters high.
The southern facade has no
glazing, instead streatched fabric
between ship masts are used to
lighten up interior space without
any direct sun light into the
building.
The western facade takes full
advantage of the afternoon sun,
having no glazing, with heavy-
weight wall that is composed of
water tanks " lled with water or
sand that acts as a heat barrier.
The North facade is a continuation of
the same fabric used but allows light
through to give background lighting.
The north courtyard (in Spain) allows
visitors to be protected from the sun.
78
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Figure 81: Vermiculate waste dump
Source: by Author
Figure 82: The return of wild life
Source: by Author
Figure 83: Birds nests
Source: Author
As a consequence of technological progress and its side
effects, an architectural intervention is needed that could
assist in addressing future unwanted or problematic
conditions. Sola-Morales (Berger 2006:33) suggests that
architects should " nd inspiration in the contrasting elements
within the environment and existing infrastructure. These
elements could essentially act as design generators.
The process where elements acquire functions for which
they were not originally designed, is referred to by biologists
as exaptation. In architecture, this process is referred to as
cross-programming. This takes place when a structure or
space is being used for a function other than its intended
design use.
The mining site will eventually enter a stage of
deindustrialisatio