china word file of ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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COLLECTIVISM VS. INDIVIDUALISM
• China has long been a family-run country. It has also been, and still is, primarily a rural
nation.
• These two institutions, the family and the farm, are the core of China. Both the family
and a rural environment are collectivist in nature. They depend on working together and
aiming for harmony.
• When Mao Ze Dong came into power, he reinforced the collectivist view by eliminating
landowners and individualists and sending nearly everyone to work in collectivist
communes. Thus, China has been more collectivist than individualist in both its ancient
and modern history.
• To be fair, there are many leaders in China today who believe that the days of
collectivism in China will soon be gone. There are several reasons for this. One is that
the ―one-child- policy,‖ especially in the cities, has left us with many younger citizens
who have been raised to believe that they hold a special place in the world. For sure, this
kind of upbringing leads to individualism over collectivism
• In business however, there are still many examples of collectivist thinking. A famous
case was at Lenovo when the Chinese and American partners began to work together.
Generally, the Chinese looked towards the team as the reason for the company‘s success.
The Americans however, were trying to identify individual high performers. While I
believe these differences eventually got worked out, the starting point was quite different
for the two cultures.
• In general, the Chinese are a collective society with a need for group affiliation, whether
to their family, school, work group, or country.
• In order to maintain a sense of harmony, they will act with decorum at all times and will
not do anything to cause someone else public embarrassment.
• They are willing to subjugate their own feelings for the good of the group.
• The focus on the team over the individual is an important difference from the West. A
lesson to HR is to make sure that the focus is on the team as well as on specific
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individuals. Westerners also need to be reminded to give credit to the team rather than to
themselves, as many Chinese claim Westerners are quick to do.
• This is often observed by the use of silence in very structured meetings. If someone
disagrees with what another person says, rather than disagree publicly, the person will
remain quiet. This gives face to the other person, while speaking up would make both
parties lose face.
• The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a
society maintains among its members.
• The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree is the degree of
interdependence a society maintains among its members.
• At a score of 20 China is highly collectivist culture where people act in the interest of the
group and not necessarily of themselves. In-group considerations affect hiring and
promotions with closer in-groups (such as family) are getting preferential treatment.
• Employee commitment to the organization (but not necessarily to the people in the
organization) is low. Whereas relationships with colleagues are cooperative for in-groups
they are cold or even hostile to out- groups. Personal relationships prevail over task and
company.
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POWER DISTANCE
• The dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it
expresses that attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power
distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and
organizations within a country except and accept that power is distributed unequally.
• At 80 China sits in the higher rankings of PDI- i.e. a society that believes that inequalities
amongst people are acceptable. The subordinate- superior relationship tends to be
polarized and there is no defense against power abuse by superiors. Individuals are
influenced by formal authority and sanctions are in general optimistic about people‘s
capacity for leadership initiative. People should not have aspirations beyond their rank.
• China ranks high in power distance scale
• The modern Chinese language does not have different sets of tones to use depending on
the social status of the speaker and receiver that Japanese and Korean do. However,
social status is still a central theme to Chinese society; most Chinese refer to each other
by their title and last name. Close friends may drop the title and substitute by their age
difference .
• The high power distance nature of the Chinese culture is also reflected by the frequent
use of spokespersons or models in Chinese marketing to promote ownership appeal of a
particular product. The perceived success and influence of a celebrity has tremendous
effect on the Chinese audience. Organizations that target the older generations will often
display pictures of company founders and leaders to appeal to this social value as well.
• The modern Chinese language does not have different sets of tones to use depending on
the social status of the speaker and receiver that Japanese and Korean do. However,
social status is still a central theme to Chinese society: most Chinese refer to each other
by their title and last name, such as manager Li. Close friends may drop the title and
substitute by their age difference. Such as old Li.
• Chinese are taught to totally respect hierarchy.
• As responsibility is granted to employees only at higher ranks, one often finds that almost
all responsibility lies with the superior. Subordinates have practically no decision making
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power. That means in a business context which requires cooperation between teams or
even departments that issues have to be escalated very early. In case a Chinese employee
feels that a request for information or a council require a lot of time or effort, it could be
the case that these requests would be completely ignored as they come from an outsider.
