Child DevelopmentChild Development

Chapter 6 Chapter 6

The Baby’s ArrivalThe Baby’s Arrival

1. What is happening when 1. What is happening when lightening occurs?lightening occurs?

• The baby settles into the The baby settles into the lower pelvis as the time of lower pelvis as the time of birth nears.birth nears.

• Baby’s head places Baby’s head places pressure on the rectum and pressure on the rectum and pelvic floor.pelvic floor.

• rib cage expands more rib cage expands more easily allowing deeper easily allowing deeper breathsbreaths

• eat without feeling full eat without feeling full quicklyquickly

• more pressure on their more pressure on their bladders bladders

• perpetual feeling that the perpetual feeling that the baby is about to fall out. baby is about to fall out.

2. What is the “bloody show” and 2. What is the “bloody show” and what does it mean for pregnant what does it mean for pregnant

women?women?• It can be green, yellowish, pinkish, It can be green, yellowish, pinkish,

brown, the blend of all of them, or brown, the blend of all of them, or even clear. It is usually accompanied even clear. It is usually accompanied with blood. with blood.

• This vaginal stain occurs when the This vaginal stain occurs when the mucus that seals the cervix dissolves.mucus that seals the cervix dissolves.

• This is an early sign that labor has This is an early sign that labor has begun.begun.

3. Explain what occurs 3. Explain what occurs when a woman’s “water when a woman’s “water

breaks.”breaks.”• The amniotic sac ruptures, and the The amniotic sac ruptures, and the

woman feels a trickle or gush of warm woman feels a trickle or gush of warm amniotic fluid.amniotic fluid.

Effacement and DilationEffacement and Dilation

• Cervix – the opening to the uterusCervix – the opening to the uterus• EffacementEffacement

– cervix gets shorter and thins out in cervix gets shorter and thins out in order to stretch and open around your order to stretch and open around your baby's head.baby's head.

– is measured from 0% to 100%.is measured from 0% to 100%.

• Dilation Dilation – stretching and opening of cervixstretching and opening of cervix– measured from 1 to 10 centimeters.measured from 1 to 10 centimeters.

4. What are contractions? 4. What are contractions? What is their purpose?What is their purpose?

• The tightening and The tightening and releasing of the releasing of the muscles of the muscles of the uterus during uterus during labor.labor.

• They push the They push the baby out of the baby out of the mother’s body.mother’s body.

5. What is the purpose of 5. What is the purpose of fetal monitoring during fetal monitoring during

labor?labor?• External: To watch External: To watch

the baby’s heart rate the baby’s heart rate for indicators of for indicators of stress.stress.

• Internal: A fetal scalp Internal: A fetal scalp electrode is placed by electrode is placed by screwing a tiny sire screwing a tiny sire into the top layers of into the top layers of the baby's scalp, then the baby's scalp, then relaying the baby's relaying the baby's heart rate to the fetal heart rate to the fetal monitor. monitor. 

6. When is labor considered 6. When is labor considered premature? What are the warning premature? What are the warning

signs?signs?• When the fetus has been developing When the fetus has been developing

37 weeks or less.37 weeks or less.• Warning signs:Warning signs:

– Contractions every ten minutes or lessContractions every ten minutes or less– Dull backacheDull backache– Leaking fluid or bloodLeaking fluid or blood

7. How can you distinguish 7. How can you distinguish false labor from real false labor from real

contractions?contractions?• In false labor, contractions…In false labor, contractions…

– Are not regular or rhythmicAre not regular or rhythmic– Do not increase in strength over timeDo not increase in strength over time– End with light exercise, such as walkingEnd with light exercise, such as walking

8. Summarize the 3 stages 8. Summarize the 3 stages of labor.of labor.

• First – contractions make the cervix First – contractions make the cervix dilate-first child: 6-18 hours; later dilate-first child: 6-18 hours; later children: 2-5 hourschildren: 2-5 hours

• Second – baby is born; First child: 1-Second – baby is born; First child: 1-2 hours; later children: 15-30 2 hours; later children: 15-30 minutesminutes

• Third – placenta is delivered; 10-30 Third – placenta is delivered; 10-30 minutesminutes

Stages of LaborStages of Labor

9. What is a breech 9. What is a breech presentation? Why is it a presentation? Why is it a

complication?complication?• When the baby does When the baby does

not enter the lower not enter the lower pelvis with his head pelvis with his head down.down.

• The baby may have The baby may have difficulty moving difficulty moving through the woman’s through the woman’s pelvis.pelvis.

• Preferable to try to Preferable to try to turn a breech baby turn a breech baby between the 32nd between the 32nd and 37th weeks of and 37th weeks of pregnancy. pregnancy.

