china and its lithium supply and demand dynamics

54
China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics 11 th Lithium Supply & Markets Conference, Santiago, Chile Jingwen Sun Analyst [email protected] SAC Reg. No.: S0950519050001 Nonferrous Metals Research Equity Research 2019/06/06

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Page 1: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

珍惜有限 创造无限

China And Its Lithium Supply And

Demand Dynamics11th Lithium Supply & Markets Conference, Santiago, Chile

Jingwen Sun

Analyst

[email protected]

SAC Reg. No.: S0950519050001

Nonferrous Metals Research

Equity Research 2019/06/06

Page 2: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Contents 目录

01

03

02

04

A Review of The Lithium Market:

Where Do We Currently Stand?

Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model:

Dive Into The Market Structure

Different Logics between China

Spot & Global Contract Market

Why Brine Projects Could Hardly

Replace Hard-rock Projects?

05 Understanding The Lithium

Chemical Cost Curve

2

Page 3: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Lithium Carbonate & Lithium Hydroxide Spot Market in China

Technical Grade Lithium Carbonate (CNY/t,VAT Incl.) Battery Grade Lithium Carbonate (CNY/t,VAT Incl.)

Technical Grade Lithium Hydroxide (CNY/t,VAT Incl.) Batter Grade Lithium Hydroxide (CNY/t,VAT Incl.)

Shortage of spodumene concentrate

Shortage of effective converting capacity

Hydroxide enjoyed high premium, but narrowed quickly

OEMs highly incentivized were themain driver of lithium demand & price

Capacity expansion of cahode & Battery makers drove demand and price high,

along with stock-addingThe main driver returned to OEMs, the

end-use demand, as China battery market reshuffled

Sources: Asian Metals, Minmetals Securities Research

Exhibit: An overview of China lithium chemical spot market 2015-2019YTD

1. A Review of The Lithium Market: Where Do We Currently Stand?

3

Page 4: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

100kt

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2014-2020 Global Lithium Supply & Demand Model -Stock Adjusted (LCE, ton)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand-Stock Adjusted

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2014-2020 Global Lithium Supply & Demand Model (LCE, ton)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand

2.1 Short-term conclusions:

Figures of 2018: Mine Supply 373 kton LCE, Chemical Supply 282 kton LCE, Adjusted End-use Demand 273kton

2017-2019YTD Increasing surplus of lithium mine supply observed (nominal supply)

While lithium chemical is roughly balanced with a slight surplus in 2018 and expected to continue to 2020

Significant discrepancy between mine supply and chemical supply, especially in 2018&2019

Exhibit: Global Lithium Mine Supply, Chemical Supply, and Stock Adj. Demand

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Global Lithium Mine Supply, Chemical Supply, and Demand

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports4

Page 5: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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2.2 Questions for the long-run:

Which we should look at? Lithium Mine Supply or Lithium Chemical Supply

Is the discrepancy between Mine Supply and Chemical Supply sustainable? How will that evolve?

Why we emphasize the “Stock Adjusted Demand” in this fast growing market?

What will bring about the turn-around? The Price Reality versus Expectations

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Global lithium supply & stock adjusted demand model 2014-2025 Exhibit: Global lithium supply & demand model 2014-2025

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2014-2025 Global Lithium Supply & Stock Adjusted Demand Model (LCE, ton)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand-Stock Adjusted

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2014-2025 Global Lithium Supply & Demand Model (LCE, ton)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

5

Page 6: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research Estimates

Exhibit: Estimates for hard-rock lithium capacity expansion globally, 2009-2025 (ktons, LCE)

2.3 A Closer Look at Spodumene Supply & Hard-rock Convertors

0

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global Hard-rock Lithium Capacity Estimates 2009-2025 (tons, LCE) Jiangxi-Yichun

Ning Du-Heyuan

Aba-Maerkang

Aba-Maerkang Dang Ba

Ganzi-Cuola

Ganzi-Jia Ji Ka

Aba-Guan Yin Qiao

Aba-Li Jia Gou

Grota do Cirilo

Mibra

Brazil-USGS

Portugal-USGS

Manono/Kitotolo

Arcadia

Bikita

Whabouchi

Quebec Lithium

Mt Holland-Earl Grey

Wodgina

Bald Hill

Pilgangoora-AJM

Pilgangoora-PLS

MT Marion

MT Cattlin

Greenbushes

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

6

Page 7: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research Estimates

Exhibit: Estimates for hard-rock lithium production globally, 2009-2025 (ktons, LCE)

2.3 A Closer Look at Spodumene Supply & Hard-rock Convertors

0

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700,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global Hard-rock Lithium Production Estimates 2009-2025 (tons, LCE) Jiangxi-Yichun

Ning Du-Heyuan

Aba-Maerkang

Aba-Maerkang Dang Ba

Ganzi-Cuola

Ganzi-Jia Ji Ka

Aba-Guan Yin Qiao

Aba-Li Jia Gou

Grota do Cirilo

Mibra

Brazil-USGS

San Jose

Portugal-USGS

Rubicon & Helikon

Manono/Kitotolo

Arcadia

Bikita

Whabouchi

Rose Tantalum-Lithium

Quebec Lithium

Mt Holland-Earl Grey

Wodgina

Bald Hill

Pilgangoora-AJM

Pilgangoora-PLS

MT Marion

MT Cattlin

Greenbushes

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

7

Page 8: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: China Lithium Association, Minmetals Securities Research

Sources: Company Reports, Minmetals Securities Research

Exhibit: China base lithium chemicals output increased to ~180k tons in 2018

Exhibit: Majority of hard-rock capacity additions still expected to come from WA

Sources: Asian Metals, Minmetals Securities Research

Sources: Company Reports, Minmetals Securities Research

Exhibit: Hyrdroxide and carbonate output rose significantly since 18Q4

Exhibit: WA expected to contribute most to the effective output

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China Carbonate & Hydroxide Production (kt, product tons)

Battery Grade Carbonate Technical Grade Carbonate Lithium Hydroxide Mono

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China Base Lithium Product Supply (kt, Product tons)

Lithium Carbonate Lithium Hydroxide Lithium Chloride

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Global New Spodumene Capacity 2016-2025

Australia (kton) Canada (kton) Brazil (Kton)

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2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global New Spodumene Output 2016-2025

Australia (kton) Canada (kton) Brazil (kton)

Page 9: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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2.3 A Closer Look at Spodumene Supply & Hard-rock Convertors

Converting capacity is sufficient and significant increase expected 2019-2020, but not materially good news for miners

The production of convertor is flexible in nature, easily shifting to tolling or purification when facing cost pressure

That is one crucial reason why chemical S&D tends to be roughly balanced compared to lithium mine S&D

2018 was tough for spodumene convertors, and the cost/cash flow pressure has spread to upstream miners in 2019

Not surprise if temporary shutdowns and integrations occurred in WA in 2nd 2019

Exhibit: Estimates of effective lithium extraction/processing capacity in China, 2009-2025

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Adjusted Effective Capacity Estimates 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Spodumene Convertor (kt, LCE) 93 125 214 321 566 638 668 688 718 718

Brine (kt, LCE) 50 55 78 116 145 145 145 145 145 145

Lepidolite Convertor (kt, LCE) 6 52 127 125 142 142 142 142 142 142

Purification/Recycling (kt, LCE) 22 47 60 76 86 86 86 94 94 94

Total (kt, LCE) 172 279 479 638 940 1,012 1,042 1,070 1,100 1,100

Increase (kt,LCE) 107 200 159 302 72 30 28 30 -

Spodumene Concentrate Equiv. (kt, LCE) 729 979 1,670 2,503 4,417 4,979 5,213 5,369 5,603 5,603

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

9

Page 10: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Hard-rock converting can hardly be classified as a concentrated market Exhibit: Concentrate theoretically needed by converting capacity in China is huge

Exhibit: Due to capex been spent, sharp capacity additions expected in 2020 Exhibit: Majority of the capacity added expected to come from hard-rock converting

0

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2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

How Much Spodumene Needed If Nominal Capacity Turns Into

Effective(kton, LCE)

Spodumene Concentrate Equivalent

0

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400

600

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1,000

1,200

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

China Lithium Extraction Capacity By Type(k tons,LCE)