In case cooperation with a Chinese person is needed, the matter should always be
communicated with his superior.
• Resulting from this high importance of hierarchical status, it becomes often more
important for a Chinese person to know a person is before his opinion can be considered.
This could mean a challenge in knowledge focus activities when the involved parties
have unequal ranks. This goes especially for Chinese employees with high ranks when
working together with other employees with lower ranks. In this situation, it would likely
to be difficult for the higher ranked employee to accept intellectual guidance from the
lower ranked employee or sharing a decision making process with him. For most
companies which are to be successful in China, negotiations need to be handled by the
highest ranking members of their business organization.
• The rank structure is clearly delineated between management and subordinates, and
disagreement with management is frowned upon.
• A leader‘s decision-making style varies based on several external factors that determine
the amount of power distance in an organization. They include: organizational structure,
culture, external threats, and relationships with subordinates, and the degree of formality
of the situation. Chinese managers demand unquestionable respect and loyalty, and rank
structure is formalized and clearly delineated between employees and management.
• Chinese managers are expected to operate within clearly defined lines establishing their
authority, while at the same time building a rapport with workers wherein workers can
ask, and expect to receive, favors. This principle allows managers to help those in weaker
positions by offering support. Managers operating in China must establish clear
managerial power, while concurrently developing relationships that allow subordinates to
request and receive assistance when the need arises.
• This cultural dimension describes the steepness of hierarchy and the degree of equality of
wealth and power distribution within a society. Considering the teachings of Confucius,
compassion for others is not enough but a system of hierarchical relationships is needed
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on which the rituals which compose behavior are based. No wonder then, that "China
possesses the highest power distance among all Asian nations" (Zinzius, 2004).
Interestingly, Reisach et al. (1977) state that the steep hierarchy is a direct result from the
collectivistic nature. That is why Chinese are drilled from childhood on to accept harsh
authority without questioning. Parents, teachers and superiors are idols to who one needs
to listen and imitate. That leads to a learning culture which does not encourage
independent thinking or assuming responsibility at an early stage but rather builds its
entire education on a top-down knowledge transfer process. Not contradicting a superior
is especially true when others are present.
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NON -VERBAL COMMUNICATION
The Chinese' Non-verbal communication speaks volumes.
Chinas influenced by Confucius' philosophical thinking. So Chinese people are more
reserved or at least the nonverbal communications are comparatively less expressive.
Greetings gesture.
1. When you meet your professor, you should lower your head and bend slig
htly to show respect. The same posture is also used when a young man is g
reeting an old man.
2. And shaking hands is a way of greetings. It is not used between people of r
adically different status, but between socially equal people, friends or busi
nessman, or often nods of the head or slight bow which is also sufficient.
3. But hugging and kissing when greeting are uncommon in China.
Touching Gestures.
1. Generally speaking, Chinese are not a touch-
oriented society (especially true for visitors). So avoid touching or any pro
longed form of body contact if you are just strangers.
2.
But with respect to the touch behaviors showing intimacy, it may come asa complete surprise for foreigners to see that Chinese girls havesuch close
physical contact with their friends of the same sex.
3. Actually, in China it‘s quite common for girls and even young women to
walk along arm in arm.
4. Holding hands is not so usual, but rather common for girls inprimary scho
ol or under.
5. And personal space is much less in China. The Chinese will stand much c
loser than Westerners.
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Eye Contact.
1. When walking in public places, direct eye contact and staring is un
common in the larger
cities, especially in those areas accustomed to foreign visitors.
2. However, in smaller communities, visitors may be the subject of m
uch curiosity and therefore you may notice some stares.
Beckoning Gestures.
1. To beckon someone, the palm faces downward and the fingers are
moved
in a scratching motion. Avoid use the index finger, which can be
considered rude.
Nonverbal Gestures.
1. One is posture which is really important, so don't slouch or put your feet o
n desks or chairs.
2. The other is silence, which is perfectly acceptable and customary. Silence
(Listening) is a sign of politeness and of contemplation. During conversati
ons, be especially careful about interrupting. DO’s
1. The social culture of China does permit people to stand close to each other
while talking. The reason for doing this is to show politeness, trust, and
willing to fit in.
