choosing the appropriate student assistance program (sap) model in the k-12 environment
DESCRIPTION
Choosing the Appropriate Student Assistance Program (SAP) Model in the K-12 Environment. Cynthia Peck, BA, Four Wings Inc. Charity Cason, MS, WestEd. Overview of this Paper. Brief history on the development and evolution of SAPs in schools today - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Choosing the Appropriate Choosing the Appropriate Student Assistance Program Student Assistance Program
(SAP) Model in the (SAP) Model in the K-12 EnvironmentK-12 Environment
Cynthia Peck, BA, Four Wings Inc.Cynthia Peck, BA, Four Wings Inc.Charity Cason, MS, WestEdCharity Cason, MS, WestEd
Overview of this PaperOverview of this PaperBrief history on the development and evolution of Brief history on the development and evolution of SAPs in schools todaySAPs in schools today
What are the influences supporting the expansion of What are the influences supporting the expansion of SAPs in schools SAPs in schools
Provide a working definition for SAPProvide a working definition for SAP
How that definition plays out in different How that definition plays out in different implementation modelsimplementation models
What variables influence SAP constructionWhat variables influence SAP construction
How do these affect staffing, training & resourcesHow do these affect staffing, training & resources
Some promising findings and SAP resourcesSome promising findings and SAP resources
Evolution of SAPsEvolution of SAPs
identification identification objective documentation objective documentation confidential communications confidential communications referrals and advocacy for health and referrals and advocacy for health and community services community services ongoing support in the workplaceongoing support in the workplace
1980s- SAPs were modeled after EAP’s1980s- SAPs were modeled after EAP’s
1980-19901980-1990
Adolescent treatment facilities train school Adolescent treatment facilities train school personnelpersonnelChildren of Alcoholics (COAs) Movement gained Children of Alcoholics (COAs) Movement gained momentummomentum Book by Gary Anderson – Book by Gary Anderson – When Chemicals When Chemicals Come to SchoolCome to School (1987) typifies SAP (1987) typifies SAPNational Student Assistance OrganizationNational Student Assistance OrganizationFederal Anti-Drug Omnibus Act funds schools– Federal Anti-Drug Omnibus Act funds schools– Safe and Drug Free Schools & CommunitiesSafe and Drug Free Schools & Communities
Students affected by alcohol and drug use – theirs Students affected by alcohol and drug use – theirs or someone else’s, were now served in integrated or someone else’s, were now served in integrated school counseling services with community school counseling services with community referral networks referral networks
(Emert, 1988) (Emert, 1988)
SAPs develop structure for SAPs develop structure for addressing non-academic concernsaddressing non-academic concerns
identificationidentification
referralreferral
servicesservices
follow-upfollow-up
(case management in many cases) (case management in many cases)
Counselors and non-counselor staffed Counselors and non-counselor staffed schools are able to address student schools are able to address student mental health needs and behaviors of mental health needs and behaviors of concern outside of disciplinary responses.concern outside of disciplinary responses.
SAP staffing varies widely from individuals SAP staffing varies widely from individuals to multidisciplinary teamsto multidisciplinary teams
1990-2000 1990-2000 Expanding beyond AOD interventionsExpanding beyond AOD interventions
Alcohol and Drug Use
Behaviors of Concern
Elementary High School
Individual
School
Family
Peer/Community
Domains of InfluenceDomains of Influence
Factors Impacting School FailureFactors Impacting School FailureInterpersonal and relational experiences with peers Interpersonal and relational experiences with peers and teachers and teachers (Marsh & Yeung, 1997; Wentzel & Caldewell, 1997)(Marsh & Yeung, 1997; Wentzel & Caldewell, 1997)
Motivation Motivation (Kaplan, Peck & Kaplan, 1997)(Kaplan, Peck & Kaplan, 1997)
Beliefs about importance of school Beliefs about importance of school (Hilty, 1998; House, 1999)(Hilty, 1998; House, 1999)
Early academic failure Early academic failure (Hawkins, et.al, 1997)(Hawkins, et.al, 1997)
High levels of interpersonal conflict High levels of interpersonal conflict (Altenbaugh, 1998)(Altenbaugh, 1998)
Factors Impacting School FailureFactors Impacting School Failure
Lack of prosocial behavior in elementary school Lack of prosocial behavior in elementary school (Wentzel & Caldwell, 1997)(Wentzel & Caldwell, 1997)
Learning disabilities, behavior difficulties, Learning disabilities, behavior difficulties, attention deficit disorders, mental health attention deficit disorders, mental health problems problems (Deschenes et al., 2001)(Deschenes et al., 2001)
