Chp 20-21 Water & Chp 20-21 Water & Water Pollution RAD Water Pollution RAD

GuideGuide

April 19, 2023April 19, 2023

Chp 20: Water UsesChp 20: Water UsesExplain how natural disasters Explain how natural disasters can leave communities w/o can leave communities w/o fresh Hfresh H22O. O.

•Earthquakes destroy pipes, Earthquakes destroy pipes, floods mix sewage with fresh floods mix sewage with fresh waterwater

•UnpotableUnpotable: water that is unsafe : water that is unsafe to drinkto drink

vs. vs.

PotablePotable- water that is safe to drink- water that is safe to drink

How many liters of HHow many liters of H22O does O does the average person in US use the average person in US use daily?daily?

•300 L300 L

How much of HHow much of H22O that’s used O that’s used by people does industry use? by people does industry use? How does lack of HHow does lack of H22O affect O affect industry?industry?• 44%44%

• Availability of water affects Availability of water affects where a company can relocate where a company can relocate generates jobs in community it generates jobs in community it chooseschooses

How much of HHow much of H22O people use O people use does agriculture use? Define does agriculture use? Define irrigation.irrigation.• 47%47%

• IrrigationIrrigation: process of : process of bringing water to an area bringing water to an area for use in growing cropsfor use in growing crops

Describe the 4 types of Describe the 4 types of irrigation.irrigation.

1.1. Flood irrigationFlood irrigation: flooding of area : flooding of area that is flatthat is flat

2.2. Furrow irrigationFurrow irrigation: releases H: releases H22O O into furrows dug b/w rows of cropsinto furrows dug b/w rows of crops

3.3. Overhead irrigationOverhead irrigation: use : use sprinkler sprinkler system system over tops of cropsover tops of crops

• Efficient, but expensiveEfficient, but expensive

4.4. SubirrigationSubirrigation: water introduced : water introduced naturally or artificially beneath soil naturally or artificially beneath soil

Furrow irrigationFlood irrigation

Overhead irrigation-sprinklers

sub irrigation

Describe what happened in Describe what happened in Mono Lake, CA.Mono Lake, CA.

• Saltwater lake fed by melting Saltwater lake fed by melting snow from mountainssnow from mountains

• City diverted the melt City diverted the melt less less water to lake water to lake evaporation evaporation increase salt increase salt kill animals kill animals

Describe how surface HDescribe how surface H22O can O can turn into larger stream and turn into larger stream and oceans. oceans. • Water from rain and melting Water from rain and melting

snow travels as runoffsnow travels as runoff

• Runoff carves grooves into land Runoff carves grooves into land called called rillsrills

• Rills deepen to form larger Rills deepen to form larger streamsstreams

• Deposit into oceansDeposit into oceans

Describe how groundwater is Describe how groundwater is formed.formed.• Water seeps through soil and into Water seeps through soil and into

porous bedrockporous bedrock

• Groundwater collects in rock to form Groundwater collects in rock to form a layer = water tablea layer = water table

What is an aquifer? How does What is an aquifer? How does HH22O move through it?O move through it?

• AquiferAquifer: layer of porous rock that : layer of porous rock that contains watercontains water

• Water does not move at constant Water does not move at constant raterate

What is overdraft? Name 2 What is overdraft? Name 2 problems with overdraft. problems with overdraft.

• OverdraftOverdraft: when a body of water is : when a body of water is drained faster than it is filleddrained faster than it is filled

1.1.Saltwater IntrusionSaltwater Intrusion: saltwater mixes : saltwater mixes with aquifer with aquifer makes makes unpotableunpotable

2.2.SubsidenceSubsidence: water supports bedrock, : water supports bedrock, so when removed, rock weakens and so when removed, rock weakens and sinkssinks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pW4niTkVck8

(FLORIDA MAN SWALLOWED BY (FLORIDA MAN SWALLOWED BY SINKHOLE)SINKHOLE)

Subsidence exampleSubsidence example

Briefly mention what happened Briefly mention what happened to Ogallala Aquifer.to Ogallala Aquifer.

