StudyofEarlyEducationinLouisianaCOVID-19SurveyReport,No.1|June2020UpdatedJuly1,2020

ChildCareLeaders'ExperienceswithCOVID-19:FirstFindingsfromtheStudyofEarlyEducationinLouisianaDaphnaBassok,AnnaJ.Markowitz,AmySmith,SarahKiscaden

EdPolicyWorksattheUniversityofVirginiaUCLAGraduateSchoolofEducationandInformationStudies

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ChildCareLeaders’ExperienceswithCOVID-19:FirstfindingsfromtheStudyofEarlyEducationinLouisiana

ThearrivaloftheCOVID-19coronaviruspandemictotheUnitedStatesinearly2020quicklydisruptedeveryaspectofdailylife,includingthecareandeducationofyoungchildren.InLouisiana,anexecutiveorderclosedallpublicschools,includingstate-fundedpre-kprograms,statewideonMarch13,2020.BytheendofMarch,mostHeadStartprogramswerealsoclosed.Childcarecenters,thethirdmajorproviderofformalearlycareandeducation(ECE)andakeyworksupportforlow-incomefamilies,werenotincludedinthegovernor’sexecutiveorderclosingschools.Instead,theownersanddirectorsofearlylearningcenterswerelefttomakeindividualdecisionsaboutwhetherornottoclosetheirbusinessesandhowbesttosupporttheiremployees.Notably,officialhealthguidance–forexample,encouragingchildrentostayhome,limitinggroupsizes,encouraginghandwashingandfrequentcleaning–madeprovidingcaretoyoungchildrenbothmoredifficultandmorecostly.Childcareprogramsalreadyoperateonrazor-thinmargins,andstayingopenbecameinfeasibleformanyprograms.ThechallengesfacedbychildcareprogramsinLouisianaechochallengesnationwide;someestimatessuggestthatuptohalfofchildcareprogramsshutdownduringtheheightofCOVID-19inMarchandApril(BipartisanPolicyCenter,2020).Asstatesworktoreopenchildcare,manyquestionsremainaboutprograms’experienceswithclosures,theirabilitytore-open,andtheirneedsmovingforward.Surveys,includingseveralbytheNationalAssociationfortheEducationofYoungChildren(NAEYC)andbytheLouisianaPolicyInstituteforChildren(LPIC),haveprovidedimportantinformation,highlightingthelargefinancialimpactsforchildcaresitesandtheextremeuncertaintychildcareownerswerefeelingabouttheirabilitytore-open(NAEYC,2020;LPIC,2020).WhilethesesurveysprovidedinvaluableinformationfromlargenumbersofearlyeducatorsbothnationwideandinLouisiana,responserateswerequitelow.Inmanycases,just20to30percentofearlyeducatorswhowereinvitedtocompletethesurveysdidso.Thisraisesquestionsaboutwhethertheexperiencesreportedbythosewhocompletedthesurveysaccuratelycapturetheexperiencesofallproviders.ThisreportpresentsresultsfromtheStudyofEarlyEducationinLouisiana(SEE-LA)COVID-19LeaderSurvey,whichavoidsthislimitationbydrawingonanestablishedresearch-practicepartnership,invitingallpublicly-fundedchildcareprogramsoperatingintwogeographicareas(JeffersonandRapidesparishesinLouisiana)toparticipate,andachievingasubstantiallyhigherresponseratethanpreviousCOVID-19surveys.ThesurveywasconductedincollaborationwiththeLouisianaDepartmentofEducation,theJeffersonEarlyChildhoodCollaborative,andtheRapidesEarlyChildhoodNetwork.Thesampleforthissurveyincludedatleastonechildcareleader(e.g.owner,sitedirector,assistantdirector)fromeveryTypeIIIchildcarecenter(whichincludesallcenterseligibleforsubsidies)operatingineachparishinthefallof2019.Alloftheseleaders,including132siteleadersfrom88childcaresites,wereinvitedtotakethesurvey,eveniftheirsitewasnotcurrentlyopen.SurveysweredistributedthroughemailbetweenApril20andMay292020.Acrossbothparishes,75siteleadersfrom60sitescompletedthesurvey.Inother