Belief about their abilities Belief about their abilities (Marsh, 1987)(Marsh, 1987)
Self concept and self-esteem Self concept and self-esteem (Marsh & Parker, 1984)(Marsh & Parker, 1984)
SAPs Expand Mental Health SAPs Expand Mental Health Services in SchoolsServices in Schools
Higher utilization rate of school based mental Higher utilization rate of school based mental health services than national figures for use of health services than national figures for use of hospital and clinic services hospital and clinic services (Anglien, et.al. 1996)(Anglien, et.al. 1996)
Minority children perceived them more Minority children perceived them more acceptable acceptable (Armbruster et.al. 1997)(Armbruster et.al. 1997)
SAP may be a more acceptable term than SAP may be a more acceptable term than mental health clinic among parents and school mental health clinic among parents and school boardsboards
Special Education AssessmentsSpecial Education Assessments
Mandated by law, Multidisciplinary Teams Mandated by law, Multidisciplinary Teams (MDTs) must assess student’s referred for (MDTs) must assess student’s referred for assessment within specific time frames, with assessment within specific time frames, with appropriate documentation to determine what if appropriate documentation to determine what if any special education services should be any special education services should be provided.provided.
Multidisciplinary Teams for Special Multidisciplinary Teams for Special Education AssessmentEducation Assessment
A student’s problems in the classroom lead to a A student’s problems in the classroom lead to a teacher’s initial referral to a “prereferral team”teacher’s initial referral to a “prereferral team”
The team tries to understand the student’s The team tries to understand the student’s functioning and suggests interventions.functioning and suggests interventions.
If the classroom interventions don’t work, the If the classroom interventions don’t work, the student is then referred for special education student is then referred for special education assessment.assessment.
SAPs Could Address SAPs Could Address Problems for MDTsProblems for MDTs
With no other referral source to access teachers With no other referral source to access teachers over utilize the MDTs.over utilize the MDTs.The literature clearly documents referral bias of The literature clearly documents referral bias of student’s who “bother” the teacher.Their student’s who “bother” the teacher.Their concerns thus support their subjective concerns thus support their subjective perceptions perceptions (Gerber & Semmel, 1984).(Gerber & Semmel, 1984).
Students are not recommended for special Students are not recommended for special education assessment or placement until the education assessment or placement until the conclusion of the pre-referral process and conclusion of the pre-referral process and documentation of previously tried strategiesdocumentation of previously tried strategies
Definition of SAP Definition of SAP
““A process by which students who exhibit A process by which students who exhibit behaviors of concern are identified, behaviors of concern are identified, referred for assessment and/or services, referred for assessment and/or services, and followed up”.and followed up”.
Referral
Service InterventionService Intervention
Initiating Referral
Service InterventionsService Interventions
AssessmentAssessment
Ref
erra
l
School Policy School Policy
Influenced by state and federal Influenced by state and federal mandatesmandatesIDEAIDEAPublic Law 94.142Public Law 94.142State Education CodeState Education CodeTitle IV Zero ToleranceTitle IV Zero Tolerance
Categorical Problem-Driven ApproachCategorical Problem-Driven Approach
Coordinator
Strategy
Coordinator
Strategy
Coordinator
Strategy
Discipline Issues
AOD Issues
Dropout Prevention Issues
Special Education Issues
Coordinator
Strategy
Student-Focused ApproachStudent-Focused Approach
Behavior or Issue of Concern
Follow-up SAP Meeting
School Based Services Services Services Community Based
Student Assistance Program
Discipline Educational Dropout Prevention AOD PreventionStrategies Strategies Strategies Health Promotion
Strategies
Philosophical Variables Philosophical Variables Defining an SAPDefining an SAP
Voluntary Mandated
ResourceDriven
Need Driven
Whole School
Targeted
Academic Social Emotional
Philosophy Often Dictates SAP Philosophy Often Dictates SAP StructureStructure
Prevention Treatment
Proactive Reactive
Minimal Parent/ Student
Involvement
High Parent/ Student
Involvement
Philosophy Often Dictates SAP Philosophy Often Dictates SAP StructureStructure
The philosophy of the SAP determines many The philosophy of the SAP determines many of the program operationsof the program operations
Program OperationsProgram Operations
Operational QuestionsOperational Questions
What will be the referral sources?What will be the referral sources?