• Largest aquifer in the Largest aquifer in the worldworld

• High plains states depend High plains states depend heavily on aquifer for heavily on aquifer for irrigation of crops irrigation of crops

• Predicted to dry up in 40 Predicted to dry up in 40 years because of overdraftyears because of overdraft

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXFsS94HF08 (Ogallala Aquifer) (Ogallala Aquifer)

What is desalination & what What is desalination & what can it be used for?can it be used for?

• DesalinationDesalination: process by which : process by which salts are removed from watersalts are removed from water

• Obtain fresh water for cooking, Obtain fresh water for cooking, drinking, irrigation, and removes drinking, irrigation, and removes salt from agriculture waste salt from agriculture waste water water

Explain 3 types of Explain 3 types of desalination.desalination.1.1.DistillationDistillation: water evaporates, : water evaporates,

salt left behindsalt left behind

3 types of desalination 3 types of desalination (continued)(continued)2.2. Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis: saltwater : saltwater forced forced

through strainer that traps saltthrough strainer that traps salt

3.3. FreezingFreezing: forms ice and salt : forms ice and salt slushslush

• Slush removed leaving fresh Slush removed leaving fresh iceice

What are 4 processes that are used to What are 4 processes that are used to purify water?purify water?1.1. SedimentationSedimentation

2.2. FiltrationFiltration

3.3. AerationAeration

4.4. SterilizationSterilization

Briefly describe process of Briefly describe process of water treatment.water treatment.1.1. Screens trap floating particlesScreens trap floating particles2.2. Water allowed to stand undisturbed Water allowed to stand undisturbed

so so sediment settles sediment settles at bottomat bottom3.3. CoagulantsCoagulants remove fine particlesremove fine particles4.4. Filter through fine sandFilter through fine sand5.5. AirAir sprayed on it or falls as sprayed on it or falls as

waterfall (Owaterfall (O22 purifies water) purifies water)6.6. SterilizeSterilize using chemicausing chemicals or ls or

extreme heatextreme heat

What are 2 substances used to What are 2 substances used to purify water? What are benefits purify water? What are benefits & disadvantages? & disadvantages?

•ChlorineChlorine– Produced Produced

and stored and stored easilyeasily

– Adds smell Adds smell to waterto water

•OzoneOzone– Sterilizes Sterilizes

more more quicklyquickly

– Expensive Expensive and difficult and difficult to storeto store

Chp 21: Water Pollution Chp 21: Water Pollution Briefly describe the history of Briefly describe the history of water pollution.water pollution.

•1919thth century: most of world century: most of world dumped garbage into closest dumped garbage into closest waterwaywaterway– Led to cholera, typhoid fever, Led to cholera, typhoid fever,

dysenterydysentery

•Then moved to ocean dumpingThen moved to ocean dumping– Still a common practiceStill a common practice

What is sewage? How much is What is sewage? How much is dumped in ocean by US?dumped in ocean by US?

•Sewage: water that contains Sewage: water that contains organic wastes from humans organic wastes from humans and industryand industry

•8.9 trillion liters each year!!8.9 trillion liters each year!!

What is sewage-treatment What is sewage-treatment plant? Explain how sewage is plant? Explain how sewage is treated. treated. • Facility that processes raw Facility that processes raw

sewage before sewage is sewage before sewage is returned to surface water returned to surface water systemssystems

1.1. Filter through screens (big Filter through screens (big particles)particles)

2.2. Add bacteria and chemicalsAdd bacteria and chemicals• Breakdown organic materialBreakdown organic material• SterlizeSterlize

How are diseases & water How are diseases & water pollution related? What is a pollution related? What is a pathogen?pathogen?• Many disease carrying organisms Many disease carrying organisms

spend part of life cycle in waterspend part of life cycle in water

• Pathogen: parasites, bacteria, & Pathogen: parasites, bacteria, & viruses that cause diseaseviruses that cause disease– Typhoid feverTyphoid fever– CholeraCholera– SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis– MalariaMalaria

What are 6 What are 6 major sourcesmajor sources of of water pollution?water pollution?