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words,68%ofthesubsidizedchildcarecentersinthesetwoparishesareincluded,afarhigherratethaninotherrecentsurveysabouttheimpactofCOVID-19onchildcare.JeffersonandRapidesparishesarethe2ndand10thbiggestparishesinLouisiana.TheyarediverseandprovideusefulcasestudiesforLouisiana.Inbothparishes,27%ofchildrenliveinpoverty,anumberthatexceedsthenationalaverage,andahighproportionoffamiliesreceivemeans-testedservices(USCensusBureau,2019).In2018,Jeffersonwasabout53%White,28%Black,15.5%Hispanic,and4%Asian;andRapideswasabout61%White,32%Black,3%Hispanic,and2%Asian(USCensusBureau,2018).EchoingthechallengeschildcareprogramsfacedthroughoutLouisianaandnationwide,mostchildcaresitesinJeffersonandRapidesclosedforatleastsomeperiodoftimefollowingthestartoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Only25%ofsitesinoursampleremainedopenthroughoutthedurationofthesurvey,while75%ofsitesreportedclosingeithertemporarilyorpermanently.ThisechoesstatewidedatafromLouisianasuggestingthatabout70%ofchildcareclosedbytheendofApril(e.g.,Guidry,2020).TheSEE-LACOVID-19surveyaskedchildcareleadersquestionsabouttheirexperienceswithCOVID-19,intermsofboththeirworkandtheirindividualwellbeing,withthegoalofinformingcommunityandpolicysupportsforchildcareasitreopens.Understandingchildcareleaders’wellbeingisimportant.Strongleadershipisessentialforthesuccessfulfunctioningofchildcarecenters:forthequalityofcareprovidedandthegrowthofyoungchildren(Buettneretal.,2016;Douglass,2017;Robertsetal.,2019;Smith&Lawrence,2019;Whitakeretal.,2015;Yooetal.,2007).ByprovidinginformationabouthowprogrampracticeschangedinthewakeofCOVID-19andthewellbeingofdirectorsduringthepandemic,thissurveyhighlightstheuniquechallengesthesectorfacesastheeconomyre-opens.Thereportisorganizedaroundfourtopicalareas:

1. ChangestositeoperationschangedinresponsetoCOVID-19,bothfromsitesthatleadersreportedasopenandretrospectivelyfromsitesleadersreportedareclosed

2. Theexperiencesofchildcareleaderswhosesitesclosed,includingwhenandwhytheyclosed,howclosureaffectedstaff,andplansforre-opening

3. Theexperiencesofchildcareleaderswhosesitesremainedopened,includingchangesinenrollment,challengesinaccessingneededresources,andperceivedchallengesformovingforward

4. Childcareleaders’wellbeingduringCOVID-19

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SITEOPERATIONSSiteoperationschangedsignificantlyinresponsetotheCOVID-19pandemic.Thissectiondescribesthosechangesandincludesresponsesfromboththesitesthatstayedopenandthosethateventuallyclosed.Analysespresentedherearebasedonresponsesfromoneleaderpersite(typicallythesite’sownerordirector)(N=60).WhilethemajorityofsiteleadersreportednoconfirmedcasesofCOVID-19,fourdidhaveconfirmedcasesandsixmoresuspectedtheymight.Table1showsdataaboutconfirmedpositivecasesandsuspectedpositivecases.Table1.ConfirmedandSuspectedCOVID-19CasesintheCommunity,AllSites

