China in Revolution from 1911 to 1949

Wanli Hu

The China Program Center

UMass Boston

Contents1. Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Revolution

2. China in the Civil War of Warlords

3. The New Cultural Movement

4. The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

5. The Northern Expedition and the First United Front

6. The Anti-Japanese War from 1931 to 1945 and the Second United Front

7. The Civil War between Chiang and Mao

8. The Victory of the Communist Party of China in 1949

1. Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Revolution (1911-1924)

•Overthrow Manchurian Rule internally and drive imperialist powers externally• Three People’s Principles

• People’s National Consciousness / Nationalism

• People’s Rights / Democracy• People’s Livelihood / Socialism

• Be alliance with the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party

2. The Civil War among Warlords

• Yuan Shikai and his emperor dream

• Northern Factions

– Anhui clique

– Zhili clique

– Fengtian clique

• Southern Factions

– Yunnan clique

– Old Guangxi clique

– Sichuan clique

– Nationalist army

• Minor factions

3.The New Cultural Movement from 1917 to 1923

• China’s reaction to the challenges from the West– Self-strengthen movement from 1861 to 1895– Political reform and revolution in 1898 & 1911– New Cultural movement from 1910s to 1920s

• “Welcome Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science” - Chen Duxiu

• John Dewey vs. Bertrand Russel

• Liberalism vs. Socialism

• Japan’s Invasion from 1931 to 1945

4. Birth of the Chinese Communist Party

• World War I• The Versailles Treaty in 1919• The May Fourth Movement in 1919

– President Wilson’s dilemma – Lenin’s promise

• The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921

• GMD (Nationalists) vs. CCP (Communists)• Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) vs. Mao Zedong• Pro-American force vs. pro-Russian force

5. The Northern Expedition and the First United Front

• The Northern Expedition in 1924

• The First United Front between GMD & CCP

• The split between Nationalists and Communists in 1927

• Communist revolutionary bases

• The Long March

1934-1935

(8,000 miles and 370

days)

6. Anti-Japanese War and the Second United Front

• Japan occupied Northeast in 1931• Japan invaded China in 1937• The Rape of Nanjing • Xi’an Incident • The Second United Front• Japan lost in 1945

7. The Civil War between Chiang and Mao

• Patrick Hurley’s Mediation from 1944-45

• Gorge Marshall’s Mediation from 1945-47

• The Civil War between Chiang and Mao from 1946-1949

• Competition between Washington and Moscow

• Three military campaigns from 1947-49

• Mao defeated Chiang and established the People’s Republic of China in 1949

Outline from 1911-19491. Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Revolution

2. China in Civil War of Warlords

3. The New Cultural Movement

4. The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

5. The Northern Expedition and the First United Front

6. The Anti-Japanese War from 1931 to 1945 and the Second United Front

7. The Civil War between Chiang and Mao

8. The Victory of the Communist Party of China in 1949

Thank you!

Questions?