choir: empowering low-power wide-area networks in urban ...swadhin/reading_group/... · wide-area...
TRANSCRIPT
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Choir:EmpoweringLow-PowerWide-AreaNetworksinUrban
Settings
RashadEletreby
DianaZhang,Swarun KumarandOsmanYağan
1http://www.witechlab.com/LoRa/ChOIR.html
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ImagineaworldwhereeverysingleobjectisconnectedtotheInternet…
2
Fewkbps
Severalmilesaway
10yearbatterySimpleandcheapRFinterface
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3
SmartInfrastructure SmartHomes SmartVehicles
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Low-PowerWide-AreaNetworking(LP-WAN)
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LongRange
• Upto10KMsinruralareas
LowDatarate
• Orderofkilobitspersecond
LowCost
• <$5
LowPower
• Upto10yearsofbatterylife
Low-PowerWide-AreaNetworking(LP-WAN)
InitiativesfromIndustry(LoRa,SIGFOX)andstandardizationbodies(3GPPLTEM,NBIoT)
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KeyChallenges
6
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KeyChallengesInterference
Collisionsemergefromthesheer densityofnodesandthesimplicity ofthecurrentMACprotocols(e.g.,transmit
assoonaswakeup)
LPWANrangesdropby10xinurban areasduetoexcessivemultipath,shadowing,etc.
7
Range
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8
WiFi/CellularWirelesssensor
networksLPWANs
LoRaWAN
Sigfox
MegaMIMO
SAM
ZigZag
Glossy
ACR
Pastwork
….
…. ….
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ChoirScalability
• Decodes10’sofcollidedtransmissions
Range
• Extendstherangeofteamsofcooperatingnodes
Preservingsimplicity
• Fullyimplementedatasingle-antenna basestation
9
basestationoveranareaof10Km2 inPittsburgh
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:Chirps
ChirpinT.D. Chirponaspectrogram
Data encoding
10
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:1-bitencoding
𝒏 bits->dividetheBWto𝟐𝒏 initialfrequenciesIn general,
‘0’ ‘1’
11
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:2-bitencoding
12
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:2-bitencoding
13
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ChoirinactionInterference
14
Range
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CollisionofchirpsDifferentdata
+
15
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Collisionofchirps
+
Samedata
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
16
80 100 120 140 160 180FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
Abs.
FFT
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Hardwareimperfections
𝑓
𝑓 + 𝛿𝑓&
𝑓 + 𝛿𝑓'
Localoscillatormismatch
17
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Hardwareimperfections
Packet1
Packet2
Sub-symboltimingoffsets
18
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19
Time
Frequency
TO
Chirpsaresignalswhosefrequencyincreaseslinearlywithtime
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20
Time
Frequency
TO
Anoffsetintimemapstoanoffsetinfrequency!FO
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21
Time
Frequency
Twochirpswithanoffsetinfrequency!FO
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Collisionofchirps
+
Samedata
80 100 120 140 160 180FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
Abs.
FFT
Hardwareoffsets!22
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23
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Decodingdata
U1data: U2data:
24
!U1data+U1hardwareoffsets=125U2data+U2hardwareoffsets=130
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 1
125 130
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DecodingdataPreamble Sym.1 Sym.2 Sym.n…
Preamble Sym.1 Sym.2 Sym.n…
Peaklocationsareusedtoestimatehardwareoffsets
Hardwareoffsetsremainconstantacross
thepacket
25
U1data+U1hardwareoffsets =125U2data+U2hardwareoffsets=130
Symbol1:
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DecodingdataPreamble Sym.1 Sym.2 Sym.n…
Preamble Sym.1 Sym.2 Sym.n…
Howtomeasureaccuratehardwareoffsetsacrossthepreamble?
Peaklocationsareusedtoestimatehardwareoffsets
Hardwareoffsetsremainconstantacross
thepacket
26
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Decodingdata𝑓&∗, 𝑓'∗ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑚𝑖𝑛{34∈ 3467,3487 ,39∈ 3967,3987 } 𝑦𝐶
6& − ℎ&𝑒?'@34A + ℎ'𝑒?'@39A'
𝑓B ->initialfrequencyoffsetestimateofuseriℎB ->channelestimateofuseriΔ ->binsizeoftheFFT𝐶6& ->conjugatenominalchirp𝑦 ->receivedsymbol𝑓B∗ ->correctfrequencyoffsetofuseri
27
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28
Whichpeakcorrespondstowhichuser?
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29
Whichpeakcorrespondstowhichuser?
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 2
27.2 189.6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 1
352.2107.6
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30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 2
27.2 189.6
Whichpeakcorrespondstowhichuser?
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 1
352.2107.6
![Page 31: Choir: Empowering Low-Power Wide-Area Networks in Urban ...swadhin/reading_group/... · Wide-Area Networks in Urban Settings Rashad Eletreby ... Low-Power Wide-Area Networking (LP-WAN)](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042407/5f22b32cc63fa611b263ea47/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 2
27.2 189.6
Whichpeakcorrespondstowhichuser?
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Abs.
FFT
Symbol 1
352.2107.6
31
User1 User2Integerpartdependsonbothdataandhardware
offsets
Fractionalpartdependsonlyonhardware
offsets
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1 Near-fareffect
2 Inter-symbolinterference
3 Handlingageneralnumberofcollisions
32
Wegeneralizethissolutiontoaccountfor…
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ChoirinactionInterference
33
Range
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RangeExtension
62°F
67°F
65°F
Eachnodeisout-of-range!
34
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RangeExtension
62°F
67°F
65°F
Eachnodeisout-of-range!
35
63°F
65°F
Canweexploitdatacorrelationstoobtainacoarse-grainedviewofthesenseddata?
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36
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
5
10
15
20
25
Abs.
FFT
65 °F
62 °F 67 °F
Noisefloor
Objective
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
5
10
15
20
25
Abs.
FFT
64.5 °F
Noisefloor
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37
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
5
10
15
20
25Ab
s. F
FT
65 °F
62 °F 67 °F
Noisefloor
Approach
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
5
10
15
20
25
Abs.
FFT
64.5 °F
Noisefloor
ChoirReceivefilter
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38
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
5
10
15
20
25Ab
s. F
FT
65 °F
62 °F 67 °F
Noisefloor
0 100 200 300 400 500 600FFT Bin
0
5
10
15
20
25
Abs.
FFT
64.5 °F
Noisefloor
ChoirReceivefilter
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Implementation
39
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Evaluation
40
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Hardwareoffsets
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CD
F
Observed CFO+TO (Hz)
ObservedIdeal
41
HardwareoffsetsaretrulydiverseacrossLPWANradios
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Resolvinginterference
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Net
wor
k T
hrpt
(bi
ts/s
ec)
# Users
Ideal
42
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Resolvinginterference
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Net
wor
k T
hrpt
(bi
ts/s
ec)
# Users
Ideal ALOHA
43
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Resolvinginterference
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Net
wor
k T
hrpt
(bi
ts/s
ec)
# Users
Ideal ALOHA
ChOIR
44
29x
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Extendingrange
45
Numberofcollaboratingnodes
Range
1 1Km
10 2.5Km
30 2.65Km
2.65X
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ConclusionObjective
Results Scalability
• Decodes10’sofcollidedtransmissions
Range
• Extendstherangeofteamsofcooperatingnodes
Preservingsimplicity
• Fullyimplementedatasingle-antenna basestation
Platform
46