PercentofSitesConfirmedCaseofCOVID-19 7.84%SuspectedCaseofCOVID-19,butNotTested 12.24%Leadersreportedmakinganumberofchangestomitigaterisksrelatedtothevirus.AsshowninFigure1,themostcommonchangesincludedtheadoptionofnewcleaningprocedures(93%),regulartemperaturechecks(79%),restrictionofvisitors(77%),changesinpick-upanddrop-offprocedures(71%),informationprovidedtofamiliesaboutthevirus(69%),communicationwithhealthofficials(59%),andlimitinggroupsizes(57%).Figure1.ChangesinSiteRoutineinResponsetothePandemic,AllSites

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Siteleadersspenthundredsofextradollarsinanefforttoadapttheirsiteforthepandemic.Eventhoughmostsiteseventuallyclosed,averagespendingpersitewasover$700,withsomespendingasmuchas$4000.Louisianaallowedseveralchangestolicensingrequirementstohelpprovidersoperatesafely.Manysiteleadersreportedtakingadvantageofthesechanges.AsshowninFigure2,nearlyallsiteleadersreportedthattheyreceivedCCAPpaymentsbasedonenrollmentratherthanattendance(94%).Abouthalfchangedtheirratiosandgroupsizesinaccordancewithnewrequirements(49%),androughlyaquarterwaivedcontinuingeducationandproofofdocumentationrequirements(26%),andtookadvantageofextensionstolicenserenewals(23%).Forsomeleaders,thesechangestolicensingrequirementswerecrucial:oneleaderreported“ifwecouldnothavereceivedCCAPpaymentswithnoattendance…wewouldnothavebeenabletoopenbothofour[facilities].”Figure2.SiteLeaderUtilizationofChangestoLicensingRequirements,AllSites

Siteleadersalsoreportedonadditionalsupporttheyreceivedfromoutsideorganizationssuchasstateorlocalgovernments,nonprofits,banks,orothersourcesduringthepandemic.AsshowninthefirstcolumnofTable2,accesstotheseadditionalsupportswasrelativelylow.Justhalfofchildcareleaderswereabletoaccessfundstopaystaffduringtheirclosure.Take-upofothersupportswasevenlower:mentalhealthservices(33%);low-interestloans(26%);fundsforsupplies(16%);staffCOVID-19testing(13%);andadditionalstaff(8%).Someleadersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeavailabilityoffinancialsupportsinparticular.Onereportedthatthey“appliedfor[a]loanbut[the]government[hadrun]outoffunds,”anotherreportedhavingtotakeoutprivateloanstopayexpenses,andathirdreportedthattherewas“definitelyanobviousdisparitybetweenthemethodinwhichfundsandservicesaredistributed.”

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Table2alsoshowsthatamongthosesiteleaderswhodidaccesssupports,mostviewedthoseresourcesassomewhatorveryuseful.Forexample,92%reportedthatmentalhealthserviceswereuseful;83%reportedthatfundsforsupplieswereuseful;and79%reportedthatfundstopaystaffwereuseful.Table2.AdditionalSupportsReceivedbySiteLeadersandSupportUsefulness,AllSites

OftheSitesThatReceivedthisSupport:PercentThatFoundit…

%SitesReceivedSupport

“NotatAll”or“NotVery”