Spodumene Convertor Brine lepidolite Convertor Purification/Recycling

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1,000

1,200

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

China Lithium Extraction Capacity Structure (k tons, LCE)

Top 10 Hard-rock Convertor Other Hard-rock Convertor

Other Lithium Extraction Capacity

51%

36%

28%32%

34% 35% 34% 33%35% 35%

56%

44%42%

46%

52% 51%49% 50%

51% 51%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Top 5 & Top 10 Convertor/ Total Lithium Extraction Capacity

Capacity Proportion of Top 5 ConvertorCapacty Proportion of Top 10 Convertor

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Page 11: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Most of the lepidolite converting capacity is located in Yichuan, Jiangxi Exhibit: Jiangte and Nanshi are the two leading and proven lepidolite producers

2.4 Lepidolite Remains A Marginal Yet Effective Supply

We believe the lithium production from lepidolite has turned into effective supply in 2018

Lepidolite concentrate output supports 25-40 kton LCE before 2020. However, high grade (+3.5%) product is rare

The lepidolite converting capacity already totalled ~125 kton for top 8 producers in 2019

Still economically make sense at a carbonate price ~$8300/t, meeting the demand of LFP & LMO

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

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2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Lepidolite Capacity By Supplier (Kton, LCE)

JSEM(Jiangte) Nanshi Lithium Hzone(Hezong)

Yongxing Panzhihua Seven-Stars Hai Hui

Dowstone Feiyu New Energy

0

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2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Total Capacity of Major Lepidolite Convertors(kton,LCE)

Lepidolite Convertor Capacity

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Page 12: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research Estimates

Exhibit: Estimates for lithium brine capacity additions globally, 2009-2025 (k tons, LCE)

2.5 Qinghai Brine: From Marginal To Main Strain

0

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global Lithium Brine Capacity Estimates 2009-2025 (tons, LCE) Tibet Guoneng-Jiezechaka & LongmucuoJintai -Balunmahai

Bohua-Dachadan

Xinghua-Dachadan

Minmetals-Yiliping

Zangge-Chaerhan

Lanke Lithium-Qarhan

Qinghai HXR-West Taijinaier

CITIC Guoan-West Taijinaier

East Taijinaier-New

East Taijinaier-Old

Zhabuye

Comibol-Uyuni

Maricunga JV

ERAMET-Centenario Ratones

ILC-Mariana

Tibet Summit-SDLA

Neo Lithium-3Q

Argosy-Rincón

Orocobre-Olaroz

LAC-Cauchari

Galaxy-Sal de Vida

Livent-Hombre Muerto

Albemarle-Atacama+Silver Peak

SQM-Atacama

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

12

Page 13: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research Estimates

Exhibit: Estimates for lithium brine production globally, 2009-2025; Qinghai expected to be a significant source after South American brine

2.5 Qinghai Brine: From Marginal To Main Strain

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

0

100000

200000

300000

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600000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global Lithium Brine Production Estimates 2009-2025 (tons, LCE) Tibet Guoneng-Jiezechaka & LongmucuoJintai -Balunmahai

Bohua-Dachadan

Xinghua-Dachadan

Minmetals-Yiliping

Zangge-Chaerhan

Lanke Lithium-Qarhan

Qinghai HXR-West Taijinaier

CITIC Guoan-West Taijinaier

East Taijinaier-New

East Taijinaier-Old

Zhabuye

Comibol-Uyuni

Maricunga JV

ERAMET-Centenario Ratones

ILC-Mariana

Tibet Summit-SDLA

Neo Lithium-3Q

Argosy-Rincón

Orocobre-Olaroz

LAC-Cauchari

Galaxy-Sal de Vida

Livent-Hombre Muerto

Albemarle-Atacama+Silver Peak

SQM-Atacama

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Page 14: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Annual capacity additions of China and ex-China lithium brine assets Exhibit: In Qinghai, total capacity utilization rate also rose significantly since 2015

2.5 Qinghai Brine: From Marginal To Main Strain

China brine production was 10.5kt in 2015, 39.7kt in 2018, and 52.7kt estimated in 2019

Lower cost than hard-rock: processing largely optimized, and brine supplied after potash production

Significant improvements in product quality, with battery grade carbonate being produced directly

Off-spec products also entered LIB supply chain after further processing by professional purification players

Since 2018, Qinghai producers started to impact and even drive China spot pricing on certain occasions

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Annual Capacity Additions of Brine-Adj. for Effective Capacity

Annual Capacity Additions of China Brine Assets (kt, LCE)

Annual Capacity Additions of ex-China Brine Assets (kt, LCE)

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Total Capacity/Output Estimates of China Brine

Total Capacity of Qinghai/Tibet Brine (tons, LCE)Total Production of Qinghai/Tibet Brine (tons, LCE)Capacity Utilization Rate (%)

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Google Map, Company Reports

Exhibit: Since 2018, Qinghai lithium brine suppliers have become a non-negligible force in the carbonate supply chain

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Page 16: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Bagged carbonate products stockpiled adjacent to East Taijinaier facility

Exhibit: Capacity additions by each supplier in Qinghai & Tibet 2009-2025

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: Site visit to Qarhan Salt Lake, another leading producer in Qinghai

Exhibit: Ramping up of lithium brine production in Qinghai 2009-2025

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Production Estimates of China Brine by Company (tons, LCE)

Zhabuye-Tibet Mineral Development East Taijinaier-OldEast Taijinaier-New West Taijinaier-CITIC Guoan LithiumWest Taijinaier-Qinghai HXR Lithium Tech Qarhan-Lanke LithiumChaerhan-Zangge Lithium Yiliping-MinmetalsDachadan-Xinghua Dachadan-BohuaBalunmahai-Jintai

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Capacity Estimates of China Brine by Company (tons, LCE)

Zhabuye-Tibet Mineral Development East Taijinaier-OldEast Taijinaier-New West Taijinaier-CITIC Guoan LithiumWest Taijinaier-Qinghai HXR Lithium Tech Qarhan-Lanke LithiumChaerhan-Zangge Lithium Yiliping-MinmetalsDachadan-Xinghua Dachadan-BohuaBalunmahai-Jintai

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2.6 Demand: Shifting to Product Driven and Eyes on Ex-China Market

Story of 2016-2017 “as long as cathode & battery capacity keeps expanding, lithium demand stays robust”

However, the key driver of lithium demand has returned to OEMs in 2018, as China EV battery re-shuffled

A concentrated battery market adds pressure for the upstream, but promises healthier demand growth in the long-run

The future China EV market will shift to product driven, a huge but necessary challenge for OEMs

Meanwhile, Europe EV market and its battery supply-chain is about to take off

Exhibit: 2015 EV Battery assembling volume is dominated in light BEV buses

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB

Exhibit: However in 2019, BEV passenger vehicle has taken the majority share

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB

2. Key Indications From Our Lithium S&D Model: Dive Into The Market Structure

40%

23%

13%

17%

6%22%

58%

12%

6%3.0%

2015 China EV Production & EV Battery Assembling Volume Structure

BEV Passenger Vehicles

BEV Buses

BEV Commercial Vehicles

PHEV Passenger Vehicles

PHEV Buses

EV Production Structure

EV Battery Production Structure

73%

5%

2%

20%

1%

71%

17%

6%6% 0.5%

Jan-Apr 2019 China EV Production & EV Battery Assembling Volume Structure

BEV Passenger Vehicles

BEV Buses

BEV Commercial Vehicles

PHEV Passenger Vehicles

PHEV Buses

EV Production Structure

EV Battery Production Structure

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB

Exhibit: 2011-2019YTD China EV Battery assembling achieved significant growth Exhibit: Jan 2015-April 2019 Monthly EV Battery assembling volume in China

Exhibit: 2011-2019YTD, China total EV production growth remained fast-paced Exhibit: Monthly EV production in China demonstrated strong seasonality

127%

36%

397%334%

31%58% 50% 61%

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.1-4

Annual Production of EV in China (BEV+PHEV, Unit: 10k)

Annual EV Assembling Volume(10k) Yoy (%)

