chief seattle, 1854
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Chief Seattle, 1854. Man did not weave the web of life: he is merely a strand of it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself. Use of the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Model (WEBMOD) to Simulate Water Quality at Five U.S. Geological Survey Research Watersheds. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chief Seattle, 1854
Man did not weave the web of
life: he is merely a strand of it.
Whatever he does to the web,
he does to himself.
Use of the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Model (WEBMOD) to Simulate Water Quality at Five U.S. Geological Survey Research
Watersheds
Rick Webb and fellow WEBBsters
Relations between hydrology and solute fluxes at the five Water, Energy, and
Biogeochemical Budget (WEBB) watersheds of the United States
Geological Survey
Rick Webb and fellow WEBBsters
• WEBB, XTOP_PRMS, and Net Solute Fluxes
– What questions should WEBMOD be able to answer?
• Five Principal Components
– What does diametrically opposed mean anyway?
• WEBMOD = XTOP_PRMS + PHREEQC
– But will it be able to pick the best restaurant for Wednesday lunch?
• WEBB, XTOP_PRMS, and Net Solute Fluxes
– What questions should WEBMOD be able to answer?
• Five Principal Components
– What does diametrically opposed mean anyway?
• WEBMOD = XTOP_PRMS + PHREEQC
– But will it be able to pick the best restaurant for Wednesday lunch?
Sleepers River, Vermont
Trout Lake, Wisconsin
Luquillo, Puerto Rico
Loch Vale, Colorado
Panola Mountain, Georgia
Loch Vale
• Alpine /Subalpine ecosystem
• Distinctions– 1 km of relief
– 70% rock and talus
– Ponds are wide spots on drainage
– Very young soils
Trout Lake (Allequash Creek)
• Northern Temperate Lakes – Snow/GW system.
• Distinctions– Sand box
– Lakes and wetlands
– Beaver dams
– Limnology Center
Sleepers River
• Snowmelt dominated• Distinctions
– History of watershed studies.
– CRREL
– Freeze-thaw studies
– Includes different land uses.
Panola Mountain
• Secondary Forest• Distinctions
– Granite outcrop
– Variable subsurface and geology
– Detailed hillslope data
– Disconnected hillslope drainage after dry periods
Luquillo Experimental Forest(Icacos Watershed)
• Lower montane tropical rain forest
• Distinctions– Ultisols with preferential
flow paths (macropore and along regolith)
– Hortonian overflow– Mass wasting– Cloud interception offset
by Canopy evaporation– Tightly cycled nutrients
Inputs•Incident radiation and ground heat flux•Precipitation with aerosols•Cloud interception•Regional ground water flow•Atmospheric aerosols and gases
Outputs•Sensible and latent heat •Runoff•Regional ground water flow•Inorganic mass and solutes•Biomass and organic matter
Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budget
StorageBedrock, SnowpackSoil moisture, Surface waterGround water, Biomass, Soils
Hypothesis: The residence times and biogeochemical processes active along the various flow paths will determine the quality of surface and ground water in the watershed.