UsefulNeutral

“Somewhat”or“Very”Useful

FundstoPayStaffDuringClosure 50.0% 10.5% 10.5% 79.0%

MentalHealthServicesforStaffand/orChildren 32.6% 0.0% 8.3% 91.7%

Low-InterestLoans 26.3% 0.0% 30.0% 70.0%

FundsforCleaningSupplies,HealthcareSupplies,Etc. 15.8% 0.0% 16.7% 83.3%

Free&AvailableCOVID-19TestingforTeachersandStaff 13.2% 20.0% 20.0% 60.0%

AdditionalTeachers,Staff,orVolunteers 7.9% 0.0% 33.3% 66.7%

Free&AvailableCOVID-19TestingforChildrenandFamilies

0.0% n/a n/a n/a

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CLOSEDSITESMostTypeIIIchildcaresitesinJeffersonandRapidesclosedforsomeperiodoftimeduetotheCOVID-19pandemic.Asnotedabove,inoursample,75%ofsiteswereclosedatthetimethattheleaderrespondedtothesurvey.Thissectionincludesinformationaboutwhenandwhytheyclosed,howmuchtimetheyhadpriortoclosing,whethertheythoughttheywouldopenagain,andhowmuchtheypaidtheirstaffduringclosure.Analyseshereincludeoneleaderfromeachoftheclosedsites(N=45).Amongsitesthatclosed,nearlyallclosedinMarch.Figure3showsthatabout65%ofleadersfromclosedsitesreportedclosinginmid-March,andabout24%inlateMarch.Morethanathirdofchildcareleaders(36%)citedrecommendationsfromthelocalhealthdepartment,thegovernor,and/orLDOEastheir“primary”causeforclosing,withfinancialconsiderations(e.g.reducedenrollmentorcostofstayingopen)(25%),andstaffshortages(21%)asthenextmostcommonreasons(seeFigure4).Figure3.ApproximateDateofSiteClosure,ClosedSites

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Figure4.PrimaryReasonforSiteClosure,ClosedSites

Mostclosuresoccurredabruptly.AsshowninTable3,39%ofsiteleadersreportedhavinglessthanadayinbetweenthedecisiontocloseandclosing,andanother39%reportedhavingonlyoneortwodays.Oneleaderreportedthattheywouldhavebeengratefulforadayortwoofwarningbeforeclosurebecausethey“onlyhadaboutonehour[of]notice.”Table3.LengthofTimeBetweenDecisiontoCloseandClosure,ClosedSitesLengthofTime PercentofSitesLessThan1Day 39.13%1or2Days 39.13%3to6Days 10.87%1to2Weeks 10.87%

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Table4showsleaders’estimationofthelikelihoodthatsiteswillbeabletore-openafterthepandemic.Whilethemajorityofchildcareleadersatclosedsitesreporteditwasverylikelytheywillreopenafterthepandemic,16%werenotconfidenttheywouldsurviveclosure,highlightingtheprecarityofthesector.Table4.LikelihoodofReopeningAfterthePandemic,ClosedSites

Notlikely SomewhatLikely VeryLikely

Thissitewillreopenafterthecoronaviruspandemic. 4.44% 11.11% 84.44%

AsshowninTable5,therewassubstantialvariabilityinprograms’abilitytopaystaffduringclosure.While21%reportedthatallstaffwasstillbeingpaid,over44%ofsiteleadersreportednotpayinganyoftheirstaffduringclosure.Forthosestaffwhodidreceivewagesduringclosure,theamountpaidremainedlargelythesame:85%ofsiteleadersreportedthatstaffwageswereunchanged(notshown).Table5.AmountofStaffBeingPaid,ClosedSitesThissiteispaying… PercentofSitesNoStaff 44.19%SomeStaff 25.58%AllStaff 20.93%Other* 9.30%*Themajorityof“other”responsesindicatedthatsiteshadpaidstaffforaportion,butnotall,ofthetimethatthesitewasclosed.

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OPENSITESGiventhatthevastmajorityofsitesclosed,itisnotsurprisingthatonlyasmallnumberofsurveyrespondentsreportedtheirsitesremainedopen(7inJefferson,8inRapides).Leadersfromall15ofthesesitesreportedservingatleastsomechildrenofessentialworkers,andmostsaidthatallchildrenservedwerefromfamiliesofessentialworkers.Mostleadersofopensitesreportedthatbothenrollmentandattendancehaddecreasedsignificantly.Theyreportedservingnewchildren,mostcommonlychildrenofessentialworkers,siblingsofalreadyenrolledchildren,orchildrenfromrecentlyclosedsites.Severalsiteleadersnotedtheyfeltasenseofresponsibilitytostayopenspecificallyforchildrenofessentialworkers.Onewrotethattheirsitewasstillopen“becausesomeonehastocarefortheessentialworkerchildren,”andanothersaidthatbystayingopen,theywere“takingcareofessentialpersonnel”becausethey“knowhowneededtheyare.”Siteleadersreportedthatmanycrucialsupplieswerehardtofind,especiallydisinfectantsprayandwipes,handsanitizer,thermometers,toiletpaper,papertowels,andgloves.Leadersofopencentersexpressedahostofconcernsincludingworriesoverstaffexperiencinghighlevelsofstress,familiesbringinginsickchildren,andlowenrollments.Oneleadernoted“itisveryhardtostayopenwhenyourstudentrollwasreducedfrom55toafewchildren…wearebarelypayingregularbills.”

