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Childhood Maltreatment Experiences among US Army Reserve/National Guard Soldiers and their Partners
Rachel C. Daws, D. Lynn Homish, Sarah Cercone Heavey, & Gregory G. Homish
School of Public Health & Health Professions
The State University of New York at Buffalo
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Presenter Disclosures
Presenter: Rachel C. Daws
• The following personal financial relationships with commercial interests relevant to this presentation existed during the past 12 months:
No commercial relationships to disclose
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Childhood Maltreatment
• All forms of abuse, neglect, and ill-treatment that
occur to children under 18 years of age
• Physical Abuse
• Sexual Abuse
• Emotional/Psychological abuse
• Physical/Emotional Neglect
• May also include exposure to intimate partner
violence
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Effects of Childhood Maltreatment
• Increased risk for leading causes of death (Felitti, et
al., 1998)
• Somatic complaints, poor perceived quality of life
and physical functioning (Afifi et al, 2007; Allen, 2008)
• Poor mental health outcomes and higher reported
substance abuse (Allen, 2013; Felitti, et al., 1998)
• Increased risk of intergenerational cycle of abuse (Pears & Capaldi, 2001; CDC, 2015)
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issues.jpg 5
Prevalence in the Military
• High prevalence of
maltreatment among
soldiers (Aversa et al., 2014;
VanVoorhees et al., 2012)
• While USAR/NG soldiers
have unique stressors,
child maltreatment
research has not
focused on this grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Battalion,_320th
_Field_Artillery_Regiment
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Aim of the Present Work
• To better understand childhood maltreatment
experiences in a sample of USAR/NG soldiers
https://pixabay.com/en/soldier-saluting-salute-man-person-294475/7
Operation: SAFETY
• Purpose to examine the health and wellness of US
Army Reserve/ National Guard soldiers and their
partners
• N=407 couples
• Recruited samples at drill weekends
• Vetted through Army Human Research Protections
Office, OCAR, TAG
• Obtained individual BN/Unit Commanders permission to
attend drill
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Operation: SAFETY Study Design
• Ongoing, multi-wave study
• 3 computerized questionnaires over 2 years
• Questions covered general health topics
• Participants were compensated for their time
• Obtained a Certificate of Confidentiality from DHHS
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Participant Eligibility
• Married/cohabitating
• English Speaking
• Current USAR/NG Soldier
• Between 18-45 years of age
• Past year alcohol consumption
• Willing and able to participate
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Participant CharacteristicsHusbands
% (n) or m(SD)Wives
% (n) or m(SD)
Soldiers 81.1% (383) 18.9% (89)
Dual Military Dyads 16.0% (65)
Civilians 5.9% (24) 78.1% (318)
Race/EthnicityWhiteBlackHispanicOther
80.3% (322)5.7% (23)9.2% (37)4.7% (19)
86.7% (345)2.5% (10)5.0% (20)5.8% (23)
Education<HS-HS GradSome CollegeCollege +
15.2% (62)55.5% (226)29.2% (119)
10.6% (43)43.0% (174)46.4 % (188)
Age 31.6 (6.53) 30.5 (6.72)
Married/Cohabitating 63.9 % (260)/36.1 % (147)
Years Served 9.7 (6.14) 7.0 (4.87)
# of Deployments 1.7 (.92) 1.3 (.48) 11
Methods
• Prevalence of maltreatment was calculated by
gender and military status
• Differences in childhood maltreatment by military
status were determined using T-tests
• Both male and female partners were examined
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Childhood Maltreatment
Comprehensive Child Maltreatment Scale for
Adults (Higgins & McCabe, 2001)
• Physical abuse (3 items)
• Psychological abuse (3 items)
• Neglect experiences (3 items)
• Witnessing family violence (2 items)
• 5-point Likert scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always)
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Frequency of Maltreatment History
Type of Maltreatment
Males% (n)
Females% (n)
Physical 65.6% (267) 55.8% (227)
Psychological 56.9% (231) 63.1% (257)
Neglect 32.7% (133) 33.7% (137)
Witnessing 40.8% (166) 47.7% (194)
Any CCMS 80.6% (328) 79.6% (324)
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Maltreatment History among Males
67% 67%
54%
42%
66%
56%
31%
41%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Physical Psychological Neglect Witnessing
Civilian Partners (n=24) AR/NG Soldiers (n=383)
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Maltreatment History among Females
54%
63%
33%
47%
62%65%
36%
49%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Physical Psychological Neglect Witnessing
Civilian Partners (n=318) AR/NG Soldiers (n=89)
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Multi-type Maltreatment: Males
8%
21%
25% 25%
21%20%
22%
20%19% 19%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
No CCMS One Type Two Types Three Types All Four Types
Civilian Partners (n=24) AR/NG Soldiers (n=383)
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Multi-type Maltreatment: Females
21%
18%
25%
17%
20%19%
16%
21% 21%22%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
No CCMS One Type Two Types Three Types All Four Types
Civilian Partners (n=318) AR/NG Soldiers (n=89)
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CM Severity Among Males
USAR/NG Soldiers(n=383)
m (95% CI)
Civilian Partners (n=24)
m (95% CI)
Physical(0 – 36)
2.77 (2.42 – 3.11)
1.96(.95 – 2.97)
Psychological(0 – 36)
5.42 (4.92 – 5.92)
6.42 (4.43 – 8.40)
Neglect(0 – 36)
1.31(1.01 – 1.62)
1.42 (.60 – 2.23)
Witnessing (0 – 8)
1.04 (.87 – 1.21)
.71 (.29 – 1.13)
CCM Total10.52
(9.39 – 11.65)10.50
(6.97 – 14.03)
* p < .0519
CM Severity Among Females
* p < .05
USAR/NG Soldiers (n=89)
m (95% CI)
Civilian Partners(n=318)
m (95% CI)
Physical*(0 – 36)
3.30 (2.44 – 4.17)
2.13 (1.78 – 2.47)
Psychological(0 – 36)
7.03 (5.89 – 8.18)
6.21 (5.62 – 6.81)
Neglect(0 – 36)
1.69(1.00 – 2.37)
1.32 (1.00 – 1.65)
Witnessing*(0 – 8)
1.64 (1.14 – 2.14)
1.16 (.97 – 1.35)
CCM Total*13.66
(10.89 – 16.44)10.82
(9.59 – 12.06)
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Conclusions
• USAR/NG soldiers report similar past prevalence of
maltreatment compared to civilian partners
• Both soldiers and their civilian partners report high
frequency of multi-type maltreatment
• Female USAR/NG soldiers reported greater
maltreatment severity than civilian women
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Limitations
• Data are cross-sectional
• Small sample size for
male civilians
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Thank you….
NIDA R01 034072 to GGH
USAR/NG Soldiers and Families
US Army Human Protections Office
The Adjutant General
BN and Unit Commanders
Research Staff at Operation: SAFETY
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_The_U.S._Army_-_Welcome_home_hug.jpg
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Questions?
Corresponding Author:
Rachel C. Daws
Dept. of Community Health and Health Behavior
School of Public Health and Health Professions
State University of New York at Buffalo
716-829-4731
https://www.flickr.com/photos/soldiersmediacenter/4166349808
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