Inputs - Outputs = Change in storage
EnergyNet Radiation – Soil Heat Flux – Storage = Sensible + Latent Heat
(Precipitation) (Stream)
PRMS+NWS Snow-17 + TOPMODEL = XTOP_PRMS
Water fluxes in TOPMODEL
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Ksat(z)
Depth
(z)
, in
mete
rs
5.002.501.701.000.500.250.170.10
m values(SZM)
Increasing topographic index, ln(a/tan
Topographicindex
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
exfiltratedwater
IndexSaturationSurplusSD(-)
IndexSaturationDeficitSD(+) Land Surface
Average water table
AverageSaturationDeficitSBAR
Field Capacity
Wilting Point
rootzone
rootzone
WEBMOD
Snow
Snowmelt
Rain onSnow
Soil MoistureDeficit
UnsaturatedZone Storage
Rain Snow
CanopyEvaporation
XTOP_PRMS
Rain onBare
Ground
Snow unloading
Canopy Storage
AblationSnowpack
Root zone ET
Flow through Unsaturated Zone
Macropore flow
Root Zone Deficit
Baseflow and
Exfiltration
Hortonian Overland Flow
Dunnian Overland Flow
Basin RunoffDeliveryto stream
Rain + Melt
Precipitatio
For each subcatchment
For each topographic index
MARCH 1996
6 7 8
0
20
10
DIS
CH
AR
GE, IN
CU
BIC
FEET P
ER
SEC
ON
D ObservedSimulated
Basin Discharge
Panola Mountain – Basin discharge
MARCH 1996
6 7 8
0
20
10
DIS
CH
AR
GE, IN
CU
BIC
FEET P
ER
SEC
ON
D
ValleyOutcrop
Panola Mountain – Basin, valley, and outcrop discharge
Basin
MARCH 1996
6 7 8
0
20
10
DIS
CH
AR
GE, IN
CU
BIC
FEET P
ER
SEC
ON
D
TotalMacroporeBaseflowOverland flow
Panola Mountain – Flow generation in valley area
Valley Flows
MARCH 1996
6 7 8
0
20
10
DIS
CH
AR
GE, IN
CU
BIC
FEET P
ER
SEC
ON
D
BasinValleyOutcrop
Panola Mountain – Basin, valley, and outcrop discharge
MARCH 1996
6 7 8
0
20
10
DIS
CH
AR
GE, IN
CU
BIC
FEET P
ER
SEC
ON
D
TotalMacroporeBaseflowOverland flow
Infiltration excessSaturated overland flow
Panola Mountain – Flow generation in outcrop area
Outcrop Flows
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12
Allequash Icacos Loch Vale Panola Sleepers
EvapotranspirationOverland FlowMacropore flowBaseflow and exfiltration
Avera
ge m
onth
ly fl
ux,
in c
enti
mete
rs
Hydrologic Variables• Net precipitation • Snowmelt• Actual evapotranspiration• Overland flow from infiltration-excess • Saturated overland flow • Root zone moisture • Flux of water from the saturated zone to the root zone• Macropore flow• Baseflow and exfiltration
Solutes• Cations
H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
• Anions
HCO3-, Cl-, SO4
2-, NO3-
• and silica
H4SiO4
Ca2+Mg 2+ K+ Na+
HCO 3- CO3
2- SO42- Cl- NO3
-
Base Cations
Acid AnionsAlkalinity
Ca2+Mg 2+ K+ Na+
HCO 3- CO3
2- SO42- Cl- NO3
-
Base Cations
Acid AnionsAlkalinity
• WEBB, XTOP_PRMS, and Net Solute Fluxes
– What questions should WEBMOD be able to answer?
• Five Principal Components
– What does diametrically opposed mean anyway?
• WEBMOD = XTOP_PRMS + PHREEQC
– But will it be able to pick the best restaurant for Wednesday lunch?
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a linear dimensionality reduction technique.
Read “Reduce the number of variables needed to explain the data”
Component 1
(50 percent of variance):
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
Allequash
Andrews
Icacos
Panola
Sleepers
Component 1 – Wet/Dry(+) Deluge/Melt
(-) Drought/Freeze (50 percent of variance)
• Accumulated solutes are flushed from the watershed by snow melt or alternately retained when precipitation and solutes are locked up when the basin freezes.
Active system
Base flow
• Retention of ammonia, nitrate, and sulfate is less during dry and cool periods with saturated soils than it is during wet warm periods with available root zone storage.
Component 2(+) Dry periods with cool, wet soils
(-) Wet periods with warm soils with available root zone storage
(14 percent of variance)
Component 3 (+) Dry soils during warm, dry periods(-) Wet soils during cool, wet periods
(8 percent of variance)• This component describes the upward flux of water from
the saturated zone into drying riparian soils during periods of high evapotranspiration. Exfiltration through desiccating surfaces increases the net export of nitrate and chloride; during wet and cool periods, the nitrate and chloride in the precipitation may move from the base of wet soils down to mix with ground water as might occur during ground water ridging.
Component 4(+) Low base flows with limited recharge
(-) Moderate baseflows with some recharge(7 percent of variance)
• During very low flows, ions from deep in the soil profile are released; nutrients and sulfate are tightly retained near the surface. During moderate recharge events the nutrients and sulfate exports are rinsed into a more saturated soil profile to be released in the base flow as the contribution of base cations diminishes.