80%

30%

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117%

0%

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120%

140%

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2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A 2019.1-4

Annual EV Battery Assembling Volume in China (MWH)

EV Battery Assembling Volume (MWH) Yoy (%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly Production of EV in China (BEV+PHEV, Unit: 10k)

2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A 2019.1-4

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Monthly EV Battery Assembling Volume in China (MWH)

2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A 2019.1-4

18

Page 19: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, GGIB

Exhibit: Since 2015, the market concentration kept rising in China’s LIB market Exhibit: EV demand ex-China, especially from Europe is about to take off

Exhibit: 2019YTD, CATL and BYD combined achieved a dominant share ~80% Exhibit: By comparison, the 2016 EV battery market is much more diverse in China

46%

30%

4%

2019.1-4 China NCM & LFP Battery Assembling Volume Market Share

CATL BYD

Guoxuan Farasis

Lishen CALB

BAK EVE

DFD JEVE

CENAT Great Power

Linkdata ANC

Soundon Others

22%

26%

7%

32%

2016 China EV Battery Assembling Volume Market Share

CATL

BYD

Guoxuan

Farasis

EVE

BAK

A123

Lishen

National Battery

First Battery

Others

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ja

n-1

5

Ma

r-1

5

Ma

y-1

5

Ju

l-1

5

Se

p-1

5

No

v-1

5

Ja

n-1

6

Ma

r-1

6

Ma

y-1

6

Ju

l-1

6

Se

p-1

6

No

v-1

6

Ja

n-1

7

Ma

r-1

7

Ma

y-1

7

Ju

l-1

7

Se

p-1

7

No

v-1

7

Ja

n-1

8

Ma

r-1

8

Ma

y-1

8

Ju

l-1

8

Se

p-1

8

No

v-1

8

Ja

n-1

9

Ma

r-1

9

Market Share of Top 3 EV Battery Suppliers in China

LFP CR3 NCM CR3 Total EV Battery CR3

38%

67% 66%62% 64% 63%

60%57%

54% 52%49% 48%62%

33% 34%38% 36% 37%

40%43%

46% 48%51% 52%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

Lithium Demand From Global EV

China EV Li Demand (t LCE) ROW EV Li Demand (t LCE)

Share China EV Li Demand (%) Share ROW EV Li Demand (%)

19

Page 20: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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3. Different Logics between China Spot & Global Contract Market

China lithium market turned more like a Commodity market while the ex-China remains Specialty Chemical

Its lithium supply structure is more diversified and sophisticated, while buyers also more price sensitive

However, current stage lithium spot price in China is still the global lithium market leading indicator

The price difference will largely converge, especially when China lithium producers breaking into global supply-chain

Exhibit: Since 2H 2018, the ex-China lithium carbonate price enjoys a premium over China domestic price

Sources: Fastmarkets MB, Benchmark Minerals, Asian Metals, Bloomberg, Minmetals Securities Research

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Ja

n-1

3

Ma

r-1

3

Ma

y-1

3

Ju

l-1

3

Se

p-1

3

No

v-1

3

Ja

n-1

4

Ma

r-1

4

Ma

y-1

4

Ju

l-1

4

Se

p-1

4

No

v-1

4

Ja

n-1

5

Ma

r-1

5

Ma

y-1

5

Ju

l-1

5

Se

p-1

5

No

v-1

5

Ja

n-1

6

Ma

r-1

6

Ma

y-1

6

Ju

l-1

6

Se

p-1

6

No

v-1

6

Ja

n-1

7

Ma

r-1

7

Ma

y-1

7

Ju

l-1

7

Se

p-1

7

No

v-1

7

Ja

n-1

8

Ma

r-1

8

Ma

y-1

8

Ju

l-1

8

Se

p-1

8

No

v-1

8

Ja

n-1

9

Ma

r-1

9

Global Lithium Carbonate Price 2013-2019 YTD, USD/ton

Lithium Carbonate, SA FOB Lithium Carbonate, NA CIF Lithium Carbonate, Asia CIF

Lithium Carbonate, EU CIF Lithium Carbonate 99%, CN Lithium Carbonate 99.5%, CN

20

Page 21: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: China Custom, Bloomberg, Minmetals Securities Research Sources: China Custom, Bloomberg, Minmetals Securities Research

Sources: Company Reports, Minmetals Securities Research Sources: Company Reports, Minmetals Securities Research

Exhibit: Price premium overseas strengthened the incentive to export carbonate Exhibit: Hydroxide export increased significantly not only from ALB and Livent

Exhibit: 38% of Ganfeng Lithium’s revenue has been from overseas in 2018 Exhibit: Tianqi Lithium’s overseas sales also increased to 17% in 2018

77% 77% 80% 84%

62%

23% 23% 20% 16%

38%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Revenue Breakdown by Geographic-Ganfeng Lithium

GFL Domestic Sales GFL Overseas Sales

80% 85% 90% 92%83%

20% 15% 10% 8%17%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Revenue Breakdown by Geographic-Tianqi Lithium

TQC Domestic Sales TQC Overseas Sales

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

20

15

-01

20

15

-04

20

15

-07

20

15

-10

20

16

-01

20

16

-04

20

16

-07

20

16

-10

20

17

-01

20

17

-04

20

17

-07

20

17

-10

20

18

-01

20

18

-04

20

18

-07

20

18

-10

20

19

-01

20

19

-04

The Increase of China Lithium Carbonate Export

Carbonate Export (t) Avg. Carbonate Export Price ($/t)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

20

15

-01

20

15

-04

20

15

-07

20

15

-10

20

16

-01

20

16

-04

20

16

-07

20

16

-10

20

17

-01

20

17

-04

20

17

-07

20

17

-10

20

18

-01

20

18

-04

20

18

-07

20

18

-10

20

19

-01

20

19

-04

The Increase of China Lilthium Hydroxide Export

Hydroxide Export (t) Avg. Hydroxide Export Price ($/t)

21

Page 22: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Capital Intensity & Construction Period, Observations from 68 Samples

The avg. capital intensity for hard-rock lithium mine is US$ 4305/t LCE globally

The avg. capital intensity for hard-rock convertor is US$ 3720/t LCE in China, and ~US$ 13,729 / t LCE in WA

The avg. capital intensity for lithium brine is US$ 17,587/t LCE, and US$ 19,755/t LCE if excludes SQM

The avg. construction period for hard-rock mine is ~15mons, ~ 20mons for convertor, and ~20mons for brine

However, the ramping-up period for brine projects could be much lengthier from experience in SA and Qinghai

4. Why Brine Projects Could Hardly Replace Hard-rock Projects

Exhibit: Majority of the new hard-rock convertor designed is bigger than 10k tpa

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: The designed capacity for brine expansion & new projects also gets larger

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000

X-Axis:Designed Capacity, tpa LCE

Y-Axis:Capex,US$ Mn

Bubble:CapexIntensity, US$/tpa LCE

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000

X-Axis:Designed Capacity, tpa LCE

Y-Axis:Capex,US$ Mn

Bubble:CapexIntensity, US$/tpa LCE

22

Page 23: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: The capital intensity of global lithium brine projects Exhibit: The construction period for hard-rock mine, convertor and brine projects

Exhibit: The avg. capital intensity of hard-rock green field & brown field projects Exhibit: The avg. capital intensity of converting capacity in and outside of China

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Gre

en

bu

sh

es P

ha

se

2

Gre

en

bu

sh

es P

ha

se

3

Pilg

an

go

ora

Ph

ase

1

Pilg

an

go

ora

Ph

ase

2

Altu

ra P

ha

se

1

Altu

ra P

ha

se

2

Ba

ld H

ill P

ha

se

1

Mt

Ca

ttlin

Old

Mt

Ca

ttlin

Re

bo

ot

Wo

dg

ina

To

tal

Mt

Ho

lla

nd

Wh

ab

ou

ch

i

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Co

rne

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mu

late

d

Gro

ta d

o C

irilo

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ra M

ine

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ase

1

Mib

ra M

ine

Ph

ase

2

Pie

dm

on

t

Jia

jika-1

Jia

jika-2

Capital Intensity of Hard-rock Lithium Mine (US $/t LCE)