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WELLBEINGThesurveyaskedsiteleadersabouttheirownwellbeingincludingtheirfinancialwell-beingandmentalhealth.Leaders’wellbeinghasbeenlinkedtothequalityoftheirleadership,teachers’wellbeing,andchildren’sdevelopmentinECEprograms(e.g.,Buettneretal.,2016;Douglass,2017;Robertsetal.,2019;Smith&Lawrence,2019;Whitakeretal.,2015;Yooetal.,2007).Theseanalysesincluderesponsesfromall75leaderswhocompletedthesurvey.Thepandemichadasubstantialimpactonleaders’financialwellbeing.Table6showsthatamongleaderswhosesiteswereclosed,mostreportedtheywerenotreceivingasalary(56%),andaboutathirdofthosewhowerestillreceivingasalarywerereceivingapartialsalaryonly.Thisisstrikinggiventhat62%oftheseleadersreportedthattheywerecontinuingtodoworkfortheirsiteduringtheclosure.Oneleaderwhowasnotreceivinganypaymentexplainedthepredicamenttheywerein:“IfIstartworkingparttime[atmysite]IcouldlosemyunemploymentbutifIdon’t…Icouldlosemyjob.”Table6.SiteLeaderSalaryStatus,ClosedSitesSalaryStatus PercentofSiteLeadersIhavenotreceivedasalary 55.6%Ihavereceivedpartofmysalary 14.8%Ihavereceivedallofmysalary 29.6%Inlinewiththesefinanciallosses,78%ofleadersreportedthatitwas“somewhat,”“very,”or“extremely”difficulttomakeendsmeet(Table7).Siteleadersalsoreportedhighlevelsoffoodinsecurity:31%ofleaderssaidthattheysometimesoroftenworriedthatfoodwouldrunout,21%saidthattheirfoodsometimesoroftendidnotlast,and16%ofleaderssaidthattheysometimesoroftencouldnotaffordbalancedmeals(Table8).Overall,athirdofleadersreportedtheywerefoodinsecureinatleastoneway.Table7.CurrentDifficultyofLivingonHouseholdIncome,AllSitesDifficulty PercentofSiteLeadersNotatAllDifficult 22.0%SomewhatDifficult 63.2%VeryDifficult 10.3%ExtremelyDifficult 4.4%

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Table8.MeasuresofSiteLeaderFoodInsecurity,AllSites Nevertrue Sometimestrue Oftentrue

I/wehaveworriedthatmy/ourfoodmightrunoutbeforeI/wehavemoneytogetmore.

69.4% 23.6% 7.0%

ThefoodthatI/weboughtjustdidn’tlast,andI/wedidn’thavethemoneytogetmore.

79.5% 17.8% 2.7%

I/wecouldn’taffordtoeatbalancedmeals. 83.6% 13.7% 2.7%

Beyondfinancialinsecurity,nearlyaquarterofchildcareleaders(23%)reportedthattheydidnothavehealthinsurance.Amongthe77%whodid,therewassubstantialvariabilityinthesourceofthatinsurance.AsshowninFigure5,themostcommonmethodofaccesstohealthinsuranceheldwasthroughaspouse’spolicy(30%).Just14%accessedhealthinsurancethroughtheirsite.Figure5.SourcesofSiteLeaderHealthcareBenefits,AllSites

Manychildcareleadersreportedreceivingsometypeofpublicsupportinthepastmonth(Figure6),including44%whoindicatedtheyreceivedunemploymentbenefitsand31%whoreceivedpandemic-relatedgovernmentpayments.Despitethesubstantialfinancialinsecurityleadersexperienced,aboutaquarterreportedreceivingnopublicassistanceatalloverthepastmonth.

