choibalsan. mongolian communist dictator.docx

8/10/2019 CHOIBALSAN. MONGOLIAN COMMUNIST DICTATOR.docx

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Khorloogiin Choibalsan: mongoliancommunist dictatorFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Khorloogiin Choibalsan

Head of State

Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Hural

In office

24 January 192927 April 1930

General

Secretary

lziin Badrakh

Bat-Ochirin Eldev-Ochir

Peljidiin Genden

Preceded by Jamtsangiin Damdinsren

Succeeded by Losolyn Laagan

Prime Minister of Mongolia
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In office

24 March 193926 January 1952

General

Secretary

Banzarjavyn Baasanjav

Dashiin Damba

Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

Preceded by Anandyn Amar

Succeeded by Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal

Personal details

Born February 8, 1895

Achit Beysiyn, Qing Dynasty

Died January 26, 1952 (aged 56)

Moscow,Soviet Union

Resting place Altan Ulgii National

Cemetery,Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

Nationality Mongolian

Political party Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

Spouse(s) Borotologai (19211935)

B. Gndegmaa (19351952)

Religion None (atheist)

Military service

Allegiance Mongolian People's Republic
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Service/branch Mongolian People's Army

Years of service 19211952

Rank Marshalof theMongolian People's Army(1936

1952)

Commands All(supreme commander)

Battles/wars World War II

Awards

Foreign:

This is aMongolian name.Thegiven nameis Choibalsan, and the name Khorloogiinisapatronymic,not afamily name.The subject should be referred to by the given name.

Khorloogiin Choibalsan(Mongolian: ; February 8, 1895 January26, 1952) was theCommunistleader of theMongolian People's RepublicandMarshal(generalchief commander) of the Mongolian armed forces from the 1930s until his death in 1952. Hisrule marked the first and last time in modern Mongolian history that a single individual amassed

complete political power. Often referred to as the Stalin of Mongolia, Choibalsan oversawviolent Soviet-ordered purges in the late 1930s that resulted in the deaths of an estimated30,000 to 35,000 Mongolians. Most of the victims were Buddhist clergy,intelligentsia,politicaldissidents,ethnicBuryatsandKhazaks,and other "enemies of the revolution." His intensepersecution ofMongolia's Buddhistsbrought about their near complete extinction in the country.

Although Choibalsan's devotion toJoseph Stalinhelped preserve his country's fledglingindependence during the early years of theMongolian People's Republic(MPR), it also turnedMongolia into the firstsatellite stateof theSoviet Union.Throughout his rule, Mongolia's
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economic, political, and military ties to theUSSRdeepened, infrastructure and literacy ratesimproved, and international recognition of Mongolia's independence expanded, especiallyafterWorld War II.

Contents

1 Early life 2 Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921

o 2.1 Formation of the Mongolian People's Partyo 2.2 Contact with Soviets and the first MPP Congress o 2.3 Defeat of Ungern-Sternberg

3 Rise to powero 3.1 Purge of Bodooo 3.2 Right Opportunism 1925-1928o 3.3 Leftist Period 1928-1932o 3.4 Lkhmbe Affair

4 Great Terroro 4.1 Purge of Genden

o 4.2 Death of Marshal Demido 4.3 September 10, 1937o 4.4 End of the Great Terror

5 World War II, 1939-1945o 5.1 Battle of Khalkhin Golo 5.2 Support for the Soviet Uniono 5.3 Internal developmentso 5.4 Cult of personalityo 5.5 End of the war and pan-Mongolian aspirations

6 Post waro 6.1 Modernisation effortso 6.2 Establishing international recognitiono 6.3 Strengthening Party ruleo 6.4 Fallout with Stalin