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

Pro

ject 0

1

Pro

ject 0

2

Pro

ject 0

3

Pro

ject 0

4

Pro

ject 0

5

Pro

ject 0

6

Pro

ject 0

7

Pro

ject 0

8

Pro

ject 0

9

Pro

ject 1

0

Pro

ject 1

1

Pro

ject 1

2

Pro

ject 1

3

Pro

ject 1

4

Pro

ject 1

5

Pro

ject 1

6

Pro

ject 1

7

Pro

ject 1

8

Pro

ject 1

9

Pro

ject 2

0

Pro

ject 2

1

Pro

ject 2

2

Pro

ject 2

3

Capex Intensity of Global Hard-rock Lithium Converting Capacity (US$/t LCE)

Two Leading Producers

Overseas Projects

China Domestic Projects

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Ata

ca

ma

Exp

an

sio

n 1

Ata

ca

ma

Exp

an

sio

n 2

Ata

ca

ma

Exp

an

sio

n 3

La

Ne

gra

Ph

ase

2

La

Ne

gra

Ph

ase

3

Fe

nix

Ph

ase

1&

2

Fe

nix

Ph

ase 3

&4

Ola

roz P

ha

se

1

Ola

roz P

ha

se

2

Ca

uch

ari

-Ola

roz

Sa

l de

Vid

a

Ma

ria

na

Tre

s Q

ue

bra

da

s

Pa

sto

s G

ran

de

s

Ma

ricu

ng

a

Qa

rha

n L

an

ke

Ph

ase

2

Qa

rha

n B

YD

JV

Za

ng

ge

Ph

ase

1

Yilip

ing

Ph

ase

1

Ea

st T

aiji

na

ier

Ph

ase

1

Jin

tai-

Exp

an

sio

n 1

Jin

tai-

Expa

nsio

n 2

Capex Intensity of Global Lithium Brine Projects (US $/t LCE)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Convert

or

Pro

ject

01

Convert

or

Pro

ject

02

Convert

or

Pro

ject

03

Convert

or

Pro

ject

04

Convert

or

Pro

ject

05

Convert

or

Pro

ject

06

Convert

or

Pro

ject

07

Convert

or

Pro

ject

08

Convert

or

Pro

ject

09

Convert

or

Pro

ject

10

Convert

or

Pro

ject

11

Convert

or

Pro

ject

12

Convert

or

Pro

ject

13

Convert

or

Pro

ject

14

Convert

or

Pro

ject

15

Convert

or

Pro

ject

16

Convert

or

Pro

ject

17

Convert

or

Pro

ject

18

Convert

or

Pro

ject

19

Convert

or

Pro

ject

20

Convert

or

Pro

ject

21

Gre

enbush

es

Phase

2G

reenbush

es

Phase

3P

ilgangoora

Phase

1P

ilgangoora

Phase

2A

ltura

Phase

1A

ltura

Phase

2B

ald

Hill

Phase

1M

t Marion

Mt C

attlin

Old

Mt C

attlin

Reboot

Wodgin

a T

ota

lM

t Holla

nd

Whabouchi

La C

orn

e R

eboot

Mib

ra M

ine P

hase

1P

iedm

ont

Ata

cam

a E

xpansi

on 1

La N

egra

Phase 2

Fenix

Phase

1&

2O

laro

z P

hase

1O

laro

z P

hase

2C

auchari-O

laro

zT

res

Quebra

das

Pasto

s G

randes

Maricunga

Qarh

an L

anke P

hase

2Jin

tai-E

xpansi

on 1

Jin

tai-E

xpansio

n 2

Construction Period For Convertor, Hard-rock Mine and Brine (mon)

23

Page 24: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

珍惜有限 创造无限

Future lithium cost support likely to be set by high cost non-integrated hard-rock producers

Supports from production cost for carbonate price is weakening in 2019, as spodumene cost/price falls

Leading convertors are investing in Lithium Triangle to diversify asset portfolio and strengthen cost competitiveness

While low-cost leading brine producers is betting on WA hard-rock for higher quality lithium hydroxide

“High Quality Resources” and “The Combination of Resources & Techniques” both matter in lithium industry

Which is safer to invest for the long-run? Hard-rock, integrated hard-rock, or brine? Or lithium extraction technologies?

5. Understanding The Lithium Chemical Cost Curve

Exhibit: Cost curve supports carbonate price held 70-80k RMB/t range in 2018

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

Exhibit: The cost support likely to drop to ~60k RMB/t in 2019 for carbonate

Sources: Minmetals Securities Research, Company Reports

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350 385 420 455 490

Cumulative Lithium Capacity in 2018, LCE

Global Lithium Carbonate Cost Curve in 2018, Non-integrated (RMB/t LCE, VAT Incl.)

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

0 35 70 105 140 175 210 245 280 315 350 385 420 455 490 525 560

Cumulative Lithium Capacity in 2019, kt LCE

Global Lithium Carbonate Cost Curve in 2019, Non-integrated (RMB/t LCE, VAT Incl.)

24

Page 25: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

珍惜有限 创造无限

1. If supply grows faster than our expectation while the EV demand grows delays, lithium price could face additional pressure

2. Breakthroughs and commercialization of new battery technologies, such as EV battery shifting to Fuel Cell on large scale

3. The risks related to operate lithium mines and converting capacities overseas

4. Risks related to global economy fundamentals and geopolitical issues

Risk Factors

25

Page 26: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

珍惜有限 创造无限

Thank you

Shenzhen

48F, RongChao Trade Center, Jintian Rd,

Futian Center District, Shenzhen, China 518035

Beijing

Room 603, Building 4, Interwest International

Center, No. 9 Southern Rd, Capital Gym,

Haidian, Bejing, China 100037

Minmetals Securities Co., Ltd.

Equity Research

Shanghai

Yujing International Tower B, No. 69 Dongfang

Rd, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China

200120

Jingwen Sun

Analyst

[email protected]

SAC Reg. No.: S0950519050001

Nonferrous Metals Research

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中性 预期行业整体回报介于基准指数整体水平-10%~10%之间;

看淡 预期行业整体回报低于基准指数整体水平-10%以下。

特别申明在法律许可的情况下,五矿证券可能会持有本报告中提及公司所发行的证券并进行交易,也可能为这些公司提供或争取提供投资银行、财务顾问和金融产品等各种金融服务。因此,投资者应当考虑到五矿证券及/或其相关人员可能存在影响本报告观点客观性的潜在利益冲突,投资者请勿将本报告视为投资或其他决定的唯一参考依据。

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再探锂供需的脉搏证券研究报告 2019/06/06

2019年第11届全球锂供给与市场峰会,智利圣地亚哥

分析师:孙景文

职业证书编号:S0950519050001邮箱:[email protected]

五矿证券研究所有色金属行业研究

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Contents 目录

01

03

02

04

锂市场回顾: 我们目前处于行业的什么阶段?

供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

中国锂盐现货市场与海外长协市场的逻辑有何不同?

为何说盐湖提锂难以完全取代矿石提锂?

05 全球锂盐成本曲线给我们的启示

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资料来源:亚洲金属网,五矿证券研究所

图:2015-2019YTD 中国锂原料供给经历了三大瓶颈期,同期锂需求由终端驱动转向了中游产能驱动、再回归到终端驱动,并由“政策市”转向“消费市”

1. 锂市场回顾: 我们目前处于行业的什么阶段?