Component 5(+) Spring melts or rains on dry soils
(-) Late summer rains on wet soils(4 percent of variance)
• Ammonia is taken up by growing vegetation in the spring. Mineralization of organic debris reintroduces the ammonia into the system to be released during late summer rains when transpiration begins shutting down.
Mon
th
Water Years 1992-1997
Dominant Component by Month and Year
-2 2Wet, warm, retention of nutrients and sulfate.
Dry, cool, less retention on nutrients and sulfate14%
-5 5Late summer rains on wetsoils, less NH4 retention
Melt on dry soils, NH4 retention4%
-1 1Drought/Freeze. Everything Retained Deluge/Melt. Everything exported.50%
Variance
-3 3 Dry, warm periods, increased export of Cl and NO3
8%Wet, cool periods. Less export of Cl and NO3
-4 4Recharge , decr. wx products,Increased nutrients and SO4
7% Base flows, increased wx products,Decrease nutrients and SO4
Allequash Loch Vale Luquillo SleepersPanolaOctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSep
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -2 1 -1 2 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 2 2 -1 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 2 2 1 -1 1 -1 2 1 -1 2 -1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 1 -1 2 2 -1 1 2 2 2 -1 2 2 2 -1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 2 1 2 1 2 -1 -1 2 -1
2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 2
1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-2 -1 -2 -2 1 1 -1 1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 1 2 1 1
-1 -2 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -2 1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1
-2 -1 -2 -2 -2 1 1 1 1 1 -2 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1 -2 1 -2 1 1 -1 -1 1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2
-2 -1 -2 -1 -1 1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 -3 -3 -2 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 -2 1 -1 2 -1 1 1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 1 -3
1 2 2 -1 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 1 1 2 2 1 -1 1 -1 2 1 -1 2 -3 -3 -1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 2 1 -1 2 2 -1 1 2 2 2 -1 2 2 -3 2 -1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 2 -3 -3 1 -3 2 1 2 -1 -1 2 -1
2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 2 -3 -3 1 2 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1
2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -3 -1 -1 1 2 -3
1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 1 1 -3 1 1 1 1 1
-2 -1 -2 -2 1 1 -1 1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 3 1 2 1 1
-1 -2 -1 -1 -1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -2 1 3 -2 -1 -1 3 3 -1 -2 -2 3 -2 -1
-2 -1 -2 -2 3 -2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 -2 -1 3 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -2 -1 3 -1 -1 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1 3 -2 3 1 -2 1 3 1 3 -1 -1 1 3 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -2
-2 -1 -2 -1 -1 1 3 -2 -2 -2 -2 3 -2 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 -3 -3 -2 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 4 -2 4 1 -1 2 -1 1 1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 1 -3
1 2 2 -1 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 1 -4 1 2 2 1 -1 1 -1 2 1 -1 2 -3 -3 -1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 2 1 -1 -4 2 2 -1 1 2 2 2 -1 2 2 -3 2 -1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 2 -4 -3 -3 1 -3 2 1 2 -1 -1 2 4 -1
2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 2 2 -3 -3 1 2 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1
-4 2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 2 -1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -3 -1 -1 1 2 -3
1 1 -1 -4 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 4 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 1 4 4 1 -3 1 1 1 4 1 1
-2 -1 -2 -2 1 1 -1 1 -2 -1 4 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 4 4 -2 3 4 1 2 1 1
-1 -2 -1 -1 -1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -2 1 3 -2 4 -1 -1 3 3 -1 -2 -2 3 -2 -1
-2 -1 -2 -2 3 -2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 -2 -1 3 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -2 -1 3 -1 -1 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1 3 -2 3 1 -2 1 3 1 3 -1 -1 1 -4 3 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 -2
