chpt 1 - how to teach speaking ( by scott thornberry )
DESCRIPTION
Presentation given by my student Rachel MouraTRANSCRIPT
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Pós-Graduação em Língua InglesaOral Practice – Professor: Raquel Oliveira
Por: Rachel MouraSetembro/2012
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TOPICS
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introduction
speech production
conceptualization and formulation
articulation
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self-monitoring and repair
automaticity
fluency
managing talking
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The skill of speaking is complex and it involves:→ a command of certain skills;→ several types of knowledge;
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Speech production, in the way of utterance (sentences), is linear and happens in real time.It relies on spontaneity.
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conceptualization and formulation
• discourse type• topic• purpose
Conceptualization
• discourse• sintax• vocabulary
Formulation
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utterances and their parts
topic
• what is talking about – matter→ given information
comment
• what wants to say about the topic → something new
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Pronunciation
intonation(pitch direction)
stress(prominence)
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articulation
air lungs Vocal cords
tongue teeth lips
In the way of producing sounds, we use some organs.
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conceptualization
articulation
formulation
Self-monitoring
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formulation• Planning time – input process• utterances in a slow-down or
pause or re-phrasing.
articulation• Expressing time – output process• wrong word or pronunciation’s
correction
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Immediate
correction
Retrace-and- repair
repairs
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automaticity
fluency
articulation
Pre-fabricated
chunks
planning
automaticity
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Pauses(natural / unnatural)
speed
syllabesblocks
fluency
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Speakers use some production strategies (tricks)
pause fillers
vagueness expressions
repeats
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Features of fluency
pauses
May be long, not frequent
Usually filled
Occur at meaningful
transiion points
Words and syllabes between
them
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• Interaction
managing-talking
turns
engagement
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• The fundamental rule is that the speakers have to respect the other’s turn, not both speaking at once in fact.
→ Long silences must to be avoided;
→ listen when other speakers are speaking.
Turn-taking
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more rules
→ recognize your turn time and the other speaker’s turn.
→ signalling when you want to say something and also that you’re listening to.
→ holding the floor when it’s your turn
→ yelding the turn
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discourse markers(speaker’s intention on a conversation)
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paralinguistics
Gestures during the conversation (face-to-face) that confirm speaker’s intention.
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On the phone, where we can’t see the other speaker’s face, expression, gestures, we have to rely on intonation, tempo and pausing, and still respecting the turn.
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conceptualization
formulation
articulation
self-monitoring
speaking’s conclusions
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FLUENCY
production strategies
automaticity
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