2. If you feel that you being treated overfriendly by a Chinese person, then don‘t
hesitate to yell ―Boo‖ meaning ―No‖ dir ectly to that person.
3. The natives show more affection to their same gender
DON’TS
2. Even though people stand close to each other, it does not mean that
you can touch the opposite sex.
3. Couple do not show public affection to each other, but this is tradition
and may change over time.
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4. Do not use too much of hand gestures when talking.
5. Don‘t show emotion when you are angry or mad. In Chinese tradition,
only lower class people cannot control their emotions.
6. Don‘t ever touch a person‘s head (including children‘s) on any
occasion. This is the most disrespectful gesture that you can do to an
Asian person.
• Frowning while someone is speaking is interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Therefore,
most Chinese maintain an impassive expression when speaking
• Since the Chinese strive for harmony and are group dependent, they rely on facial
expression, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone feels.
• It is considered disrespectful to stare into another person's eyes. In crowded situations the
Chinese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy.
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GUANXI
Relationships or connections
Minimizing difficulties and frustrations.
It is a complicated field. A special feature of doing business in China will be that
Guangxi (relationship) in China will have to include relationship with the government
body, investors, partners and even relationship with your own staff, so when doing
business in China, it is important for foreign investors to learn to coordinate with the
China government, especially establishing good relationship with government bodies
dealing with foreign trade and economic cooperation.
Governmental procedures for foreign investors in establishing investments in China is
extremely complicated, thus if one is unfamiliar of the procedures, one will delayhis/her business opportunities. Therefore it is important for one to be familiar with the
investment procedures before carrying out his/her investment in China.
A safer and more appropriate way will be to seek help from local organizations
familiar in the same field of business or consultant firms who are able to provide
professional advice and assistance. Willpower and patience may be essential for an
investor to be successful, however it is necessary for one to require help from
professional bodies to ensure that success will be achieved.
Chinese emphasize very much on courtesy and face-saving. This has to do very much
with China‘s traditional culture, and courtesy can be seen in every aspect in the
business world. Being courteous to government official, cooperative partner and staff
is thus essential. Senior president of China‘s Siemens Company has rated courtesy as
the top im portance while summarizing his China‘s experiences. Besides displaying
courtesy on general commercial affairs, respecting traditional customs and practices
is also vital. Chinese people are very hospitable, but their self-esteem is very strong
and they pay very much attention on how other people view them and their attitude
towards them. This phenomenon can be seen greatly in Northern China, which is
associated with ‗face-saving‘.
While doing business with the counterpart or partner, it is essential to give face or
respect to the partner or the other party, so that in this way strong cooperation can be
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fostered and the business will be able to grow and last. Many foreign corporations
have strict requirements on their staff in their home country, however in China, this
management method may backfire. Past experiences have shown that this kind of
strict management method may not be suitable for the Chinese‘s gentle personalities.
Employees‘ morale will be affected and they may lose the willingness and motivation
to work in the company. Thus handling organizational relationship in China context is
a necessary skill for foreign investors to acquire in order to handle interpersonal
problems in the Chinese way. It is important for foreign investors to be flexible in
their management and be sensitive to China‘s culture in order to devise an ideal
management system best suited for their companies‘ organizational culture.
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MIANZI
Mianzi , or the idea of saving face: "We can all relate to the embarrassment we feel
when our flaws or failures are publicly exposed, but the Chinese (along with many other
eastern nations) have a super-sensitive radar for this."
She relayed a story about an American executive who publicly criticized a Chinese sales
manager in front of his peers, and after that meeting, the guy never returned to work. It's
an extreme case of Mianzi, but it captures just how differently Americans and East Asian
countries do business.
Ultimately, at the heart of Mianzi is fear — and that's a powerful emotion that will drive
people do irrational things, like quit a well-paying job over a personal embarrassment.
Personal pride and basis of an individual‘s reputation and social status
Saving face, losing face and giving face are vital for successful business
KEQI
Ke=guest, and qi=behavior
The term "Ke Qi客气" literally means"the act of guest" or "act of courtesy".
