CHINA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION• CHINESE REVOLUTION

– 1911 to 1949• Triggered by disastrous

encounters with the West– Opium wars– Failure of Boxer Rebellion

• Manchu Dynasty made half-hearted efforts at reform– Too little too late– Dynasty had to go if China

was really going to reform itself

CHINESE REVOLUTION OF1911• Dr. Sun Yat-sen

– “Father of the Chinese Revolution”– Western-educated medical doctor– Three Principles

• Democracy• Nationalism • Socialism

• Manchu Dynasty collapses in 1911– Sun Yat-sen not even in country at

time– Comes back home in January 1912

and is proclaimed President of new Chinese Republic

BIG TROUBLE, 1912-1925• Sun Yat-sen hands

power over to Yuan Shikai in Spring 1912

• Yuan Shikai attempts to create new dynasty with himself as emperor –losing Sun Yat-sen;s support

DISINTEGRATION

• Yuan Shikai does not press Japanese to return German territory in China– Alienates entire nation– Dies in 1916– Disintegration accelerates– Weak republic continues to operate

out of Bejiing– Sun-Yat-sen forms Nationalist Party

to take control of China– Most of China in the hands of

various warlords• Former bandit leaders or generals

CHINESE STUDENTS• CHINESE STUDENT MOVEMENT

– MAY 4TH MOVEMENT• Sparked by outrage at China’s

treatment at Versailles– NEW CULTURE MOVEMENT

• Re-examination of Chinese traditions and investigation of Western ideas

– FORMATION OF CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (1921)

• Formed with Soviet help• Included Mao Zedong• Cooperates with Nationalists

SPLIT IN THE NATIONALIST PARTY

• Chaing Kai’shek– Assumed control of

Nationalist Party in 1925

– Goes after Communists, fearing they have become too strong

– Massacre in Shanghai (1927)

THE LONG MARCH

• Kiangsi Province– Communists adopt Mao’s strategy of “swimming the peasant sea”– Attacked by Chaing in 1930– Survivors flee to Shensi Province, 6000 miles to the northwest –

THE LONG MARCH• COMMUNISTS APPEAR TO BE FINISHED AS A POLITICAL FORCE IN

CHINA

WORLD WAR II

• Chaing Kai’shek completely ineffective in fighting the Japanese– Regime also becomes

increasingly corrupt and dictatorial

• Mao Zedong very effective in waging guerilla war against the Japanese– “swimming the

peasant sea” strategy also wins support of Chinese people

CIVIL WAR

• End of World War II– Soviets give Mao

captured Japanese equipment

– Full-scale civil war erupts in 1947

– Chinese Communists win in 1949 and Chaing flees to Taiwan

RADICAL CHANGE

• Attempt to destroy traditional Chinese family

• Great Leap Forward– Improve agricultural

and industrial production

– Collective farms– Involuntary work

groups

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1965)

– Response to growing criticism of Mao

– Used “Red Guards” to ridicule and attack all critics

– Caused tremendous confusion, dislocation, and unfair persecution of innocent people

DEATH OF MAO• Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing,

tries to make herself heir during his last days

• Mao dies in 1976

• Jiang Qing and closest supporters (“The Gang of Four”) arrested

• Deng Xiaping emerges as China’s new leader

TIENANMEN SQUARE 1989• Deng Xiaping moderates many of

Mao’s policies

• Encouraged by his apparent moderation, Chinese students push for democratic reforms

• Culminates in Tienanmen Square demonstration of May 1989– Hundreds of thousands of

demonstrators– Appears to be successful at

first– Soldiers clear square with

much bloodshed and loss of life

BRITISH INDIA• Benefits of British rule

– Economic progress– Educational opportunities for upper

class– Improvement in public health

• Downside of British rule– Genuine freedom missing– Economic progress passed most by– Public health improvements caused

population to skyrocket• Formation of Congress Party

– Made up moderate Indian professionals

OBSTACLES TO INDEPENDENCE

• Isolation and poverty of rural population

• Caste divisions• Hostility between

Hindus and Moslems• Lack of common

language• Huge gap between

wealth, western educated members of Congress Party and impoverished and uneducated masses

MAHATMA GANDHI• Born in 1869 to a wealthy Hindu family• Received law education in London• While in London, spent spare time

studying spiritual writings– Hindu– Bible– Leo Tolstoy– Henry David Thoreau

• Concept of Civil Disobedience• Moved to South Africa after graduation

– Developed strategy to help Indian contract workers

• Returned to India in 1916– Welcomed as a hero– Invited to join Congress Party

GANDHI IN INDIA• Became leader of Congress

Party• Developed strategy of

nonviolent protest• Frequently imprisoned

– Turned into victories through tactic of hunger strike

• Dressed like Hindu holy man• Principles were mixture of old

and new– Urged return to simple pre-

British way of life– Advocated equality and

condemned the caste system

SUCCESS AND DISAPPOINTMENT

• British often over-reacted to non-violent demonstrations, generating international sympathy for Gandhi’s causes

• Decades of protest finally paid off in 1947 –India is granted independence

• Riots immediately break out between Moslems and Hindus

• Gandhi is assassinated in 1948

• Moslem parts of India break off to form Pakistan and Bangladesh

INDEPENDENT INDIA• PANDIT NEHRU (1948-1964)

• INDIRA GANDHI (1966-1984)

• RAJIV GANDHI (1984-1991)

• SUCCESSES– Welded India into one nation– Economic development

• PROBLEMS– Overpopulation– Religious inspired violence

• WORLD’S LARGEST DEMOCRACY

Pandit Nehru

Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi