child care in the 21 century - census.gov · child care in the 21st century c-span dec. 23, 2011 1....
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Child Care in the 21st Century
C-SPANDec. 23, 2011
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Child Care in the United States• In 2010, 12.2 million children under the age of 5
were in some type of child care arrangement.
• The demand for and supply of non-parental child care has grown over the last three decades.
• Grandparents and fathers continue to play an important role in the care of preschool-age children.
• Families in poverty spend a greater proportion of their monthly income on child care.
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The Child Care Decision Process
Cost
Access
Quality
Employment Characteristics
Household Demographics
Child Characteristics
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Percentage of Employed Women by Age of Children :1985 – 2010
70%
77%
54%
64%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1985 1990 1994 1998 2002 2008 2010
Children ages 6 to 17
Children under age 6
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1985-2010
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Percentage of Children Ages 3 to 6 Enrolled in Nursery School by Labor Force Status of Mother: 1987-2009
36%
53%
28%
43%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1987 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009
Mother employed
Mother not employed
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1987-2009
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Definitions• Relatives – mothers, fathers, siblings,
grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.• Nonrelatives – in-home babysitters,
neighbors, friends• Family day care – providers who care for
two or more children outside of children’s home.
• Organized Care – day care or child care centers, nursery schools, preschools, and Head Start.
• Primary Child Care – the arrangement that is used for the most hours per week.
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Definitions
• Preschooler – a child between the ages of 0 and 4
• Grade-schooler – a child between the ages of 5 and 14
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Percentage of Preschoolers Cared for by Their Fathers:1985-2010(Primary Child Care Arrangement)
16%18%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1985 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2005 2010
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation 1985, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004, & 2008 Panels.
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24%
25%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1985 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2005 2010
Percentage of Preschoolers Cared for by Relatives:1985-2010(Primary Child Care Arrangement)
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation 1985, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004, & 2008 Panels.
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23% 24%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1985 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2005 2010
Percentage of Preschoolers Cared for by Organized Care :1985-2010(Primary Child Care Arrangement)
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation 1985, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004, & 2008 Panels.
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22%
10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1985 1988 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2002 2005 2010
Percentage of Preschoolers Cared for by Family Day Care:1985-2010(Primary Child Care Arrangement)
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation 1985, 1991, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004, & 2008 Panels.
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Percentage of Preschoolers in Multiple Child Care Arrangements by Employment Status of Mother: 2010
44%
57%
34%
37%
42%
54%
35%
56%
Family day care
Nonrelative
Organized care
Grandparents
Mother employedMother not employed
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Preschoolers with Employed Mothers in Multiple Child Care Arrangements: 2010
42%
54%
35%
57%
Family day care Nonrelative Organized care Grandparents
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Average Hours, Per Week, Preschoolers Spent in Child Care by Employment Status of Mother: 2010
12
16
25
15
20
24
24
33
23
36
Family day care
Nonrelative in child's home
Organized care
Grandparents
Any arrangement
Hours per week
Mother employedMother not employed
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Average Hours, Per Week, Preschoolers with Employed Mothers Spent in Child Care: 2010
24
24
33
23
36
Family day care
Nonrelative in child's home
Organized care
Grandparents
Any arrangement
Hours per week
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Preschoolers in Organized Care by Race/Hispanic Origin: 2010
34%36%
34%
27%
Organized Care
White Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Preschoolers in Grandparent Careby Race/Hispanic Origin: 2010
29% 29%26%
35%
Grandparent
White Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage Preschoolers in Father Care by Race/Hispanic Origin: 2010
30%
22%
31%29%
Father Care
White Non-Hispanic Black Asian Hispanic
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Preschoolers in Child Careby Poverty Status: 2010
5%
25%
35%
26%
8%
35%
29%
29%
Family day care
Organized care
Grandparents
Fathers
Above PovertyBelow Poverty
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Grade-schoolers in Child Care by Employment Status of Mothers: 2010
2%
9%
8%
8%
18%
17%
School care programs
Enrichment activities
Grandparents
Mother employedMother not employed
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Grade-schoolers in Enrichment Activities by Employment Status of Mother: 2010
3%
3%
4%
9%
4%
5%
7%
18%
Clubs
Lessons
Sports
Enrichment activities
Mother employedMother not employed
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Definitions
• Self Care – includes only children who were identified as taking care of themselves, even for a small amount of time, in a typical week. Excludes any care provided by older siblings.
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Percentage of Grade-schoolers in Self-Care by Employment Status of Mother: 2010
2%
11%
36%
1%
5%
19%
5 to 8 years 9 to 11 years 12 to 14 years
Mother employedMother not employed
25
Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Average Hours, Per Week, in Self Care by Age: 2010
5
7
5 to 11 years 12 to 14 years
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Average Hours, Per Week, Grade-schoolers Spent in Child Care: Spring 2005 and Summer 2006
13
3
10
6
16
1314
9
Grandparent Organized Care Family DayCare
Self Care
Spring 2005
Summer2006
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2004 Panel
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Weekly Child Care Costs Paid by Families : 1985-2010(In constant 2010 dollars)
$81
$138
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
1985 1986 1987 1988 1990 1991 1993 1997 1999 2002 2005 2010
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation 1985, 1990 – 1996, 2001, 2004, & 2008 Panels.
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Average Weekly Child Care Costs by Age of Children: 2010
$171
$121
Families with children under 5 Families with children 5 to 14
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Monthly Income Spent on Child Care by Poverty Status: 2010
40%
7%
Percentage of monthly income spent on child care
Below PovertyAbove Poverty
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Source: U.S Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Fathers Who are the Primary Child Care Provider for Their Children, by Father’s Employment Status: 2010
17%
54%
6%
16%
Employed Not employed
Children Under 5 Children 5 to 14
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Fathers Who are the Primary Child Care Provider for Their Children, by Father’s Work Shift: 2010
14%
28%
5% 8%
Day shift employee Nonday shift employee
Children Under 5 Children 5 to 14
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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Percentage of Fathers Who are the Primary Child Care Provider for Their Children, by Father’s Hours Worked: 2010
16%
34%
6% 5%
Full time Part time
Children Under 5 Children 5 to 14
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income and Program Participation, 2008 Panel
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