Thoughtful, courteous and refined behavior
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PART 1 WORKING IN CHINA
(pre-departure)
Organizations venturing into business with China, will need to consider the aspects of
Chinese business culture and etiquette in order to fully succeed
Working practices in China
1. When doing business in China, being on time is essential
2. Establishing a proper introduction with your counterparts is vital before entering
into business
Structure and hierarchy in Chinese companies
1. Strict observation of rank where the individual is subordinate to the organization.
2. Enter the meeting room in hierarchical order
3. Senior members generally lead the negotiations and will direct the discussion
Working relationships in China
1. Long-term relationships are considered more valuable then hurried transactions
2. The warm, hospitable character of your counterpart does not necessarily equal a
positive outcome. Trust, based on a beneficial relationship is more important
3. The collectivism way of thinking is still important in Chinese business today and
will influence many negotiations.
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PART 2 — DOING BUSINESS IN CHINA
Business practices in China
1. Present your business card with both hands and with the Chinese side
facing up
2. When accepting your colleague‘s card study is carefully before placing it
on the table, never in the back pocket, as this is extremely disrespectful.
3. During negotiations, humbleness and patience is the key to success. The
Chinese sense of time means that they use it knowingly and there is
always enough.
4. In most cases, initial meetings may be more of a social opportunity as
oppose to a negotiation discussion.
5. An important element before commencing a business meeting in China is
to engage in casual talk. Be prepared, as this may include quite personal
questions
Chinese business etiquette (Don‘t and Do‘s)
1. Maintain eye contact as avoiding is considered untrustworthy.
2. Address them with a title and last name. use ―Mr‖ or ―Madam‖ if not sure
3. Wait for Chinese counterpart to initiate formal greetings.
4. Handshakes are the most popular gesture
5. DON‘T assume that a nod is a sign of agreement (simply listening!)
6. DON‘T show excessive emotion whilst conducting business, as it may
seem unfriendly
7. Instead of saying ―no‖, answer ―maybe‖ or ―I‘ll think about it.‖
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APPOINTMENT
Being late for an appointment is considered a serious insult in Chinese business
culture.
1. Usually, 5 minutes earlier is acceptable;
2. Say sorry if you are late and explain the reasons, such as traffic jam,
sudden or unexpected events
Business and government hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, a
five-day work week
1. Do avoid plans to visit government offices on Friday afternoon, because this is
sometimes reserved for 'political studying' of the officials.
2. Political studying in university is often on Wednesday afternoon.
3. Most Chinese workers take a break between 12:00 p.m.- 2:00 p.m. Practically everything
"shuts down" during this period, including elevator and phone services.
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BUSINESS DRESS
Chinese people pay much attention to their suit. As China is a very traditional oriental
nation, it attaches much importance on etiquettes.
Chinese business culture, conservative suits and ties in subdued colours are the norm.
Bright colours of any kind are considered inappropriate. Men should wear suits and ties
to formal events; tuxedoes are not a part of Chinese business culture.
Women should wear conservative suits or dresses; a blouse or other kind of top should
have a high neckline. Because of the emphasis on conservative, modest, dress in Chinese
business culture, flat shoes or very low heels are the main footwear options for women.
High heels are acceptable only at a formal reception hosted by a foreign diplomat.
Jeans are acceptable casual wear for both men and women.
Mid-aged woman like to wear cheong-sam or skirt; man usually wear a suit. Indecent
dress can make your dignity lost. Compared with senior people, youngsters would like to
dress themselves semi-formally even when they are on the banquet. Fortunately, the
seniors are always very kind to forgive the juniors.
In Chinese business culture, conservative suits and ties in subdued colors are the norm.
Bright colors of any kind are considered inappropriate.
Women should wear conservative suits or dresses; a blouse or other kind of top should
have a high neckline. Stick with subdued, neutral, colors such as beige and brown.
Because of the emphasis on conservative, modest, dress in Chinese business culture, flat
shoes or very low heels are the main footwear options for women. This is true especially
if you are relatively much taller than your hosts.
Men should wear suits and ties to formal events; tuxedoes are not a part of Chinese
business culture.
Before your visit, prepare yourself by studying aspects of Chinese culture, history, and
geography. Your hosts will appreciate your initiative.
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Negative replies are considered impolite.
1. 'no', 'maybe', 'I'll think about it‗—— avioded
2. the Chinese will do the same.
