child development and children’s learning. introduction to learning theory
TRANSCRIPT
Child Development and Children’s Learning.
Introduction to Learning Theory.
Child Development and Children’s Learning.
Introduction to Learning Theory.
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
• To know how children develop and learn.• To be aware of key theories of learning and
the implications of these for classroom practice.
• TS 1, TS 4, TS 5, TS 7
A tiny human in a sperm, drawn by a 17th century microscopist
(Hartsoeker, 1694)
MaturationMaturation
• Sequential patterns of change that are governed by instructions contained in the genetic code and shared by all members of a species.
• Any maturational pattern is marked by 3 qualities: It is universal, appearing in all children across cultural
boundaries It is sequential, involving some pattern of unfolding skill or
characteristics It is relatively impervious to environmental influence
Stages of development:Stages of development:
• Periods of development which can be seen as distinctly different from each other and during which children experience the world in different ways.
• At each stage children have unique, characteristic patterns of thought and behaviour
• Continuity - discontinuity
The whole childThe whole child
The physical child
•Physical development
The social child
•Social and emotional development
•Spiritual and moral development
The thinking child
•Language Development
•Cognitive development
What develops?What develops?
Bruce and Meggitt (2006) Physical developmentIntellectual developmentLanguage developmentEmotional developmentSocial developmentSpiritual development
The Physical Child – Physical developmentThe Physical Child – Physical development
• Gross motor skills which use the large muscles of the body
• Fine motor skills which involve single limb movements and precise movements of hands and fingers
• Locomotion
• Balance
• Hand-eye co-ordination
The social child – social developmentThe social child – social development
• Concerns the child’s developing relationships with the people around him or her.
• Vertical and horizontal relationships
• Attachment
• Social cognition
• Emotional intelligence
• Interpersonal and Intrapersonal intelligences
The social child – emotional developmentThe social child – emotional development
• Is concerned with the child’s developing ability to understand emotions, both his own and those of others
• Impulse control
• Self-concept
• Self-esteem
• Personality
The Social child – Spiritual and moral developmentThe Social child – Spiritual and moral development
• The developing sense of relationship with self, relating to others ethically, morally and humanely and a relationship with the universe
• Piaget – moral realism, moral relativism
• Kohlberg – pre-conventional, conventional and principled morality
The Thinking Child – Language developmentThe Thinking Child – Language development
• ‘Inside-out’ theories – we are born with a language making capacity
• ‘Outside-in’ theories
- imitation
- reinforcement
- constructivist; language
development is part of the
broader process of cognitive
development.
Four main areas of language competenceFour main areas of language competence
• Phonology
• Semantics
• Syntax
• Pragmatics
The Thinking Child – Intellectual or Cognitive developmentThe Thinking Child – Intellectual or Cognitive development
Learning can be seen as:
‘Relatively permanent changes in behaviour or in potential for behaviour that result from experience.’
(Lefrancoise, 1999)
The Thinking Child – Intellectual or Cognitive developmentThe Thinking Child – Intellectual or Cognitive development
• Knowledge• Concepts• Skills• Attitudes
are
o Acquired
o Understood
o Applied
o Extended
(Pollard, 2008)
Learning can be considered as the process by which:
Operant conditioning B.F.Skinner
Rat in Skinner Box
Operant conditioning B.F.Skinner
Rat in Skinner Box
Stimulus (cage)
Consequences- (food reward)
Implication- More pressing
Response (lever)
Child in the classroomChild in the classroom
Stimulus(Teacher asks question)
Consequences(Teacher rewards
Child)
Implication(Child responds in
Future)
Response(Child gives correct answer)
PedagogyPedagogy
‘Science of teaching’
Oxford English Dictionary
Pedagogy
Learning and learners
Teaching Curriculum
Break and reading!Break and reading!
What is learning?What is learning?
‘Learning can be considered as the process by which knowledge, concepts, skills and attitudes are acquired, understood applied and extended…Learning is partly a cognitive process, and partly social and affective.’
Pollard (2008)
What is learning?What is learning?
‘Learning is provoked. Learning occurs in a specific situation, at a specific moment, or when a specific problem needs to be tackled. People help children to learn, by creating environments and atmospheres which promote learning.’
Bruce and Meggitt (2006)
Learning theoriesLearning theories
• Behaviourism• Constructivism• Social constructivism
Behaviourist theoryBehaviourist theory
• A behaviour followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future
• Aversive stimuli – something we find unpleasant or painful
• Behaviourists cast learners in a passive role• Extrinsic – Intrinsic motivation
Constructivist theoryConstructivist theory
• People learn through an interaction between thinking and experience, and through the development of more complex cognitive structures.
• Jean Piaget – placed action and self-directed problem solving at the heart of learning and development
• Accommodation and Assimilation
Piaget’s Stages of DevelopmentPiaget’s Stages of Development
• Sensori–motor 0-2 yrs
• Pre-operational a) pre-conceptual 2-4 yrs b) intuitive 4-7 yrs
o Concrete operations 7-12 yrs
o Formal operations 12 yrs
Intellectual / Cognitive developmentIntellectual / Cognitive development
Cognition‘Knowing…distinct from emotion’ Oxford English Dictionary
Jean PiagetSwiss, clinical psychologist1896-1980
Piaget’s theory: Stages of cognitive development
Piaget’s stages of cognitive developmentPiaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensori-motor (Birth-2 yrs) Pre-operational (2-7 years) Concrete operational (7-11 years) Formal operational (11 years and up)
PiagetPiaget
SchemaAdaptation
Assimilation and Accommodation
Constructivism
• 3 Mountains video
Challenges to Piaget’s TheoryChallenges to Piaget’s Theory
‘Human sense’Donaldson M (1984) Children's Minds London;
Fontana. Wood D (1998) How Children Think and Learn
(2nd edition) Oxford; Blackwell.
Social Constructivist theorySocial Constructivist theory
• Children as active learners
• Significance of social processes
• Vygotsky
• Appropriate intervention by more knowledgeable others
• Zone of Proximal Development
The zone of proximal developmentThe zone of proximal development
‘ the distance between the actual developmental level as determined through problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers’
(Vygotsky, 1978)
The Zone of Proximal DevelopmentThe Zone of Proximal Development
Appropriate intervention
Potential development
Actual development
‘Scaffolding’ children’s learning - Bruner ‘Scaffolding’ children’s learning - Bruner
Scaffolding has distinctive aspects:
• Recruitment – engage the interest and motivation of the child
• Reduction – simplify the task by reducing the number of acts needed to reach a solution (manageable chunks)
• Direct maintenance – encouragement
• Marking critical features – highlight features of the task that are relevant
• Demonstration - modelling
BrunerBruner
All learning should move through three set phases:
• Enactive – by doing (sensori-motor)
• Iconic – pictorial representation (concrete operations)
• Symbolic – abstract representation (formal operations)
• The spiral curriculum
What is a learning style?What is a learning style?
• An individual’s preferred method of learning
• Estimated to be over 80 learning style models
The brainThe brain
• Left Hand Side– logical
• Right Hand Side– affective
• Greenfield– Neurotransmitter connections
Multiple intelligencesMultiple intelligences
• Gardner– Linguistic intelligence– Logical-mathematical intelligence– Musical intelligence– Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence– Spatial intelligence– Inter-personal intelligence– Intra-personal intelligence
VAKVAK
• Dominant sense• Visual - sight• Auditory - sound• Kinaesthetic - touch
How do we learn?How do we learn?
Effective pedagogy includes
understanding of…• Learning theory
– How learning happens
• Needs of individual learners– Learning content– Preferred approaches to learning