7 Deatho 7.1 Doctors Plot

8 Personal life

9 Legacy

10 Notes

11 External links

Early life

Choibalsan was born on February 8, 1895 in Achit Beysiyn, near present

dayChoibalsan,Dornod Province.[1]He was the youngest of four children born to a poorunmarried herdswoman named Khorloo (the name Khorloogiin is amatronymic). His fatherwas likely aDaurMongol fromInner Mongoliacalled Jamsu, but Choibalsan claimed to beunaware of his identity.[2]Named Dugar at birth, he assumed thereligious nameChoibalsan atage 13 after entering the local Buddhist monastery of San Beysiyn Khree[3]where he trainedto be a Lamaist monk. Five years later he fled to Khree (also known as Urga - presentdayUlaanbaatar)with another novice where he worked odd jobs. In part to prevent him frombeing returned to the monastery, a sympatheticBuryatteacher named Nikolai Danchinov had
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ipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornod_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornod_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Sanders-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Sanders-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Sanders-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Atwood-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Atwood-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Atwood-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Atwood-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matronymichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#cite_note-Sanders-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornod_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Personal_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Doctor.E2.80.99s_Plothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Fallout_with_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Strengthening_Party_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Establishing_international_recognitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Modernisation_effortshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Post_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#End_of_the_war_and_pan-Mongolian_aspirationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Cult_of_personalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Internal_developmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Support_for_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Battle_of_Khalkhin_Golhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#World_War_II.2C_1939-1945http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#End_of_the_Great_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#September_10.2C_1937http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Death_of_Marshal_Demidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Purge_of_Gendenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Great_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Lkh.C3.BCmbe_Affairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Leftist_Period_1928-1932http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Right_Opportunism_1925-1928http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Purge_of_Bodoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Rise_to_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Defeat_of_Ungern-Sternberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Contact_with_Soviets_and_the_first_MPP_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Formation_of_the_Mongolian_People.27s_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Outer_Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan#Early_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR


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him enrolled in the Russian consulates Russian-Mongolian Translators' School.[4]A year laterhe was sent on at public expense to study at a gymnasium in Irkutsk,Russiafrom 1914-1917.

Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921Formation of the Mongolian People's Party

The Russian Consulate in Khree played a central role in Choibalsan's early development.

Skhbaatar (left) with Choibalsan in the early 1920s

Choibalsan and fellow Mongolian students in Russia were called back to Khree by theBogdKhaangovernment following the 1917October Revolution.Exposed toBolshevismwhile livingamong Irkutsks radicalized student population,[5]Choibalsan joined the anti-Chinese ConsularHill or Konsulyn Denj ( ) resistance group shortly after his return. Originalmembers of the Bolshevik-influenced group also includedDambyn ChagdarjavandDarizavynLosol.[6]Dogsomyn Bodoo,the group's leader, was a former teacher and mentor ofChoibalsan's at the Russian-Mongolian School for Translators.[7]With his serviceable Russian,Choibalsan served as the groups translator with contacts at the Russian Consulate. Thosecontacts later encouraged Konsulyn Denj to join forces with the more nationalist-orientedresistance group Zn Khree (East Khree), which countedSoliin Danzan,DansrabilegiinDogsom,andDamdin Skhbaataramong its members. On June 25, 1920,[8]the new bodyadopted the nameMongolian Peoples Party(MPP). In 1924 the party renamed itself

theMongolian People's Revolutionary Partyor MPRP after the death of theBogd Khaanandthe formal proclamation of theMongolian People's Republic(MPR).

Contact with Soviets and the first MPP Congress[

In late June 1920, Choibalsan and Danzan embarked for Irkutsk (they were later joined byLosol, Chagdarjav, Dogsom, L. Dendev, and Skhbaatar - the famous First Seven) toestablish contacts with the Soviets and seek assistance in their struggle for independence.Choibalsan and Skhbaatar remained together in Irkutsk for several months raising awareness
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of Mongolias plight and receiving military training. During this period Skhbaatar graduallybecame a second mentor to Choibalsan.[9]

