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China / State Forestry Administration
Combined safeguards and sub-regional capacity building workshop on REDD-plus, Singapore,
15-18 March 201115-18 March 2011
LI Diqiang, Research Institute of Forest
Environment, Ecology and Protection
WU Shuirong, Research Institute of Forestry
Policy and Information
Chinese Academy of Forestry
National experience with REDD-plus
China’s Response to CC
1990
Set up
Special
Instt. for
1992 1994
Signed
KP
Set up National
Leading Group
on CC;
White Paper
“China’s
Policies and
Actions for
1998
June
2007
October
2008
August
2009
Nov
2010
Resolution of
the Standing
Committee of
Green Paper
“Report on
Addressing Instt. for
CC
Signed
UNFCCC
Established
National
Coordination
Committee
on CC
CNCCPformulated,
outlining
objectives,
principles,
actions, policies
and measures
up to 2010
Actions for
Addressing
CC” published,
describing the
policies and
actions for
mitigation and
adaptation,
the needed
institution and
mechanism
building.
Committee of
National
People’s
Congress of
China on
Actively
Responding to
CC was
adopted,
highlighting
vigorous policy
measures
Addressing
CC-Cancun’
challenges
and China’s
actions” was
published,
highlighting
the long term
strategy
1995
Forestry
Action Plan
for China’s
Agenda 21
June
2003
SFA set up the
Management
Office on
Carbon
SFA
established the
Leading Group
on Climate
Dec2
003July
2007
Sept
2007
Feb
2009
No. 1
Document
introduced
June
2009
Sept
2009
UN Summit
on CC,
China
Nov
2009
SFA released
its Forestry
Action Plan
Response of forest sector
Agenda 21
formulated
No.9 Document
Resolution on
Expediting Forestry
Development announced,
indicating a historic
transformation of forestry
strategy from timber
production to ecological
reconstruction
Carbon
Sequestrationon Climate
Change and
Energy Saving,
with 5 working
groups
China proposed to
establish the APFNet,
started to operate since
2008 as an open regional
organization with aims of
promoting SFM
introduced
“Carbon
Forestry”
concept the
first time
The First Central
Forestry Working
Conference,
“unique position
of forest in CC”
China
committed
an
unprecedent
ed increase
in forest
carbon sink
Action Plan
to Address
Climate
Change which
sets forth the
5 basic
principles, 3
targets, and
22 initiatives
(of which, 15
actions for
mitigation, 7
for adaptation)
• To cut CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 40% - 45% by 2020
from the 2005 level；
• To increase forest area by 40 million ha and forest stocking
volume by 1.3 billion m3 by 2020 from the 2005 levels;
National targets in response to climate change
volume by 1.3 billion m3 by 2020 from the 2005 levels;
• To increase the share of non-fossil fuels in primary energy
consumption to around 15% by 2020;
• To develop green economy, low carbon economy and circular
economy and enhance research, development and
dissemination of climate-friendly technologies.
• Key Areas (and major actions)
Mitigation:
- Afforestation (nationwide voluntary tree-planting campaign; Six
Key forestry programs; valuable wood cultivation)
Forestry Action Plan to Address Climate Change
- Forestry biomass energy (cultivation of energy forests with
integration of processing and utilization)
- Sustainable forest management (forest management program for
commercial forests and ecological forests)
- Protection of forest resources (logging management; requisition
and exploration management of forestland; forestry law-
enforcement capability; forest fire protection capability; prevention
and control capability of forest pests, rats and hares)
Mitigation (cont…):
- Forestry industry (development and utilization of biomass material;
efficiency of timber recycled utilization)
- Wetland restoration, conservation and use (rescuing conservation
Forestry Action Plan to Address Climate Change (cont…)
- Wetland restoration, conservation and use (rescuing conservation
and restoration; demonstration of sustainable agriculture, animal
husbandry and fishery development)
Adaptation:
- Forest ecosystem (plantation ecosystem; establishment of nature
reserve; intensification of conservation with key species; wildlife
epidemic-stricken area and disease monitoring and pre-warning
capability)
Forestry Action Plan to Address Climate Change (cont…)
capability)
- Desertification ecosystem (vegetation protection in decertified
areas)
- Wetland ecosystem (fundamental work of wetland conservation
such as survey and evaluation etc; network of wetland nature
reserves)
China propose: treats
Source: The Little REDD+ Book
China propose: treats
equally reducing
emissions
from deforestation and
forest degradation in
developing countries,
and role of
conservation,
sustainable
management of forests
and enhancement of
forest carbon stocks in
developing countries.
• Increasing carbon sink
- increase of forest areas by afforestation
- quality improvement of exiting forests
• Reducing carbon/GHG emission
Options and potentials in mitigating CC
• Reducing carbon/GHG emission
- strengthening forest protection
- wetland protection and soil and water control of forestland
- substitution of fossil fuel with development of forest biomass
energy
• Increasing carbon storage
- extending timber utilization and its service life
Forest resources development and target
200
250
300
Fo
rest
are
a(M
illi
on
ha)
10000
12000
14000
16000
Sto
ckin
g v
olu
me(
Mil
lio
n m
3)Forest Area
Stocking volume
0
50
100
150
Fo
rest
are
a(M
illi
on
ha)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Sto
ckin
g v
olu
me(
Mil
lio
n m
3)
Source: forest inventory data
y = -226.93x2 + 5100.9x + 7.0348
20000
25000
30000
35000
1000h
aForest planting area increasing
R2 = 0.7859
0
5000
10000
15000
1949
-195
2195
3-19
5719
58-1
962
1963
-196
519
66-1
970
1971-
1975
1976
-198
019
81-1
985
1986
-199
0199
1-19
9519
96-2
000
2001
-200
5
1000h
a
Average planting area per year between 1949-2007: 4.4Mha
Uzbekistan
Turkey
India
Viet Nam
China
Change of planted forest area by countries
-2,000 -1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
1000ha/yr
Indonesia
Myanmar
Cambodia
Philippines
Malaysia
Uzbekistan
2000-2005
1990-2000
• Promoting CDM projects
- one under KP – the first worldwide forestry CDM project in 2006
- 5 more under development within the framework of CCB standards
- 4 more pilot projects under implementation or development
Development of forest carbon markets
• Establishment of China Green Carbon Foundation
• July 2007, SFA established the China Green Carbon Fund
• July 2010, developed as the China Green Carbon Foundation
• The purposes:
- to increase the public awareness and provide access to - to increase the public awareness and provide access to pursuing low carbon economy;
- to provide a platform for domestic companies and the public;
- to promote the development of an ES market in China.