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

Ja

n-2

015

Ma

r-2

01

5

Ma

y-2

01

5

Ju

l-2

01

5

Se

p-2

01

5

No

v-2

01

5

Ja

n-2

016

Ma

r-2

01

6

Ma

y-2

01

6

Ju

l-2

01

6

Se

p-2

01

6

No

v-2

01

6

Ja

n-2

017

Ma

r-2

01

7

Ma

y-2

01

7

Ju

l-2

01

7

Se

p-2

01

7

No

v-2

01

7

Ja

n-2

018

Ma

r-2

01

8

Ma

y-2

01

8

Ju

l-2

01

8

Se

p-2

01

8

No

v-2

01

8

Ja

n-2

019

Ma

r-2

01

9

Ma

y-2

01

9

2015-2019YTD中国碳酸锂&氢氧化锂现货市场回顾

工业级碳酸锂(万元/吨含税) 电池级碳酸锂(万元/吨含税)

工业级氢氧化锂(万元/吨含税) 电池级氢氧化锂(万元/吨含税)

锂精矿供给实质性短缺期时期

锂化工产能实质性短缺时期

氢氧化锂等锂深加工产品享有高溢

价,但很快遭遇挤压收窄

在丰厚的激励下,整车、尤其6-8米纯电动客车

的放量,产业链终端自上而下策动了锂需求

正极材料与动力电池的产能扩张在2017年集

中落地,中游的大幅扩能以及加库存极大拉

动了锂原料需求,中游需求大于终端需求 动力电池龙头崛起(集中度显著提升)、宏

观去杠杆、叠加以沃特玛为例的事件,锂需

求的驱动力由中游回归终端整车

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2.供需模型的核心结论:结构重于总量

2.1 即期判断:

2018年回顾:全球锂矿产量约37万吨碳酸锂当量(LCE),锂盐产量约28万吨LCE,库存调整后的全球锂需求为27万吨LCE

2017-2019年全球锂矿的供给过剩在显著加剧,但在供需模型中我们视锂矿端的供给为名义供给

2018年全球锂盐(锂化工)供需基本维持平衡,预计至2020年仅有小幅过剩

自2018年、2019年,全球锂矿供给显著超出了全球锂盐供给,两个本应紧密相连环节的产量增幅出现了分歧

图: 2014-2020年全球锂矿供给、锂化工供给、库存调整需求的供需平衡预测

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

图: 2014-2020年全球锂矿供给、锂化工供给、未经库存调整需求的供需平衡预测

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

100kt

150kt

200kt

250kt

300kt

350kt

400kt

450kt

500kt

550kt

600kt

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

E

20

19

E

20

20

E

2014-2020 年锂矿、锂盐、经库存调整后的锂需求的短期预测(吨,LCE)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand-Stock Adjusted

100kt

150kt

200kt

250kt

300kt

350kt

400kt

450kt

500kt

550kt

600kt

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

E

20

19

E

20

20

E

2014-2020 年锂矿、锂盐、未经库存调整的锂需求的短期预测(吨,LCE)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand

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2.2 所引申的长期问题?

我们到底应该更关注哪个环节的供给?锂矿,还是锂盐?

全球锂矿、全球锂盐产量增幅之间的差异将持续存在吗?未来二者之间将如何演绎?

此外,为什么在这个快速成长的市场中我们强调采用“经库存调整后的锂需求”?

未来何时将迎来全球锂供需关系的再一次转折?“价格低迷”与“积极预期”的反复博弈

图: 2014-2025年全球锂矿供给、锂盐供给与经库存调整的锂需求的长期预测 图: 2014-2025年全球锂矿供给、锂盐供给与未经库存调整的锂需求的长期预测

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测 资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

100,000

300,000

500,000

700,000

900,000

1,100,000

1,300,000

1,500,000

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

E

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

2014-2025 年全球锂矿、锂盐、经库存调整后锂需求的长期测算(吨,LCE)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand-Stock Adjusted

100,000

300,000

500,000

700,000

900,000

1,100,000

1,300,000

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

E

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

2014-2025 年全球锂矿、锂盐、锂需求长期测算(吨,LCE)

Global Lithium Mine Effective Supply Global Lithium Chemical Supply

Global End-use Demand

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资料来源: 五矿证券研究所预测

图: 根据我们对全球45个硬岩锂矿资产的跟踪,2009年-2025年全球硬岩锂矿的总产能或由不及9万吨增长至近79万吨碳酸锂当量

2.3 全球锂精矿供给&中国锂化工供给

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

2009-2025年全球矿石提锂产能扩张预测(吨,碳酸锂当量) Jiangxi-Yichun

Ning Du-Heyuan

Aba-Maerkang

Aba-Maerkang Dang Ba

Ganzi-Cuola

Ganzi-Jia Ji Ka

Aba-Guan Yin Qiao

Aba-Li Jia Gou

Grota do Cirilo

Mibra

Brazil-USGS

Portugal-USGS

Manono/Kitotolo

Arcadia

Bikita

Whabouchi

Quebec Lithium

Mt Holland-Earl Grey

Wodgina

Bald Hill

Pilgangoora-AJM

Pilgangoora-PLS

MT Marion

MT Cattlin

Greenbushes

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

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图:2009年-2025年全球硬岩锂矿的总产量或由4万吨增长至60万吨碳酸锂当量

2.3 全球锂精矿供给&中国锂化工供给

资料来源: 五矿证券研究所预测

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

2009-2025年全球矿石提锂产量扩张预测 (吨,碳酸锂当量) Jiangxi-Yichun

Ning Du-Heyuan

Aba-Maerkang

Aba-Maerkang Dang Ba

Ganzi-Cuola

Ganzi-Jia Ji Ka

Aba-Guan Yin Qiao

Aba-Li Jia Gou

Grota do Cirilo

Mibra

Brazil-USGS

San Jose

Portugal-USGS

Rubicon & Helikon

Manono/Kitotolo

Arcadia

Bikita

Whabouchi

Rose Tantalum-Lithium

Quebec Lithium

Mt Holland-Earl Grey

Wodgina

Bald Hill

Pilgangoora-AJM

Pilgangoora-PLS

MT Marion

MT Cattlin

Greenbushes

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

34

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资料来源: 锂业分会, 五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 各公司公告, 五矿证券研究所预测

图: 2018年中国基础锂盐产量总计约18万吨LCE,其中未扣减重复计算

图: 2016-2025年绝大部分的全球新增锂矿产能来自西澳,部分来自加拿大和巴西

资料来源: 亚洲金属网, 五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 各公司公告, 五矿证券研究所预测

图:2018年末至2019年初中国碳酸锂、氢氧化锂产量环比增长显著,价格承压

图: 因经济性,2016-2025年大部分的新增硬岩锂矿产量来自西澳,巴西形成补充

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Ja

n-1

7

Ma

r-1

7

Ma

y-1

7

Ju

l-1

7

Se

p-1

7

No

v-1

7

Ja

n-1

8

Ma

r-1

8

Ma

y-1

8

Ju

l-1

8

Se

p-1

8

No

v-1

8

Ja

n-1

9

Ma

r-1

9

China Carbonate & Hydroxide Production (kt, product tons)

Battery Grade Carbonate Technical Grade Carbonate Lithium Hydroxide Mono

35

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

China Base Lithium Product Supply (kt, Product tons)

Lithium Carbonate Lithium Hydroxide Lithium Chloride

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global New Spodumene Capacity 2016-2025

Australia (kton) Canada (kton) Brazil (Kton)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

Global New Spodumene Output 2016-2025

Australia (kton) Canada (kton) Brazil (kton)

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2.3 全球锂精矿供给&中国锂化工供给

根据我们对国内73个项目的研究,2019-2020年锂化工产能将显著增长,但这对海外上游矿商并不一定是实质性利好

中国锂盐厂的生产灵活,若盈利/资金承压将延迟新产能的投产,建成产能亦可转向代工、或转为提纯产线

这也是为何锂盐市场难以持续显著过剩的核心原因;长期而言,我们认为锂盐厂最终将走向“大规模、少家数”

2018年国内非一体化的锂盐厂的盈利、现金流已显著承压,但2019年成本和资金压力将向上传导至海外锂矿供应商

行业快速分化,整合加剧;已看到西澳之外的硬岩锂矿停产,不排除2019下半年甚至出现澳矿停产的情形

表:2009-2025年中国矿石提锂、盐湖提锂、云母提锂以及提纯产线的有效产能测算

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

经调整后的有效产能预测 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

锂辉石精矿-矿石提锂(千吨,LCE) 93 125 214 321 566 638 668 688 718 718

盐湖提锂(千吨,LCE) 50 55 78 116 145 145 145 145 145 145

云母提锂(千吨,LCE) 6 52 127 125 142 142 142 142 142 142

提纯/循环回收(千吨,LCE) 22 47 60 76 86 86 86 94 94 94

产能合计(千吨,LCE) 172 279 479 638 940 1,012 1,042 1,070 1,100 1,100

产能增幅 (千吨,LCE) 107 200 159 302 72 30 28 30 -

理论对应年需锂辉石精矿(千吨,LCE) 729 979 1,670 2,503 4,417 4,979 5,213 5,369 5,603 5,603

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

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图: 从产能占比来看,锂化工环节目前并非一个高集中度的行业,但未来或将洗牌 图: 拟投矿石提锂的精矿需求巨大,但仅仅停留在理论层面,矿企不应用作决策