10. How is the hormone 10. How is the hormone “relaxin” related to “relaxin” related to

dilation?dilation?• It allows the ligaments that join the It allows the ligaments that join the

bones of the mother’s pelvis to bones of the mother’s pelvis to stretch like rubber bands, moving stretch like rubber bands, moving apart the pelvic bones.apart the pelvic bones.

• It also allows the walls of the birth It also allows the walls of the birth canal to stretch so the baby can pass canal to stretch so the baby can pass through.through.

• This causes the “waddle.” This causes the “waddle.”

11. What is an episiotomy, 11. What is an episiotomy, and why is it done?and why is it done?

• It is a surgical cut made to enlarge It is a surgical cut made to enlarge the opening of the vagina.the opening of the vagina.

• It keeps the skin from tearing.It keeps the skin from tearing.

12. What are stem cells, 12. What are stem cells, and why are they and why are they

important?important?• Cells in the cord Cells in the cord

blood left behind in blood left behind in the umbilical cord & the umbilical cord & placenta after birthplacenta after birth

• They can produce all They can produce all types of blood cells.types of blood cells.

• Can be used to treat Can be used to treat serious blood-related serious blood-related illnesses in the baby illnesses in the baby and other family and other family membersmembers

13. What is a cesarean 13. What is a cesarean birth? Why is it sometimes birth? Why is it sometimes

necessary?necessary?• Delivery through Delivery through

a surgical a surgical incision in the incision in the mother’s mother’s abdomenabdomen

• May be needed ifMay be needed if– Labor is not Labor is not

progressing progressing normallynormally

– Baby is Baby is distressed or distressed or turned wrongturned wrong

– Multiple babiesMultiple babies

14. What factors increase 14. What factors increase the chances of premature the chances of premature

birth?birth?• Mother has had Mother has had

other premature other premature birthsbirths

• Multiple babiesMultiple babies• Mother has other Mother has other

medical problemsmedical problems• Mother is a teenMother is a teen

15. Why does a premature 15. Why does a premature baby need an incubator?baby need an incubator?

• Brain has not yet Brain has not yet developed the developed the ability to control ability to control all body systemsall body systems

• An incubator An incubator controls oxygen controls oxygen supply, supply, temperature, and temperature, and humidityhumidity

Section 6-2Section 6-2

The NewbornThe Newborn

16. Fontanels16. Fontanels

• Open spaces on the Open spaces on the baby’s head where the baby’s head where the bones are not yet bones are not yet joined. They allow the joined. They allow the bones to move together bones to move together during passage through during passage through the birth canal. One is the birth canal. One is just above the baby’s just above the baby’s forehead and the other forehead and the other is toward the back of is toward the back of the skull.the skull.

• It may make the head It may make the head appear pointed or appear pointed or lopsidedlopsided..

17. Newborn Proportions17. Newborn Proportions

• The newborn’s brain is large. After birth, the head and The newborn’s brain is large. After birth, the head and brain grow much less than the rest of the baby’s body.brain grow much less than the rest of the baby’s body.

18. What physical adjustments do 18. What physical adjustments do newborns’ bodies make to survive newborns’ bodies make to survive

outside the uterus?outside the uterus?• The lungs take in oxygen.The lungs take in oxygen.• The circulatory system begins to The circulatory system begins to

deliver blood to lungs.deliver blood to lungs.• The heart pumps harder.The heart pumps harder.• Small openings in the heart begin to Small openings in the heart begin to

close.close.• A new type of hemoglobin develops.A new type of hemoglobin develops.

19. What is lanugo, and 19. What is lanugo, and what happens to it?what happens to it?

• Fine, downy hair Fine, downy hair growing on a growing on a newborn’s newborn’s forehead, back, forehead, back, and shoulders.and shoulders.

• It disappears soon It disappears soon after birth.after birth.

20. When nurses give the newborn 20. When nurses give the newborn its first bath, what are they its first bath, what are they washing away? What is the washing away? What is the purpose of this substance?purpose of this substance?

• A white, pasty A white, pasty substance called substance called vernix (made up of vernix (made up of the fetus’s shed the fetus’s shed skin cells and skin skin cells and skin gland secretions).gland secretions).

• It protects the skin It protects the skin against constant against constant exposure to the exposure to the amniotic fluid.amniotic fluid.