What will be the SAP team structure?What will be the SAP team structure?
Who will be included in staff development Who will be included in staff development activities?activities?
What will be the tracking system for identification, What will be the tracking system for identification, referral, service provision and follow up?referral, service provision and follow up?
Will there be community links to the SAP?Will there be community links to the SAP?
What will be the role of non and referred SAP What will be the role of non and referred SAP students?students?
Resources Available Often Dictate Resources Available Often Dictate SAP Program OperationsSAP Program Operations
School Based
Community Based
Single Exposure
Multiple Exposure
Single Intervention
Multiple Interventions
Community Based ResourcesCommunity Based Resources
Medical / Children’s Health InsuranceMedical / Children’s Health Insurance
Legal / VocationalLegal / Vocational
Mental Health/ Substance Abuse Mental Health/ Substance Abuse TreatmentTreatment
Family ResourcesFamily Resources
Temporary Emergency AssistanceTemporary Emergency Assistance
School Based Resources School Based Resources
Academic SupportAcademic Support
Assessments and PlacementsAssessments and Placements
Categorical ProgramsCategorical Programs
Classroom StrategiesClassroom Strategies
Increasing SAP ResourcesIncreasing SAP Resources Asset SurveysAsset Surveys
Cross TrainingsCross Trainings
Joining Community PartnershipsJoining Community Partnerships
UCLA Center for Mental Health in Schools UCLA Center for Mental Health in Schools http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/temphome.htmhttp://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/temphome.htm
National Student Assistance Association National Student Assistance Association http://www.NASAP.orghttp://www.NASAP.org
WestEd WestEd http://wested.orghttp://wested.org
SAMSHA – Decision Support System SAMSHA – Decision Support System http://www.SAMHSA.govhttp://www.SAMHSA.gov
SAP …..as a process……….SAP …..as a process……….
Promote individual, family & school wide Promote individual, family & school wide awareness of health and wellness promoting awareness of health and wellness promoting behaviorsbehaviors
To link students to effective interventionsTo link students to effective interventions
-Interventions should be science based-Interventions should be science based
-Implemented with fidelity-Implemented with fidelity
-Linked to student achievement data-Linked to student achievement data
Common SAP interventionsCommon SAP interventionsAcademic Interventions (tutoring, assessments, Academic Interventions (tutoring, assessments, classroom strategies, other)classroom strategies, other) Life SkillsLife Skills
Individual and Group CounselingIndividual and Group Counseling
Drug EducationDrug Education
Parent/Student/SAP Team ConferencesParent/Student/SAP Team Conferences
Conflict ResolutionConflict Resolution
Crisis InterventionCrisis Intervention
Selection of SAP InterventionsSelection of SAP Interventions
Data Driven Data Driven DecisionsDecisions
Resource Driven Resource Driven DecisionsDecisions
Sources of DataSources of Data
student surveys (CHKS)student surveys (CHKS)
teacher surveysteacher surveys
parent surveys, focus groupsparent surveys, focus groups
school dataschool data
community datacommunity data
Promising Findings on Promising Findings on SAP as processSAP as process
Figure 7: Difference in likelihood of school problems
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Suspension Absences Tardiness UnexcusedAbsences
UnexcusedTardiness
Like
lihoo
d
Treatment Comparison
Figure 6: Change in Peer and Family ATOD Precursors (Exp - Cont)
-0.10
0.10.20.30.4
Peerdiscouragement
Peerencouragement
Familydiscouragement
Family cares Family bondingnet d
ifferen
ce
Figure 8: Net change (exp-cont) in academic performance
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
SAT-9 Total SAT-9 Reading SAT-9 Language SAT-9 Math
net d
iffer
ence
Change (exp-cont)
Contact InformationContact Information
Cynthia PeckCynthia [email protected]@wested.org
Charity CasonCharity [email protected]@wested.org
801 North Parkcenter Drive Suite A7801 North Parkcenter Drive Suite A7Santa Ana, California 92705Santa Ana, California 92705
714-972-5900714-972-5900
Presentation HandoutsPresentation Handouts
Available on APHA conference websiteAvailable on APHA conference website
WestEd Exhibitors BoothWestEd Exhibitors Booth
# 1055# 1055