1.1.AgricultureAgriculture

2.2.Sewage-treatment plantSewage-treatment plant

3.3. IndustryIndustry

4.4.Urban runoffUrban runoff

5.5.Mining runoffMining runoff

6.6.Construction runoffConstruction runoff

What are 4 What are 4 types of water types of water pollutantspollutants??

1.1.PathogensPathogens

2.2.NutrientsNutrients

3.3.SedimentsSediments

4.4.Toxic ChemicalsToxic Chemicals

Why is agriculture such a Why is agriculture such a major pollutant?major pollutant?

•Use of pesticides, fertilizers, Use of pesticides, fertilizers, plant & animal waste all plant & animal waste all pollute land and waterpollute land and water

Define toxic chemicals. What is Define toxic chemicals. What is difference b/w inorganic & difference b/w inorganic & organic?organic?•Toxic chemicals: elements and Toxic chemicals: elements and

compounds that are directly compounds that are directly harmful to living thingsharmful to living things– Inorganic: lack carbonInorganic: lack carbon– Organic: contain carbonOrganic: contain carbon

Identify & describe 4 types of Identify & describe 4 types of inorganic chemicals.inorganic chemicals.

1.1. AcidsAcids: runoff from mining, chemical : runoff from mining, chemical plants, water-treatment facilities, plants, water-treatment facilities, etc.etc.

2.2. SaltsSalts: runoff from mining, : runoff from mining, treatment, plants, direct dischargetreatment, plants, direct discharge

3.3. Heavy metalsHeavy metals: industrial processes : industrial processes (metal treatment, paint) ex. (metal treatment, paint) ex. Mercury & leadMercury & lead

4.4. Plant nutrientsPlant nutrients: phosphates & : phosphates & nitrates from agriculturenitrates from agriculture

Identify 6 examples of organic Identify 6 examples of organic chemicals. How do they enter chemicals. How do they enter groundwater?groundwater?

•Gasoline, oils, plastics, Gasoline, oils, plastics, pesticides/fertilizers, pesticides/fertilizers, solvents, wood preservativesolvents, wood preservative

•Discharged into sewer Discharged into sewer systems that lead to lakessystems that lead to lakes

•RunoffRunoff

Why is crude oil the most Why is crude oil the most common spill?common spill?

• Because transported along rivers & Because transported along rivers & across oceans in huge amountsacross oceans in huge amounts

• Exxon Valdez: 1989 & Amoco Cadiz: Exxon Valdez: 1989 & Amoco Cadiz: 19781978

Explain the process of Explain the process of eutrophication.eutrophication.

• Large amounts of plant nutrients Large amounts of plant nutrients runoff into lakerunoff into lake

• Accelerates plant growth Accelerates plant growth no no roomroom

• Plants die & decompose Plants die & decompose increases # decomposer bacteriaincreases # decomposer bacteria

• Lowers oxygenLowers oxygen

• Animals dieAnimals die

Describe problems associated Describe problems associated with radioactive water with radioactive water pollution. pollution. •Waste difficult to store (solid & Waste difficult to store (solid &

liquid)liquid)

•Liquid waste placed in steel Liquid waste placed in steel containers and encased in containers and encased in concreteconcrete

•Can corrode over time and leak Can corrode over time and leak in ground water systemsin ground water systems

• Usually occurs in lakes by power Usually occurs in lakes by power plantsplants

• Fish regulate body temp by Fish regulate body temp by water tempwater temp

• Increase water temp Increase water temp increase increase metabolism in fish, but metabolism in fish, but decreases amount of oxygen in decreases amount of oxygen in waterwater

• Fish suffocateFish suffocate

Describe problems associated Describe problems associated with thermal water pollution. with thermal water pollution.

Why have laws to protect the Why have laws to protect the water from pollution failed?water from pollution failed?

1.1.Laws not strong enoughLaws not strong enough

2.2.Strong ones not enforcedStrong ones not enforced

3.3.Scientific reports not accurateScientific reports not accurate

4.4.Difficult to determine who did Difficult to determine who did pollutingpolluting

5.5.Removal of factory can cause Removal of factory can cause loss of jobsloss of jobs