• More than 10 regulatory documents formulated for a sound management of the Foundation
• Since July of 2010, 96.8 million yuan RMB raised from companies and individuals; more than 8000 ha afforested in 9 provinces with expectation of producing carbon credits.
China Green Carbon Fund: operational model
Companies
Funding & Technology Funding & Technology
China Green Carbon Fund
Companies/ Individuals
(e.g. Sino-Petrol)
REDD+ activitesCarbon accounting
Carbon trading
Forestry Administrations
Offset of emission reduction!
Carbon Credits
Certification/verification
Online public notification
Company Account
Source: adapted from N. Li (2008)
National experience with biodiversity safeguards
• Strong political support at central and provincial levels
for including biodiversity safeguards
- 2531 nature reserves have been established, accounting - 2531 nature reserves have been established, accounting
for 15.2% of land area, Out of total 600 ecosystems, 100 of
120 priority ecosystem types are covered by the NR
system. 85% terrestrial ecosystems, 85% wildlife species
and 65% high plant species, 20% natural forests and 40%
nature wetland are covered by the NR system.
• Strengthening fundamental work and capacity building
at various levels
Main obstacles for including biodiversity safeguards
• Key issues:
– Over-exploitation of resources
– Environmental pollution and development and
construction
– Monoculture of forest species– Monoculture of forest species
– invasive alien species
• Underlying Drivers of Biodiversity Loss
– Population
– Poverty
– Economic development
– Governance structure and reform
National Biodiversity
conservation strategy and
action plan(2011-2030)
• Enhancing policy and laws studies on Biodiversity
conservation
• Biodiversity inventory, monitoring and research
• In-situ conservation of Biodiversity
• Ex-situ conservation of Biodiversity• Ex-situ conservation of Biodiversity
• Benefit sharing for genetic resources and Traditional
knowledge
• Bio-security
• Climate change adaptation
Gap analysis in China
Biodiversity Conservation
Priority area in China
National experience with safeguards for indigenous and local communitiesindigenous and local communities
Forest governance and tenure reform
• China: two types of forest ownership
• - state-owned, 42% forest area and 68% volume;
• - collective, 58% forest area and 32% volume.
• China is speeding up the trend of decentralization and privatization of forest
management through collective forest tenure reform (2004)
• clarifying and safeguarding the property rights of land and forests• clarifying and safeguarding the property rights of land and forests
• attracting private investment and motivating farmers to practice forest
management by three measures (tax reduction, eliminating obligations,
creating of forest asset marketing system)
• As of now, 149 million ha decentralized to farmer households, accounting
for 81.69% of the total collective forestland. More than 300 million farmers
benefit from the reform directly. Plantation managed by individuals
accounted for 60% of total plantation.
• The security of forest rights and land tenure is one of the key issues and
preconditions for SFM and forest conservation, good basis for the success
of any REDD+ initiative.
• Characteristics:
- longer contract period (30-70 years)
- a bundle of rights (transferability, inheritance, mortgageability, harvest rights,
freedom of production decision, contract length, etc)
- democratic decision making (two-thirds vote either by the entire village
assembly or the committee of village representatives) , voluntary participation
Forest governance and tenure reform (cont…)
- integration with rural development
• Coherent supportive policy reform:
- reducing forest levies (tax reduction, eliminating obligations);
- creating of forest asset marketing system� transfer of forests and lands
- promoting market instruments, linkage between production and processing,
etc.
- financing and assurance support;
- institutional support, promoting farmers’ associations
National experience with assessing/ monitoring impacts of REDD-plus
Revised CCB criteria for CDM (REDD+) Project design
• CLIMATE SECTION
– CL1. Net Positive Climate Impacts
– CL2. Offsite Climate Impacts (‘Leakage’)
– CL3. Climate Impact Monitoring– CL3. Climate Impact Monitoring
• COMMUNITY SECTION
– CM1. Net Positive Community Impacts
– CM2. Offsite Stakeholder Impacts
– CM3. Community Impact Monitoring
• BIODIVERSITY SECTION
– B1. Net Positive Biodiversity Impacts
– B2. Offsite Biodiversity Impacts
– B3. Biodiversity Impact Monitoring
Regional collaboration regarding safeguards and
impact assessment
• September 2007, China’s President proposed to establish the Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and Rehabilitation (APFNet), which was agreed by the 15th APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in Sydney, Australia and was incorporated in the Sydney Meeting in Sydney, Australia and was incorporated in the Sydney APEC Leaders’ Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development.
• The APFNet as an open regional organization has started to operate since 2008 with the aims of promoting and improving sustainable forest management and rehabilitation in the Asia-Pacific region.
• Based on this platform, the regional and international cooperation supposed to be actively developed.