21. What is the purpose of 21. What is the purpose of the Apgar scale? What five the Apgar scale? What five

areas does it rate?areas does it rate?• It rates the It rates the

physical condition physical condition of the newborn, of the newborn, including:including:– BreathingBreathing– Response to Response to

stimulationstimulation– Heart rateHeart rate– Clear skin colorClear skin color– Muscle toneMuscle tone

22. Identify medical procedures 22. Identify medical procedures that are performed shortly after that are performed shortly after

birth and tell the purpose of each.birth and tell the purpose of each.• Weigh and measure the babyWeigh and measure the baby• Apply antibiotic drops to eyes to Apply antibiotic drops to eyes to

prevent infectionprevent infection• Give vitamin K to prevent rare Give vitamin K to prevent rare

bleeding disorderbleeding disorder• Hearing screeningHearing screening• Blood tests to determine type & Blood tests to determine type &

screen certain diseasesscreen certain diseases

23. What steps are taken to 23. What steps are taken to record a newborn’s record a newborn’s

identity?identity?

• A footprint is takenA footprint is taken• A plastic I.D. badge is attached to the baby, A plastic I.D. badge is attached to the baby,

the mother, and someone of the mother’s the mother, and someone of the mother’s choosingchoosing

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Stop at 24:16

Section 6-3Section 6-3

The Postnatal PeriodThe Postnatal Period

24. What are some new things a 24. What are some new things a mother can do to begin bonding mother can do to begin bonding

with her newborn?with her newborn?• Hold, carry, Hold, carry,

rock the babyrock the baby• Touch the Touch the

baby’s fingers baby’s fingers and toesand toes

• Talk, sing, read Talk, sing, read to the babyto the baby

• Look into the Look into the baby’s eyesbaby’s eyes

25. How do bonding 25. How do bonding activities affect the baby’s activities affect the baby’s

brain?brain?• They help the They help the

brain develop and brain develop and build connections.build connections.

26. What is colostrum? 26. What is colostrum? How does it help the baby?How does it help the baby?

• High calorie, high protein early breast milkHigh calorie, high protein early breast milk• It satisfies hunger & provides protection from illnessesIt satisfies hunger & provides protection from illnesses

27. What period of time is 27. What period of time is considered the neonatal considered the neonatal

period?period?

• The baby’s first The baby’s first month of lifemonth of life

28. A new mother is frightened. The 28. A new mother is frightened. The baby’s eyes and skin appear yellow. baby’s eyes and skin appear yellow.

What is the condition and what causes What is the condition and what causes it? Does it require treatment?it? Does it require treatment?

• Jaundice – a Jaundice – a common condition common condition that occurs when that occurs when the liver can’t the liver can’t remove bilirubin remove bilirubin quickly enough.quickly enough.

• It requires It requires treatment, such as treatment, such as phototherapy, to phototherapy, to avoid damage to the avoid damage to the nervous system.nervous system.

29. What do lactation 29. What do lactation consultants do?consultants do?

• Teach new mothers to breastfeed.Teach new mothers to breastfeed.

30. Describe the benefits of 30. Describe the benefits of rooming-in.rooming-in.

• Fathers can visit Fathers can visit anytime.anytime.

• Babies have on Babies have on main caregiver, so main caregiver, so they cry less.they cry less.

• Mothers get more Mothers get more rest not worrying rest not worrying about baby in about baby in nursery.nursery.

• Parents start Parents start learning how to learning how to take care of the take care of the baby right away.baby right away.

31. What two legal forms 31. What two legal forms should parents complete for should parents complete for

their new baby?their new baby?

• Birth certificateBirth certificate• Application for Social Security numberApplication for Social Security number

32. Identify the physical 32. Identify the physical problems of premature problems of premature

babies.babies.• Lack the ability to coordinate Lack the ability to coordinate

sucking and swallowing milk.sucking and swallowing milk.• Lack enough body fat for warmth.Lack enough body fat for warmth.• Immature lungsImmature lungs• Immature digestive systemImmature digestive system

33. Summarize the physical needs 33. Summarize the physical needs of a new mother during the of a new mother during the

prenatal period.prenatal period.• RestRest• Gentle exerciseGentle exercise• Good nutrition, incl. plenty of fluidsGood nutrition, incl. plenty of fluids• Medical checkup 4-6 weeks after giving birthMedical checkup 4-6 weeks after giving birth

Pelvic floorPelvic floor

• Support for the bladder, intestines, the uterus (in females), and in maintenance of continence as part of the urinary and anal sphincters.

34. Compare and contrast “baby 34. Compare and contrast “baby blues” with postpartum blues” with postpartum

depression. How are they similar depression. How are they similar and different?and different?

• SimilaritiesSimilarities– Both are feelings of sadness, often Both are feelings of sadness, often

include crying and anxietyinclude crying and anxiety

• DifferencesDifferences– Postpartum depression is more extremePostpartum depression is more extreme– With PD, woman may be overly anxious With PD, woman may be overly anxious

about baby, have little interest in the about baby, have little interest in the baby, or think of harming the baby. baby, or think of harming the baby. They need immediate help.They need immediate help.

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Part 2