CHINA & JAPAN LIMIT EUROPEAN CONTACTS

1200’S GENGHIS KHAN BUILDS LARGEST EMPIRE EVER ON EARTH THROUGH WAR

SONS BREAK IT INTO 4 PARTS ~1250-1350 = “MONGOL PEACE” =

STABLE TIME =TRADE + IDEAS MOVE FREELY

MONGOLS UNDER KUBLAI KHAN RULE CHINA FAIRLY WELL

GENGHIS K. TO KUBLAI K.: MONGOLS BECOME LESS MONGOL, MORE CHINESE as they settle in

Genghis K. Kublai K.

A REBEL ARMY LED BY A FARMER OVERTHROWS MONGOL RULE IN 1368

HONGWU (the rebel) becomes EMPEROR

REFORMS the following:

AGRICULTURE—MORE RICE, BETTER IRRIGATION, FISH PONDS

GOV’T = CONFUCIAN-BASED MERIT SYSTEM

CHINA CONTACTS OUTSIDE WORLD WITH 7 HISTORIC VOYAGES

ZHENG HE: CHINESE MUSLIM ADMIRAL LEADS EACH ONE

SHOWS CHINESE POWER & SPLENDOR

EXPANDS TRIBUTE SYSTEM (RESPECT & GIFTS TO EMPEROR)

LIKE “FLOATING CITIES”: CREW NUMBERED OVER HALF OF POPULATION OF “THE POINTES” (27,000 VS 45,000) Santa Maria

AFTER 7TH VOYAGE (1433) CHINA BECOMES:

ISOLATIONIST: A POLICY OF AVOIDING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, OR MILITARY INVOLVEMENT WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

FOREIGN TRADE LIMITED TO 3 PORTS CHINA REFUSES TO INDUSTRIALIZE TO

KEEP UP WITH DEMAND: FOREIGN TRADE is “ANTI-CONFUCIUS” FARMING, NOT INDUSTRY= TRADITION

CHINESE SMUGGLING INCREASES

CAPITAL MOVED TO BEIJING 1420—

EMPEROR LIVED HERE UNTIL 1911 KNOWN AS “FORBIDDEN CITY”:

NO FOREIGNERS OR COMMON PEOPLE ALLOWED IN

30+ FOOT WALLS AND MOATS SURROUND FORBIDDEN CITY

HISTORY REPEATS! OUTSIDE INVADERS TAKE OVER CHINA

NATIVE CHINESE REBELLED, BUT MANCHU WON THEM OVER

UPHELD CONFUCIANISM & SOCIAL STRUCTURES, CHINA PROSPERED & WAS SAFE

KANGXI (1st emperor) & QIAN-LONG (grandson) RULE FOR 120 YEARS!

CHINESE BELIEVED THEY DID NOT REALLY NEED FOREIGN “STUFF”

FOREIGNERS ALLOWED IN ONLY IF THEY “FIT INTO” CUSTOMS PAY TRIBUTE TO EMPEROR

KOWTOW TO EMPEROR: BOW 9 TIMES HEAD TO FLOOR, NEVER TURN BACK ON EMPEROR

ENGLISH, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE REFUSE TO DO CHINESE CUSTOMS

DUTCH CONTROLLED INDIAN OCEAN: they want Chinese trade! SO THEY PERFORM CUSTOMS

DUTCH GET CHINESE SILK, PORCELAIN, & TEA (BY 1800, control 80% OF SHIPMENTS TO EUROPE!)

ALTHOUGH FOUND ELSEWHERE, CHINESE TEA & SILK SUPERIOR TO OTHER PLACES (PLUS “EXOTIC” TO EUROPEANS)

1300’S-1600: JAPANESE FEUDAL WARLORDS FIGHT EACH OTHER

EUROPEAN GUNS CHANGE WARFARE & FEUDALISM IN JAPAN

1600: TOKUGAWA IEYASU is #1 ruler

Moves Capital to EDO (TOKYO)

Nobles FORCED to live in Edo every other year & must leave family behind: Rebellion stops quickly

PEACE, PROSPERITY FOR 250 YEARS

BUT FARMERS TAXED HEAVILY & their LIVES ARE HARD

WOMEN HAVE INFERIOR RIGHTS

MANUFACTURING INCREASED

EDUCATION AND ARTS GROW

EX: HAIKU, PAINTING, KABUKI

JAPANESE WELCOME PORTUGUESE IN THE 1500’S UNTIL CHRISTIANITY VIEWED AS A THREAT; IN 1600’S SHOGUN PERSECUTES CHRISTIANS

BY 1639 JAPAN CLOSES COUNTRY to ALL FOREIGNERS except Dutch & Chinese (at Nagasaki)

Remains “CLOSED” for 200 YEARS until “Gun Boat Diplomacy” opens it