While the group of seven continued their lobbying efforts in Soviet Russia, forces commandedby the anti-Bolshevik Russian warlordRoman von Ungern-Sternberginvaded Mongolia fromthe east and ejected occupying Chinese garrisons from Khree in October 1920. No longerfaced with directly confronting the Chinese in Mongolia, the Soviets finally threw their backing

behind the Mongolian revolutionaries. Choibalsan and Skhbaatar relocated to Troitskosavsk(modern dayKyakhtaon the Russian-Mongolian border) to coordinate revolutionary activitiesand recruit Mongolian fighters. Choibalsan secretly ventured as far as Khree to consult withMPP supporters, enlist fighters, and spirit members of Skhbaatars family back toTroitskosavsk.[10]

At a Soviet-organized MPP conference held secretly in Troitskosavsk from March 1 to 3, 1921(subsequently regarded as the first congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party),Choibalsan was elected a member of the provisional revolutionary government. He was alsoappointed Political Commissar (Deputy Chief and chief propagandist) of the Mongol ArdynHuvsgalt Tsereg(Mongolian: ), or theMongolian Peoples

Army,commanded by Skhbaatar.[11]

Ungern-Sternberg

Defeat of Ungern-SternbergWithin days, Skhbaatar's Mongolian partisan army (now numbering 400 men) defeated thelarger but demoralized Chinese garrison that had fled to Kyakhta Maimaicheng (moderndayAltanbulag). Joint Mongol and Red Army forces directly confronted Ungern's troops in aseries of battles near Troitskosavsk from late May to mid-June. Choibalsan took command of aMongolian detachment based inTariat,in modern dayArkhangaiprovince[12]and, togetherwith the Russian forces commanded by Petr Efimovich Shchetinkin, fought right guard actionsin western Mongolia in support of the main Russian-Mongolia advance through moderndaySelengeandTvprovinces. After small skirmishes with Ungern's remaining guard unitsthe joint Russian-Mongol force entered Khree unchallenged on July 6, 1921. Choibalsanpursued remnants of Ungerns army and was likely on hand at Ungerns capture byShchetinkin on August 22, 1921.[13]
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Rise to power

Choibalsan in 1925

After the victory of the revolution, Choibalsan remained Deputy Chief of the MongolianPeoples Army while also being elected Chairman of the Mongolian Revolutionary YouthLeague (MRYL).[11]In the decade that followed, however, he failed to advance beyond secondtier government posts despite his credentials as one of the MPPs founding members.[14]Hisheavy drinking, womanizing, and violent temperament alienated him from party leaders and atone point in the early 1930s he was temporarily demoted from being Minister of Foreign Affairsto the role of simple Museum Director. While he often gravitated towards the leftist faction ofthe party, he was suspected of being a rightist in what little mention is made of him in Sovietand Mongolian reports of the era.[14]Choibalsan himself did not include many of his ownspeeches from this period in his collected works, indicating his role during this period was not aprominent one. It was not until members of the Soviet security apparatus such as SovietCommissar for DefenseKliment Voroshilovtook note of Choibalsans political usefulness in thelate 1920s and early 1930s that his career prospects began to improve.[15]

Purge of Bodoo

Prime Minister Dogsomyn Bodoo
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8/19

MPP General SecretarySoliin Danzan

In late 1921, Choibalsans MRYL foot soldiers carried out Prime Minister Bodoos modernization campaign of forcibly cutting off "feudal" ornaments from Mongolian clothing(large cuffs, womens jewelry, long hair etc.).[16]The angry public backlash led to Bodoos purgeand eventual execution in August 1922 while Choibalsan was stripped of both full party

membership and his position of as deputy commander of the Mongolian military. OnlySkhbaatars intervention saved him from Bodoo's fate.[17]Choibalsan was sent to a MoscowRussian Military Academy after Skhbaatars death in 1923[18]and when he returned toUlaanbaatar a year later was offered his old mentor's former position as Commander in Chiefof the Peoples Revolutionary Troops. He also held positions as a member of the Presidium oftheState Great Huralfrom 1924 to 1928 and as member of the MPRP Central Committee.