图: 考虑到建成产能的投放,预计2019-2020年中国提锂总产能仍将快速增长 图: 尽管盐湖提锂持续扩能,未来中国大部分新建成的提锂产能仍将来自矿石提锂

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

中国矿石提锂总产能对应上游锂精矿(千吨,实物吨)

潜在需要锂精矿

51%

36%

28%32%

34% 35% 34% 33%35% 35%

56%

44%42%

46%

52% 51%49% 50%

51% 51%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

头部矿石提锂占中国各路径提锂总产能的比例

Capacity Proportion of Top 5 ConvertorCapacty Proportion of Top 10 Convertor

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

中国提锂产能的结构划分(千吨,碳酸锂当量)

前十大锂辉石矿石提锂 其余锂辉石矿石提锂 其余的各类提锂产能

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

中国各类型的提锂产能汇总(千吨,LCE)

锂辉石提锂 盐湖卤水提锂 锂云母提锂 提纯/回收产线

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图: 由于资源供应的束缚,云母提锂产能目前主要集中在江西宜春地区 图: 江特银锂与南氏是最引人瞩目的两大云母提锂企业,前者工艺成熟后者高效

2.4 云母提锂是边际供给,但却是有效供给

打消质疑,历经多轮技改和工业化尝试,云母提锂自2018年以来逐步成为有效供给

2020年前,预期宜春云母精矿可支撑2.5-4万吨的碳酸锂产量,高品位(>3.5%)锂云母精矿稀缺,主要来自宜春钽铌矿

云母提锂的名义产能虚高,2019年前八大厂商的碳酸锂产能合计高达12.5万吨,关注江特、南氏、飞宇、道氏

由于原料端采购价格较低,云母提锂在~6.3万元/吨的碳酸锂价格被证明仍然具备经济性

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测 资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

中国云母提锂头部企业的产能规划(千吨,碳酸锂当量)

JSEM(Jiangte) Nanshi Lithium Hzone(Hezong)

Yongxing Panzhihua Seven-Stars Hai Hui

Dowstone Feiyu New Energy

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

中国云母提锂产能统计

云母提锂总产能(千吨,LCE)

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资料来源: 五矿证券研究所预测

图: 2009-2025年全球卤水提锂的新增产能主要来自智利、阿根廷、中国青海(千吨,碳酸锂当量)

2.5 青海盐湖提锂:已是不可忽视的力量,逐步由“边际”步入“主流”

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

2009-2025年全球盐湖提锂的产能扩张预测(吨,碳酸锂当量) Tibet Guoneng-Jiezechaka & LongmucuoJintai -Balunmahai

Bohua-Dachadan

Xinghua-Dachadan

Minmetals-Yiliping

Zangge-Chaerhan

Lanke Lithium-Qarhan

Qinghai HXR-West Taijinaier

CITIC Guoan-West Taijinaier

East Taijinaier-New

East Taijinaier-Old

Zhabuye

Comibol-Uyuni

Maricunga JV

ERAMET-Centenario Ratones

ILC-Mariana

Tibet Summit-SDLA

Neo Lithium-3Q

Argosy-Rincón

Orocobre-Olaroz

LAC-Cauchari

Galaxy-Sal de Vida

Livent-Hombre Muerto

Albemarle-Atacama+Silver Peak

SQM-Atacama

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

39

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资料来源: 五矿证券研究所预测

图: 2009-2025年全球卤水提锂产量预测模型,若说智利、阿根廷是供给阵营的“白马”,中国青海无疑是供给“黑马”

2.5 青海盐湖提锂:已是不可忽视的力量,逐步由“边际”步入“主流”

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E 2025E

2009-2025年全球盐湖提锂产量扩张预测(吨,碳酸锂当量) Tibet Guoneng-Jiezechaka & LongmucuoJintai -Balunmahai

Bohua-Dachadan

Xinghua-Dachadan

Minmetals-Yiliping

Zangge-Chaerhan

Lanke Lithium-Qarhan

Qinghai HXR-West Taijinaier

CITIC Guoan-West Taijinaier

East Taijinaier-New

East Taijinaier-Old

Zhabuye

Comibol-Uyuni

Maricunga JV

ERAMET-Centenario Ratones

ILC-Mariana

Tibet Summit-SDLA

Neo Lithium-3Q

Argosy-Rincón

Orocobre-Olaroz

LAC-Cauchari

Galaxy-Sal de Vida

Livent-Hombre Muerto

Albemarle-Atacama+Silver Peak

SQM-Atacama

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

40

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图: 2010-2025年中国盐湖提锂与海外盐湖提锂的年度产能扩张对比 图: 自2015年以来,青海盐湖提锂的总产能、总产量、产能利用率均显著提升

2.5 青海盐湖提锂:已是不可忽视的力量,逐步由“边际”步入“主流”

青海/西藏盐湖提锂的碳酸锂产量2015年仅约1万吨,2018年达到仅4万吨,预计2019年接近5.3万吨

由于工艺的定型和持续优化,同时高价环境刺激资本投入,2016-2017年以来青海盐湖提锂的总产量显著提升

同时我们关注到青海的碳酸锂品质正逐年优化,中信国安、东台锂资源的电池级产品已受到充分认可

由于低成本,青海的工业级产品也在专业提纯厂商的处理之后,间接切入国内动力电池供应链

自2018年以来,蓝科锂业等厂商的价格策略已成为影响国内工业级碳酸锂现货市场的重要边际影响因子

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测 资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

中国以及海外盐湖的年新增产能(吨,碳酸锂当量)

中国盐湖年新增产能(吨,碳酸锂当量)

全球其它区域盐湖的年新增产能(吨,碳酸锂当量)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

中国盐湖的总产能、总产量、产能利用率测算

青海/西藏盐湖总产能(吨,碳酸锂当量)青海/西藏盐湖总产量(吨,碳酸锂当量)产能利用率

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

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资料来源: 各公司公告,Google Map,五矿证券研究所

图: 察尔汗、东台、西台、一里坪、大柴旦与巴伦马海是青海盐湖提锂的主产区,远期可关注大浪滩的开发

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图: 青海东台吉乃尔盐湖的提锂设施,已装袋堆放的电池级碳酸锂产品

图: 2009-2025年青海、西藏各大盐湖提锂企业的产能扩张路线图

图: 蓝科与藏格均在推进察尔汗盐湖提锂的产能建设,核心仍看老卤是否充裕

图: 2009-2025年青海、西藏各大盐湖提锂的产量释放预测,更看好老玩家

资料来源: 五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测 资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

中国各大盐湖提锂企业的产能扩张路线图(吨,碳酸锂当量)

Zhabuye-Tibet Mineral Development East Taijinaier-OldEast Taijinaier-New West Taijinaier-CITIC Guoan LithiumWest Taijinaier-Qinghai HXR Lithium Tech Qarhan-Lanke LithiumChaerhan-Zangge Lithium Yiliping-MinmetalsDachadan-Xinghua Dachadan-BohuaBalunmahai-Jintai

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

中国各大盐湖提锂企业的产量释放预测(吨,碳酸锂当量)

Zhabuye-Tibet Mineral Development East Taijinaier-OldEast Taijinaier-New West Taijinaier-CITIC Guoan LithiumWest Taijinaier-Qinghai HXR Lithium Tech Qarhan-Lanke LithiumChaerhan-Zangge Lithium Yiliping-MinmetalsDachadan-Xinghua Dachadan-BohuaBalunmahai-Jintai

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2.6 新能源汽车锂需求: 正转向消费驱动

2016-2017年中国锂行业遵循简单的逻辑:“只要正极材料、动力电池产能持续扩张,需求与价格便将维持强劲”