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Figure6.SourcesofPublicAssistanceObtainedbySiteLeadersinthePastMonth,AllSites

Thisfinancialinsecuritymayhaveimpactedleaders’mentalhealthduringCOVID-19.InJeffersonandRapides,nearlyathirdofleaders(32%)reportedclinically-relevantlevelsofdepressivesymptomsontheCenterforEpidemiologicalStudiesDepressionScale,awidely-used,well-validatedmeasure.Thisrateofdepressionishigh:onaverage,10%ofadultsintheUnitedStatesaredepressed.Figure7showsleaders’self-reportsofindividualdepressivesymptoms.Notably,about40%ofleadersreportedhavingtroublesleeping;30%reportedtroublefocusing,and25%reportedthattheyfelteverythingtheydidwasaneffort.Figure7.LeaderReportofIndividualDepressiveSymptomsExperiencedatLeastOccasionallyinPastSevenDays,AllSites

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Siteleadersdidreportthattheyfeltsupportedbyavarietyofgroups,despitethehardshipsCOVID-19created(Figure8).Morethanhalfofsiteleadersreportedfeeling“verysupported”bysitestaffandteachers(67%),thefamiliestheyserve(60%),leadersintheirECEcommunitynetwork(54%),andstateandlocalgovernment(54%).Incontrast,only37%reportedfeeling“verysupported”bythefederalgovernment.Figure8.PerceivedSupportfromFamilies,Staff,LocalLeadership,andGovernmentEntities,AllSites

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CONCLUSIONThere-openingofchildcareisessentialforparentstogobacktoworkandtheeconomytobegintorecover.Unfortunately,COVID-19hasbeendevastatingformanychildcareproviders.Whilemanyprovidedsomecareintheearlyweeksofthepandemic,bylatemarchmostprogramshadclosed,leadingtorevenuelossesthatmayputtheirbusinessesatlong-termrisk.TheSEE-LACOVID-19surveyfoundthatprovidershadtomakesubstantialchangestothewaytheyoperatedtheirprogramsandspentasubstantialamountofmoneyontheirprogramduetoCOVID-19.Providersworriedabouttheirabilitytostayopenwithnewsocialdistancingrequirementsandwiththecontinuedburdenofstayingopen.Whilecentersremainedopen,shortagesofkeysupplies—includingdisinfectantsprayandwipes,handsanitizer,thermometers,toiletpaper,papertowels,andgloves—werenotuncommon.Mostchildcareleaderswhosesitesclosedreportedtheynolongerreceivedsalary,andmanyreportedthattheycouldnotpaytheirstaffeither.Inturn,leadersreporteditwasdifficulttomakeendsmeet.Mostwererelyingonsomeformofpublicsupportandmanywerefoodinsecure.Fullyathirdofchildcaredirectorsreporteddepressionsymptomsatclinicallevels.Forpolicymakershopingtosupportchildcareasanessentialtoolforre-opening,thesedataindicatethatmanyprogramswillneedfinancialassistancebothtore-openandtosurviveasCOVID-19reducestheirabilitytoservealargenumberofchildren.Theyfurthersuggestthatnewchallengesmayarisebecauseoftheconditionsearlyeducatorshavefacedandwillcontinuetoface.Federaldollarswillbenecessarytoensurethatthissector—whichprovidesessentialcaretoavastnumberoflow-incomechildren—isabletorebuildandcontinuetoserveyoungchildrenandtheirfamilies.ReportUpdate:July1,2020ThisreportisupdatedtocorrecterrorsinFigure6relatedtothepercentageofrespondentsthatreceivedchildcaresubsidiesandTemporaryAssistanceforNeedyFamilies(TANF).

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