Right Opportunism 1925-1928

At the Third Party Congress in 1924, Choibalsan sided with leftist leaderElbegdorj Rinchinoasleft and right wing factions of the MPRP called for the arrest and execution of moderate partyleader Danzan. The coalition accused Danzan of representing bourgeois interests andengaging in business with Chinese firms.[19]Following Danzans death, however, Choibalsan

and Rinchino saw their political influence diminish[20]

as the partys right wing, led byTseren-Ochiryn Dambadorj,assumed control and, during a period later referred to as the RightOpportunism (1925-1928), promoted rightist policies mirroring LeninsNew Economic Policyinthe Soviet Union.

Leftist Period 1928-1932

The rise ofJosef Stalinand termination of LeninsNew Economic Policyin the Soviet Unioninfluenced political developments in the MPR with the 1928 MPRP Seventh Party Congressushering in the Leftist Period. Soviet advisors arranged for Choibalsan to be kicked upstairsto be Chairman of the Little Hural (i.e. titular head of state)[17]from where, in 1929 and 1930, hesupported implementation of Soviet backed leftist policies of more rapid collectivization, land

expropriation, and persecution of theBuddhist Church.At the Eight Party Congress in 1930 Choibalsan contributed to a ramping up leftist socialistreforms when, again encouraged by Soviet agents, he introduced personally formulateddecrees that intensified land confiscation and forced collectivization measures.[21]Hisappointment in 1931 as Minister of Livestock and Agriculture (a position he held until 1935)gave him even greater authority to enforce the policies. Traditional herders were forced off thesteppe and into badly managed collective farms, destroying one third of Mongolianlivestock.[22]Over 800 properties belonging to the nobility and the Buddhist church wereconfiscated and over 700 head of mostlynoblehouseholds were executed.[23]

The governments aggressive measures ultimately lead to brutalarmeduprisingsinKhvsgl,Arkhangai,vrkhangai,andZavkhanprovinces in 1932. In reaction,Moscow ordered a temporary curtailment of economic centralization efforts.Cominternagentscounted on Choibalsan to be a strong advocate for its New Turn policy to correct theexcesses of the Left Deviation when it was introduced an extraordinary plenum of theMPRP Central Committee in June 1932. Later MPR histories would credit Choibalsan withbeing the first to criticize the leftist period and propose reforms, but these were merelyfabrications meant to build up Choibalsans cult of personality.[24]
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Lkhmbe Affair

In the summer of 1934, Choibalsans name surfaced during interrogations of party membersarrested as part of the "Lkhmbe Affair," a manufactured conspiracy in which MPRP GeneralSecretaryJambyn Lkhmbeand other MPRP elements, particularly Buryat-Mongols, werefalsely accused of conspiring with Japanese spies. The invasion of neighboringManchuriaby

Japanese forces in 1931 had raised fears in Ulaanbaatar and Moscow alike of possibleJapanese military expansion into Mongolia and the Soviet Far East. Over 1500 people wereimplicated in the purge and 56 were executed. Choibalsan was called to Moscow where hewas arrested and interrogated regarding his possible involvement. Within days, however, hewas cooperating with theNKVDin the interrogation and torture of fellowMongolians.[15]Satisfied with his loyalty, Stalin ordered Mongolias Prime MinisterPeljidiinGendento appoint Choibalsan as deputy prime minister. Genden vigorously objected, but to noavail. As relations between Genden and Stalin soured, Choibalsans influence with Moscowincreased. In 1935, as a public sign of his favor, Stalin gifted Choibalsan 20GAZautomobileswhich he distributed among Mongolian power players to increase his prestige.[25]

Great Terror[

Purge of GendenIn 1936 Choibalsan andGelegdorjiin Demidwere appointedMarshalsof the Armed Forceswhile Choibalsan also became head of the newly elevated Ministry of Internal Affairs, 26percent of whose staff were NKVD agents.[26]Acting under Moscows directive, Choibalsan thenhad Genden purged in March 1936 for sabotaging Mongol-Soviet relations by rejecting Stalinsdemand that he eliminate the countrys Buddhist clergy.[27]Genden was removed from hisoffices of the prime minister and the foreign minister, arrested, and sent to Moscow where hewould be executed a year later.Anandyn Amarbecame Prime Minister in his place.