-2 -1 -2 -1 -1 1 3 -2 -2 -2 -2 3 -2 1 -1 4 1 4 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 -3 -3 -2 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 -1 4 -2 4 1 -1 2 -1 1 1 -1 -3 -1 -1 -1 1 -3
1 2 2 -1 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 1 -4 1 2 2 1 -1 1 -1 2 1 -1 2 -3 -3 -1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 2 1 -1 -4 2 2 -1 1 2 2 2 -1 2 2 -3 2 -1 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 2 -4 -3 -3 1 -3 2 1 5 2 -1 -1 2 4 -1
2 2 2 2 2 2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 2 2 -3 -3 1 2 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -3 -1
-4 2 5 2 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 2 -1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 -3 -1 -1 1 2 -3
1 1 -1 -4 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 4 -1 -1 -1 -1 2 1 4 4 1 -3 1 1 1 4 1 1
-2 -5 -1 -2 -2 5 1 5 1 -1 5 5 1 -2 -1 4 -1 -1 -1 4 -1 4 4 -2 3 4 1 2 1 1
-1 -2 -1 -1 -1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -2 1 3 -2 4 -1 -1 3 3 -1 -2 -2 3 -2 -1
-2 -1 -2 -2 3 -2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 -2 -1 3 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -2 -1 3 -1 -1 -2 -2
-1 -1 -1 -1 3 -2 3 1 -2 1 3 1 3 -1 -1 1 -4 3 -2 -1 -5 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -5 3 -2
-2 -1 -2 -1 -1 1 3 -2 -2 -2 -2 3 -2 1 -1 4 1 4 -1 -1 -5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1
OctNovDecJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSep
92 93 94 95 96 97 92 93 94 95 96 97 92 93 94 95 96 97 92 93 94 95 96 97 92 93 94 95 96 97
Oct-93 Apr-94 Oct-94 Apr-95 Oct-95 Apr-96
0
5
10
15
20
25
Oct-93 Apr-94 Oct-94 Apr-95 Oct-95 Apr-96
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Co
mp
on
ent
Sco
re
Allequash Creek, WI
Loch Vale, CO
Sleepers River, VT
Panola Mountain, GA
Luquillo, PR
Component Legend
Fall rain releases NH4 Melt on dry soil; NH4 retained
Low flow; Wx export, nuts ret.Recharge; Dilute wx, nuts exp.
Dry, warm; NO3, Cl exportedWet, cool; NO3, Cl retained
Dry,cool; Nutrients exportedWet, warm; nutrients assim.
Storm/Melt; Solutes exportedDry/Freeze; Solutes retained
• WEBB, XTOP_PRMS, and Net Solute Fluxes
– What questions should WEBMOD be able to answer?
• Five Principal Components
– What does diametrically opposed mean anyway?
• WEBMOD = XTOP_PRMS + PHREEQC
– But will it be able to pick the best restaurant for Wednesday lunch?
WEBMOD• Modifications to XTOP_PRMS to enable forward
feeding series of batch reactors:– Soil properties
• Porosity, field capacity, wilting point, rooting depth, depth to bedrock, log-normal distribution of vertical hydraulic conductivity.
– Explicit flow paths• Throughfall, transpiration, deep preferential flow
– Track solute fluxes and storage• Couple with PHREEQC to enable geochemical
simulations
PHREEQC Capabilities• Aqueous, mineral, gas, surface, ion-exchange, and
solid-solution equilibria • Kinetic reactions • 1D diffusion or advection and dispersion with
dual-porosity medium • A powerful inverse modeling capability allows
identification of reactions that account for the chemical evolution in observed water compositions
• Extensive geochemical databases
• WEBMOD will– aid in understanding the seasonality of water quantity
and quality in watersheds in diverse hydroclimatic settings, and
– provide estimates of antecedent and forecasted watershed hydrology and climatology to optimize water use and water quality for any given period
Implications for Watershed Management
Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budget Programhttp://water.usgs.gov/webb/about.html
MMS – Modular Modeling Systemhttp://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/mms/
PHREEQC - A Computer Program for Speciation, Batch-Reaction, One-Dimensional Transport, and Inverse Geochemical Calculations
http://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GWC_coupled/phreeqc/index.html
GIS Weaselhttp://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/weasel/
PRMS – Precipitation Runoff Modeling Systemhttp://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/mms/html/prms_page.html
TOPMODELhttp://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hfdg/topmodel.html
SNOW-17 model: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hrl/nwsrfs/users_manual/htm/xrfsdochtm.htm
• WEBB, XTOP_PRMS, and Net Solute Fluxes
– What questions should WEBMOD be able to answer?
• Five Principal Components
– What does diametrically opposed mean anyway?
• WEBMOD = XTOP_PRMS + PHREEQC
– But will it be able to pick the best restaurant for Wednesday lunch?
Questions?