3. When your Chinese counterparts 'No big problem' or 'The problem is not serious‘,
they usually mean 'There are still problems.'
You may be asked intrusive questions concerning your age, income, and marital status.
1. If you don't want to reveal this information, remain polite and give an unspecific
answer.
2. Don't express irritation with the questioner, since 'losing face' has such negative
implications in this culture.
3. Do not ask your Chinese hosts about their family directly but you can ask 'How
old is your child?', 'How long have you been in the work force?' or 'Where is your
child studying?' as a means of determining their marital status and age.
In Chinese culture, the question ‗Have you eaten?‘ or ‗Where have you been?‘ is the
equivalent to ‗How are you?‘ in North America;
1. It's just a superficial inquiry that does not require a literal-minded, detailed
answer. Simply answer, 'yes', even if you haven't actually eaten or simply
smile and say 'thank you.'
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MEETINGS
In accordance with Chinese business protocol, people are expected to enter the meeting
room in hierarchical order.
For example, the Chinese will assume that the first foreigner to enter the room is head
of the delegation.
Since there is such a strong emphasis on hierarchy in Chinese business culture, ensure
that you bring a senior member of your organization to lead the negotiations on your
behalf. The Chinese will do the same.
Only the senior members of your group are expected to lead the discussion.
Interruptions of any kind from subordinates are considered shocking by the Chinese.
In Chinese business culture, humility is a virtue. Exaggerated claims are regarded with
suspicion and, in most instances, will be investigated.
Don‘t boast and exaggerate any personal or business information
The Chinese will not directly say ―no‖ to you. Instead, ambivalent answers such as―perhaps‖, ―I'm not sure‖, ―I'll think about it‖, or ―We'll see‖ usually mean ―no.‖
Indirect refusal
Wait for our discussion and it sometimes means no answer
The Chinese tend to extend negotiations well beyond the official deadline to gain
advantage. On the final day of your visit, they even may try to renegotiate everything.
Sometimes, in the first few days, no actual results will be achieved, but in the last one or
two days, Chinese counterpart may push you to reach a negotiation.
Be patient, show little emotion, and calmly accept that delays will occur. Moreover, do
not mention deadlines.
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At the end of a meeting, you are expected to leave before your Chinese counterparts.
When setting up a Chinese business meeting, it is important to send as much
information to your Chinese counterparts in advance. Including details about the topics
to be discussed and background information on your company ensures that the people
you want to meet will actually attend the meeting.However, preparing in advance will
not get you confirmation of the actual meeting‘s day and time. It is not uncommon to
wait anxiously to the last minute for confirmation. The Chinese prefer waiting until a
few days before or even the day of the meeting to confirm the time and place.
Arrival at a Chinese Business Meeting:
1. Be on time. Arriving late is considered rude. If you do arrive late, apologizing
for your tardiness is a must.
2. If you are hosting the meeting, it is proper etiquette to send a representative to
meet the meeting‘s participants outside the building or in the lobby and personally
escort them to the meeting room. The host should be waiting in the meeting room
to greet all meeting attendants.
3. The senior-most guest should enter the meeting room first. While entrance by
rank is a must during high level government meetings, it is becoming less formal
for regular business meetings.
Chinese Business Meeting Seating Arrangements:
1. After handshakes and the exchange of business cards, guests take their seats.
The seating is typically arranged by rank. The host should escort the senior-
most guest to his or her seat as well as any VIP guests.
2. The place of honor is to the host‘s right on a sofa or in chairs that are opposite
the room‘s doors. If the meeting is held around a large conference table, then
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the guest of honor is seated directly opposite the host. Other high ranking
guests sit in the same general area while the remainder of the guests can
choose their seats from among the remaining chairs.
3. If the meeting is held around a large conference table, all the Chinese
delegation may opt to sit on one side of the table and foreigners on the other.
This is especially true for formal meetings and negotiations. The principal
delegates are seated in the meeting with lower ranking attendees placed at
either end of the table.
Discussing Business at a Chinese Business Meeting:
1. Meetings usually begin with small talk to help both sides feel more comfortable.
After a few moments of small talk, there is a short welcoming speech from the
host followed by discussion of the meeting‘s topic.