Over the next three years, Soviet mentors in the Ministry of Internal Affairs guided Choibalsanin planning and carrying out the Great Terror. Under the direction of his Soviet handlerChopyak,[26]Choibalsan had Internal Affairs Committee rules amended in May 1936 to facilitatethe detention high ranking politicians without first consulting political superiors. Soon thereafter23 high ranking lamas were arrested for participating in a counter revolutionary center.Following a yearlong trial they were publicly executed in early October 1937. When MongoliasProcurator General protested the lamas prosecution, he too was arrested and thenshot.[28]Death of Marshal Demid

Deputy NKVD Chief MP Frinovsky
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10/19

In August 1937, the 36 year old Marshal Demid, whose popularity Choibalsan had alwaysresented,[28]died under suspicious circumstances resulting in Choibalsans promotion to thedual role of sole Commander-in-Chief of the Mongolian military and Minister of Defense. Thefollowing day Choibalsan, as Interior Minister, issued Order 366 which declared that many inMongolia had fallen under the influenceof Japanese spies and provocateurs. That samemonth Stalin, alarmed by Japanese military movements in Manchuria[29]ordered the stationing

of 30,000 Red Army troops in Mongolia and had dispatched a large Soviet delegation toUlaanbaatar under Soviet Deputy NKVD CommissarMikhail Frinovsky.Frinovsky was chargedwith setting in motion the violent purges that he had so effectively carried out in the SovietUnion under NKVD ChiefNikolai Yezhov.Working through Soviet advisers already embeddedwithin the Ministry of Interior and with a willing Choibalsan providing symbolic cover, Frinovskybuilt the purge framework from behind the scenes; producing arrest lists and creating an NKVDstyle Troika (headed by Choibalsan) to try suspects.

The ruins ofManzushir Khiid,one of several hundred Buddhist monasteries destroyed during the purge.

September 10, 1937

The arrest of 65 high ranking government officials and intelligentsia on the night of Sept 10,

1937 signaled the launch of the purges in earnest. All were accused of spying for Japan as partof a Genden-Demid plot and most confessed under intense torture.[30]The first show trial wasstaged at the Central Theater from October 18 to 20, 1937. 13 of the 14 persons accused weresentenced to death.

In a spasm of violence that lasted nearly 18 months, Choibalsans troika approved and carriedout the execution of over 17,000 counterrevolutionary lamas. Monks that were not executedwere forcibly laicized[31]while 746 of the countrys monasteries were liquidated. Thousandsmore dissident intellectuals, political and government officials labeled enemies of therevolution, as well as ethnicBuryatsandKazakhswere also rounded up and killed. 25persons from top positions in the party and government were executed, 187 from the militaryleadership, 36 of the 51 members of the Central Committee.[32]Following the Russian model,Choibalsan opened gulags in the countryside to imprison dissidents.[33]While the NKVDeffectively managed the purge by staging show trials and carrying out executions,[34]afrequently intoxicated[35]Choibalsan was sometimes present during torture[35]and interrogationsof suspected counterrevolutionaries, including old friends and comrades. Choibalsan rubber-stamped NKVD execution orders and at times personally directed executions.[32]He also addednames of political enemies to NKVD arrest lists simply to settle old scores.[34][35]Nevertheless,even when he attempted to spare victims by recommending leniency in certain cases, NKVDofficers often overrode his decision.[36]
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