但2018年动力电池市场“龙头集中”的趋势确立,锂需求由产业链的中游产能驱动、回归至终端产品驱动

高集中度的动力电池市场格局短期不利于上游原料(需求增速放缓),但长期增长将更加扎实和可持续

中国新能源汽车市场正在转向“消费驱动”,更大程度取决于具备竞争力的新能源车型的推出

与此同时,我们需高度关注欧洲新能源汽车市场及其动力电池产业链的崛起,各版本的“2025计划”正在落地

图: 2015年中国新能源车产量结构虽然多元,但58%的动力电池装机在纯电动客车图: 2019年1-4月中国新能源车产量、动力电池装机量均70%集中于纯电动乘用车

资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所

73%

5%

2%

20%

1%

71%

17%

6%6% 0.5%

2019年1-4月中国新能源汽车产量以及动力电池装机量结构

BEV Passenger Vehicles

BEV Buses

BEV Commercial Vehicles

PHEV Passenger Vehicles

PHEV Buses

新能源汽车产

量结构

动力电池装机

量结构

40%

23%

13%

17%

6%22%

58%

12%

6%3.0%

2015年中国新能源汽车产量以及动力电池装机量结构

BEV Passenger Vehicles

BEV Buses

BEV Commercial Vehicles

PHEV Passenger Vehicles

PHEV Buses

新能源汽车产

量结构

动力电池装机

量结构

2. 供需模型的背后:市场结构比供需结论更加重要

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资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所

图: 2011-2019YTD,中国动力电池装机量同比快速增长,2019年仍维持高增长 图: 2015年以来中国动力电池的月度装机量同样展现出“前低后高”的季节性

图: 2011-2019YTD, 中国新能汽车市场总体维持快速增长 图: 2015-201904,中国新能源汽车产量的淡旺季显著,但2019年仍值得观察

127%

36%

397%334%

31%58% 50% 61%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

350%

400%

450%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

20

11

A

20

12

A

20

13

A

20

14

A

20

15

A

20

16

A

20

17

A

20

18

A

20

19

.1-4

中国新能源汽车产量(BEV+PHEV, 万辆)

Annual EV Assembling Volume(10k) Yoy (%)

80%

30%

57%

117%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A 2019.1-4

中国动力电池装机量(MWH)

EV Battery Assembling Volume (MWH) Yoy (%)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

中国新能源汽车月度产量(BEV+PHEV, 万辆)

2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A 2019.1-4

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

中国新能源汽车月度装机量(MWH)

2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A 2019.1-4

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图: 从三家动力电池龙头自2015年初以来的市占率可见行业集中度的快速提升 图: 着眼中长期,海外市场、尤其欧洲新能源汽车和动力电池产能的崛起不得不察

图: 2019年1-4月,CATL与BYD两家动力电池龙头占据了高达76%的市场份额 图: 相比之下,2016年中国动力电池市场格局相对分散,CALY与BYD合计不及50%

资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 高工锂电,五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

22%

26%

7%

32%

2016年中国车载动力电池装机结构

CATL

BYD

Guoxuan

Farasis

EVE

BAK

A123

Lishen

National Battery

First Battery

Others

46%

30%

4%

2019年1-4月中国车载动力电池装机结构(三元+铁锂)

CATL BYD

Guoxuan Farasis

Lishen CALB

BAK EVE

DFD JEVE

CENAT Great Power

Linkdata ANC

Soundon Others

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ja

n-1

5

Ma

r-1

5

Ma

y-1

5

Ju

l-1

5

Se

p-1

5

No

v-1

5

Ja

n-1

6

Ma

r-1

6

Ma

y-1

6

Ju

l-1

6

Se

p-1

6

No

v-1

6

Ja

n-1

7

Ma

r-1

7

Ma

y-1

7

Ju

l-1

7

Se

p-1

7

No

v-1

7

Ja

n-1

8

Ma

r-1

8

Ma

y-1

8

Ju

l-1

8

Se

p-1

8

No

v-1

8

Ja

n-1

9

Ma

r-1

9

中国前三大领军动力电池厂商的市场占有率

LFP CR3 NCM CR3 Total EV Battery CR3

38%

67% 66%62% 64% 63%

60%57%

54% 52%49% 48%62%

33% 34%38% 36% 37%

40%43%

46% 48%51% 52%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

20

14

20

15

20

16

20

17

20

18

20

19

E

20

20

E

20

21

E

20

22

E

20

23

E

20

24

E

20

25

E

全球车载动力电池的锂化合物需求

中国车载动力锂需求(吨,LCE) 海外车载动力锂需求(吨,LCE)

中国车载动力锂需求占比 海外车载动力锂需求占比

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3. 中国锂盐现货市场与海外长协市场的逻辑有何不同?

中国锂盐市场近年来已变得更像一个“商品市场”,而海外市场延续了“精细化工品”的逻辑

中国锂化合物的供给结构更加多元,过去下游客户在原料采购上也更偏成本导向,导致高品质产品未能售出充分溢价

但我们认为,目前阶段中国锂盐的现货市场价格仍是全球锂盐市场的先行指标

国内外价差将持续收窄,中国头部锂盐供应商切入全球高端供应链将更加促成区域市场之间的融合

图: 2018下半年以来,中国锂盐现货价格出现了相对于海外市场的“折价”,但我们预期国内外价差终将收窄

资料来源: Fastmarkets MB, Benchmark Minerals, Asian Metals, Bloomberg, 五矿证券研究所

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Ja

n-1

3

Ma

r-1

3

Ma

y-1

3

Ju

l-1

3

Se

p-1

3

No

v-1

3

Ja

n-1

4

Ma

r-1

4

Ma

y-1

4

Ju

l-1

4

Se

p-1

4

No

v-1

4

Ja

n-1

5

Ma

r-1

5

Ma

y-1

5

Ju

l-1

5

Se

p-1

5

No

v-1

5

Ja

n-1

6

Ma

r-1

6

Ma

y-1

6

Ju

l-1

6

Se

p-1

6

No

v-1

6

Ja

n-1

7

Ma

r-1

7

Ma

y-1

7

Ju

l-1

7

Se

p-1

7

No

v-1

7

Ja

n-1

8

Ma

r-1

8

Ma

y-1

8

Ju

l-1

8

Se

p-1

8

No

v-1

8

Ja

n-1

9

Ma

r-1

9

2013-2019YTD全球碳酸锂价格走势对比,美元/吨

碳酸锂,南美FOB 碳酸锂,北美CIF 碳酸锂,亚太CIF

碳酸锂,欧洲CIF 工业级碳酸锂中国出厂 电池级碳酸锂中国出厂

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资料来源: 中国海关, Bloomberg, 五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 中国海关, Bloomberg, 五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 公司公告,五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 公司公告, 五矿证券研究所

图: 海外市场的溢价也是刺激2018年中国碳酸锂出口大幅增加的原因之一 图: 中国氢氧化锂出口量的增长并不仅仅来自于雅保江锂和Livent南通工厂

图: 2018年赣锋锂业海外收入的占比已高达38%,相比2017年显著增长 图: 2018年天齐锂业海外收入的整体占比也已升至17%

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

20

15

-01

20

15

-04

20

15

-07

20

15

-10

20

16

-01

20

16

-04

20

16

-07

20

16

-10

20

17

-01

20

17

-04

20

17

-07

20

17

-10

20

18

-01

20

18

-04

20

18

-07

20

18

-10

20

19

-01

20

19

-04

2018年-2019YTD中国氢氧化锂的出口量显著增长

Hydroxide Export (t) Avg. Hydroxide Export Price ($/t)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

20

15

-01

20

15

-04

20

15

-07

20

15

-10

20

16

-01

20

16

-04

20

16

-07

20

16

-10

20

17

-01

20

17

-04

20

17

-07

20

17

-10

20

18

-01

20

18

-04

20

18

-07

20

18

-10

20

19

-01

20

19

-04

2018年-2019YTD中国碳酸锂的出口量显著增长

Carbonate Export (t) Avg. Carbonate Export Price ($/t)

77% 77% 80% 84%

62%

23% 23% 20% 16%

38%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

赣锋锂业年度销售收入按市场区域的划分

GFL Domestic Sales GFL Overseas Sales

80% 85% 90% 92%83%

20% 15% 10% 8%17%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

天齐锂业年度销售收入按市场区域的划分

TQC Domestic Sales TQC Overseas Sales

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重点从资本开支强度、建设周期两方面分析

样本覆盖全球范围内23个锂辉石矿山、23个矿石提锂化工厂、22个盐湖提锂项目

全球锂辉石矿山的平均资本开支强度为US$ 4305/t LCE

中国锂化工厂的平均资本开支强度为US$ 3720/t LCE, 在西澳建厂的平均水平高达US$ 13,729 / t LCE

全球盐湖提锂的平均资本开支强度为US$ 17,587/t LCE, 除去SQM扩能之后的平均值为US$ 19,755/t LCE

全球锂辉石矿山的建设周期平均约15个月、锂化工厂约20个月、盐湖提锂约20个月,但盐湖产能的实际爬坡期更为漫长

4. 为何说盐湖提锂难以完全取代矿石提锂?