2. During any conversation, the Chinese will often nod their heads or make
affirmative utterances. These are signals that they are listening to what is being
said and understand what is being said. These are not agreements to what is being
said.
3. Do not interrupt during the meeting. Chinese meetings are highly structured and
interjecting beyond a quick remark is considered rude. Also, don‘t put anyone on
the spot by asking them to provide information they seem unwilling to give or
challenge a person directly. Doing so will lead them to become embarrassed and
lose face.
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ENTERTAINING
Wait to be seated, as there is a seating etiquette based on hierarchy in Chinese business
culture.
Generally, the seat in the middle of the table, facing the door, is reserved for the host. The
most senior guest of honor sits directly to the left. Everyone else is seated in descending
order of status. The most senior member sits in the center seat. Follow this seating pattern
if you are hosting a banquet or a meal in your residence, whether for business or purely
social reasons.
The host is the first person at the table allowed to begin eating by declaring the first
toast. Then, the rest of the company can proceed with the meal. If you are the host, take
the first piece of the most valued food and put it on your guest of honor‘s plate after the
first toast. This will signify that eating can proceed and is considered a friendly gesture.
Business is not discussed during the meal.
• It is not uncommon for a host to order enough food for ten people at a table of five. He
or she loses face if there are not plenty of left-overs at the end of a meal. Rice, considered
by many Chinese to be filler, is generally not served until the end of a meal. So, if you
want to eat rice with your meal be sure to ask the waitress [or 'shou jie'] to serve it early,
particularly if the food is spicy.
During a meal, as many as 7-12 courses can be served, so try not to eat too much at once.
The best policy is to lightly sample each dish.
• Leaving a 'clean plate' is perceived to mean that you were not given enough food--a
terrible insult. On the other hand, leaving a food offering untouched will also give
offense; even if you find a dish unappealing, try a small portion for the sake of politeness.
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UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which members in a society feel uncomfortable
with ambiguous situations and take steps to avoid them. Uncertainty avoidance occurs at
various levels of an organization. For example, senior management may refuse to pursue
a project with uncertain outcomes. Uncertainty avoidance has many implications for
leadership characteristics and leadership traits such as habitual, formal, cautious, and
orderly is perceived as an outstanding form of leadership in some countries while a
negative form in others.
In China, a country with high uncertainty avoidance, managers are more controlling, less
approachable, and less likely to delegate to subordinates than their low-avoidance
counterparts. In other words, managers in China do not place as much trust in their
employees as managers in other countries.
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• http://www.gaoshan.de/kmchina/thesis.php?show=32
• http://books.google.co.in/books?id=CyXrMNMnV7QC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=p
ower+distance+in+china&source=bl&ots=eODKr6xkt3&sig=8LDO5N_dmdVPUKaxSm
KhPMyJm08&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vjEyUeagCNGJrAelj4CgDw&ved=0CGgQ6AEwBw#v
=onepage&q=power%20distance%20in%20china&f=false
• http://www.internationalexperts.com/index.php/research/item/application-of-hofstede-s-
power-distance-to-american-chinese-and-japanese-leaders
• http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/power-distance-index.html
• http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html
• http://www.ling.gu.se/~biljana/gestures2.html
• http://www.culture-4-travel.com/nonverbal-communication.html
• http://traveltips.usatoday.com/chinese-culture-guide-20880.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/dragon888/non-verbal-communication-russia-japan-and-china
• http://lang-8.com/86540/journals/312970/Chinese-Nonverbal-
Communication#sthash.Vd50LSjL.dpuf
• http://www.china-window.com/china_business/doing_business_in_china/the-importance-
of-guangxi.shtml
• http://www.businessinsider.com/mianzi-in-china-2012-5#ixzz2MPEjqp7N
• http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?/topic/11347-chinese-practice-of-ke-qi-
• http://www.gigabiz.co.uk/business_dress_code.html
• http://www.travelchinaguide.com/faq/when/general.htm#sthash.a2ItFm48.dpuf
• http://chineseculture.about.com/od/businesseconomy/a/Chinese-Business-Chinese-
Business-Meeting-Etiquette.htm • http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2010/08/the-successful-expatriate-leader-in-china/
• http://geert-hofstede.com/china.html#sthash.UiPtCOcY.dpuf