图: 目前新建设的锂化工厂产能大部分在年产2万吨级别,过去多为5000吨级 图: 同时卤水提锂的单体设计产能也较过往大幅提升,通常在年产2-2.5万吨级

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所

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图: 全球盐湖提锂的平均资本开支强度,其中红色为扩能项目 图: 全球锂辉石矿山、锂化工厂、盐湖提锂的平均产能建设周期展示如下

图: 全球锂辉石矿山的平均单吨资本开支强度,其中红色为扩能或复产项目 图: 全球锂化工产能的瓶颈单吨资本开支强度,澳洲建厂的投入显著较高

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 各公司公告, 五矿证券研究所

资料来源: 各公司公告, 五矿证券研究所 资料来源: 各公司公告, 五矿证券研究所

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中国两大龙头企业

海外锂盐厂项目

中国锂盐厂项目

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未来中长期的锂盐价格中枢或由“非一体化矿石提锂企业”的生产成本所决定

鉴于矿商锂精矿生产成本的优化、以及销售价格的回落,2019年锂盐价格的成本支撑正在弱化

国内矿石提锂龙头投资南美,以丰富资源类型、强化成本竞争力;海外盐湖锂龙头布局西澳,追求更高品质的氢氧化锂

锂行业重在“资源优势”(与其余矿产无异),但也重在“资源与工艺的巧妙结合”

行业整固期既是挑战也是契机,为头部锂供应商以及行业老玩家重整市场、扩大份额提供了窗口期

对于产业长期投资者而言,什么是更理想和稳健的投资标的?矿石、一体化矿石、卤水、还是黏土?或是提锂技术?

5. 全球碳酸锂成本曲线给我们的启示

图: 2018年全球锂化合物的现金成本支撑价格水平位于7-8万元/吨的区间 图: 2019年全球锂化合物的成本支撑或弱化至6万元/吨附近

资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测 资料来源: 各公司公告,五矿证券研究所预测

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2018年全球锂化工现金成本曲线,假设锂盐厂非一体化(元/吨,含增值税)

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2019年全球锂化工现金成本曲线,假设锂盐厂非一体化(元/吨,含增值税)

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1、若全球锂矿供给释放超预期、同时新能源汽车的推广低预期,将导致锂产品价格中枢的再度下滑;

2、若电池技术革新并产业化,导致国内外新能源汽车的技术路径发生显著更替、降低了动力电池及储能的锂单耗;

3、企业海外资产的潜在经营风险、法律风险等;

4、全球宏观经济基本面风险、以及地缘政治风险等。

风险提示

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Thank you

深圳

地址:深圳市福田中心区金田路4028号,荣超经贸中心48层邮编:518035

北京

地址:北京市海淀区首体南路9号,4号楼603邮编:100037

五矿证券研究所

上海

地址:上海市浦东新区东方路69号,裕景国际大厦B座,2703邮编:200120

分析师:孙景文

职业证书编号:S0950519050001邮箱:[email protected]

五矿证券研究所有色金属行业研究

Page 54: China And Its Lithium Supply And Demand Dynamics

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一般声明五矿证券有限公司(以下简称“本公司”)具有中国证券监督管理委员会核发的经营证券业务许可,经营范围包括证券投资咨询业务资格。本公司不会因接收人收到本报告即视其为客户,本报告仅在相关法律许可的情况下发放,并仅为提供信息而发放,概不构成任何广告。本报告的版权仅为本公司所有,未经本公司书面许可,任何机构和个人不得以任何形式对本研究报告的任何部分以任何方式制作任何形式的翻版、复制或再次分发给任何其他人。如引用须联络五矿证券研究所获得许可后,再注明出处为五矿证券研究所,且不得对本报告进行有悖原意的删节和修改。在刊载或者转发本证券研究报告或者摘要的同时,也应注明本报告的发布人和发布日期及提示使用证券研究报告的风险。若未经授权刊载或者转发本报告的,本公司将保留向其追究法律责任的权利。若本公司以外的其他机构(以下简称“该机构”)发送本报告,则由该机构独自为此发送行为负责。本报告所载的资料、意见及推测仅反映本公司于发布本报告当日的判断,本报告所指的证券或投资标的的价格、价值及投资收入或将产生波动;在不同时期,本公司可发出与本报告所载资料、意见及推测不一致的报告;本公司不保证本报告所含信息保持在最新状态。同时,本公司对本报告所含信息可在不发出通知的情形下做出修改,投资者应当自行关注相应的更新或修改。本报告的作者是基于独立、客观、公正和审慎的原则制作本研究报告。本报告的信息均来源于公开资料,本公司对这些信息的准确性和完整性不作任何保证,也不保证所包含信息和建议不发生任何变更。本公司已力求报告内容的客观、公正,但文中的观点、结论和建议仅供参考,不包含作者对证券价格涨跌或市场走势的确定性判断。在任何情况下,报告中的信息或意见不构成对任何人的投资建议,投资者据此做出的任何投资决策与本公司和作者无关。在任何情况下,本公司、本公司员工或者关联机构不承诺投资者一定获利,不与投资者分享投资收益,也不对任何人因使用本报告中的任何内容所引致的任何损失负任何责任。本公司及作者在自身所知情范围内,与本报告中所评价或推荐的证券不存在法律法规要求披露或采取限制、静默措施的利益冲突。

分析师声明作者具有中国证券业协会授予的证券投资咨询执业资格,以勤勉的职业态度,独立、客观地出具本报告。作者保证报告所采用的数据均来自合规渠道,分析逻辑基于作者的职业理解,并清晰准确地反映了作者的研究观点,结论不受任何第三方的授意或影响,不存在任何利益冲突,特此声明。

免责声明

投资建议的评级标准 评级 说明

报告中投资建议所涉及的评级分为股票评级和行业评级(另有说明的除外)。评级标准为报告发布日后6到12个月内的相对市场表现,也即:以报告发布日后的6到12个月内的公司股价(或行业指数)相对同期相关证券市场代表性指数的涨跌幅作为基准。其中:A股市场以沪深300指数为基准;香港市场以恒生指数为基准;美国市场以纳斯达克综合指数或标普500指数为基准。

股票评级

买入 预期个股相对同期相关证券市场代表性指数的回报在20%及以上;

增持 预期个股相对同期相关证券市场代表性指数的回报介于5%~20%之间;

持有 预期个股相对同期相关证券市场代表性指数的回报介于-10%~5%之间;

卖出 预期个股相对同期相关证券市场代表性指数的回报在-10%及以下;

无评级 对于个股未来6个月的市场表现与基准指数相比无明确观点。

行业评级

看好 预期行业整体回报高于基准指数整体水平10%以上;

中性 预期行业整体回报介于基准指数整体水平-10%~10%之间;

看淡 预期行业整体回报低于基准指数整体水平-10%以下。

特别申明在法律许可的情况下,五矿证券可能会持有本报告中提及公司所发行的证券并进行交易,也可能为这些公司提供或争取提供投资银行、财务顾问和金融产品等各种金融服务。因此,投资者应当考虑到五矿证券及/或其相关人员可能存在影响本报告观点客观性的潜在利益冲突,投资者请勿将本报告视为投资或其他决定的唯一参考依据。

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