Chief Ministers of Indian States

S.No. State NameTook Office

(yyyy-mm-dd)Party

1 Andhra PradeshNallari Kiran Kumar Reddy

2010-11-25 Indian National Congress

2 Arunachal Pradesh Nabam Tuki 2011-11-01 Indian National Congress3 Assam Tarun Kumar Gogoi 2001-05-17 Indian National Congress4 Bihar Nitish Kumar 2005-10-24 Janata Dal (United)5 Chhattisgarh Raman Singh 2003-12-07 Bharatiya Janata Party

6National Capital Territory of Delhi

Sheila Dikshit 1998-12-03 Indian National Congress

7 Goa Manohar Parrikar 2012-03-09 Bharatiya Janata Party8 Gujarat Narendra Modi 2001-10-07 Bharatiya Janata Party

9 HaryanaBhupinder Singh Hooda

2005-03-05 Indian National Congress

10 Himachal PradeshPrem Kumar Dhumal

2007-12-30 Bharatiya Janata Party

11 Jammu & Kashmir Omar Abdullah 2009-01-05Jammu & Kashmir National Conference

12 Jharkhand Arjun Munda 2010-09-11 Bharatiya Janata Party13 Karnataka Jagadish Shettar 2012-07-10 Bharatiya Janata Party14 Kerala Oommen Chandy 2011-05-18 Indian National Congress

15 Madhya PradeshShivraj Singh Chauhan

2005-11-29 Bharatiya Janata Party

16 Maharashtra Prithviraj Chavan 2010-11-11 Indian National Congress17 Manipur Okram Ibobi Singh 2002-03-02 Indian National Congress18 Meghalaya Mukul Sangma 2010-04-20 Indian National Congress19 Mizoram Lal Thanhawla 2008-12-07 Indian National Congress20 Nagaland Neiphiu Rio 2008-03-12 Nagaland People’s Front21 Orissa Naveen Patnaik 2000-03-05 Biju Janata Dal22 Pondicherry N. Rangaswamy 2011-05-16 All India NR Congress

23 PunjabParkash Singh Badal

2012-03-06 Shiromani Akali Dal

24 Rajasthan Ashok Gehlot 2008-12-12 Indian National Congress

25 SikkimPawan Kumar Chamling

1994-12-12 Sikkim Democratic Front

26 Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa 2011-05-16All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

27 Tripura Manik Sarkar 1998-03-11Communist Party of India (Marxist)

28 Uttarakhand Vijay Bahuguna 2012-03-13 Indian National Congress

29 Uttar Pradesh Akhilesh Yadav 2012-03-15 Samajwadi Party

30 West Bengal Mamata Banerjee 2011-05-20All India Trinamool Congress

Classical and Folk Dance of India

Classical Dance of India

Dance State

Bharat Natyam

Tamil Nadu

Bihu Assam

Bhangra Punjab

Chhau Bihar, Orissa, W. Bengal and Jharkhand

Garhwali Uttaranchal

Garba Gujarat

Hattari Karnataka

Kathak North India

Kathakali Kerala

Kutchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Khantumm Mizoram

Karma Madhya Pradesh

Laho Meghalaya

Mohiniattam Kerala

Mando Goa

Manipuri Manipur

Nati Himachal Pradesh

Nat-Natin Bihar

Odissi Orissa

Rauf Jammu & Kashmir

Yakshagan Karnataka

Folk and Tribal Dances

States Dances

MaharashtraKathakeertan, Lezin, Dandaniya, Tamasha, Gafa, Dahikala, Lovani, Mauni, Dasavtar.

Karnataka Huttari, Suggi Kunitha, Yakashagana

Kerala Kaikottikali, Kaliyattam, Tappatikkali

Tamil Nadu Kolattam, Pinnal Kolattam, Kummi, Kavadi, Karagam

Andhra Pradesh

Ghanta Mardala, Veedhi Natakam, Burrakatha

Orissa Ghumara Sanchar, Chadya Dandanata, Chhau

West Bengal Kathi, Chhau, Baul, Kirtan, Jatra, Lama

Assam Bihu, Khel Gopal, Rash Lila, Tabal Chongli, Canoe

Punjab Giddha (women), Bhangra (men)

J & K Rauf, Hikat

Himachal Pradesh

Jhora, Jhali, Dangli, Mahasu, Jadda, Jhainta, Chharhi

Haryana Jhumar, Ras Leela, Phag dance, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khoria, Gagor

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Rass, Tippani, Gomph

Rajasthan Ginad, Chakri, Gangore, Terahtaal, Khayal, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini

BiharJata Jatin, Jadur, Chhau, Kathaputli, Bakho, Jhijhiya, Samochakwa, Karma, Jatra, Natna

Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Thora, Chappeli, Raslila, Kajri.

Famous Dancer

BharatnatyamBala Saraswati, C. V. Chandrasekhar, Leela Samson, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Padma Subramanyam, Rukmini Devi, Sanyukta Panigrahi, Sonal Mansingh, Yamini Krishnamurti

KathakBharti Gupta, Birju Maharaj, Damayanti Joshi, Durga Das, Gopi Krishna, Kumudini Lakhia, Sambhu Maharaj, Sitara Devi

Kuchipudi Josyula Seetharamaiah, Vempathi Chinna Sthyam

ManipuriGuru Bipin Sinha, Jhaveri Sisters, Nayana Jhaveri, Nirmala Mehta, Savita Mehta Debaprasad Das, Dhirendra nath Pattnaik, Indrani Rahman, Kelucharan Mahapatra, Priyambaba Mohanty, Sonal Mansingh

Instrumentalists

SarodAli Akbar Khan, Allaudin Khan, Amjad Ali Khan, Buddhadev Dasgupta, Bahadur Khan, Sharan Rani, Zarin S. Sharma

Tabla Alla Rakha Khan, Kishan Maharaj, Nikhil Ghosh, Zakir Hussain

ViolinBaluswamy Dikshitar, Gajanan Rao Joshi, Lalgudi G. Jayaraman, M. S. Gopala krishnan, Mysore T. Chowdiah, T. N. Krishnan

Shehnal Bismillah Khan

Sitar Nikhil Banerjee, Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Hara Shankar Bhattacharya

Flute Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Pannalal Ghose, T. R. Mahalingam

Veena K. R. Kumaraswamy lyer, Doraiswami lyengar

Vocalists

Hindustani

Shubha Mudgal, Bheemsen Joshi, Madhup Mudgal, Mukul Shivputra, Pandit Jasraj, Parveen Sultana, Naina Devi, Girija Devi, Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan, Gangubai Hangal, Krishna Hangal, V. Rajput, Kumar Gandharva, Faiyyaz Khan, Mallikarjun Mansur.

Carnatic

M. S. Subbalakshmi, Balamuralikrishna, Bombay Jaishree, H. K. Raghavendra, H. K. Venkataram, Sitarajam, Mani Krishnaswamy, Akhil Krishnan, M. L. Vasanthakumari, M. D. Ramanathan, G. N. Balasubramaniam

ThumriUstad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Ustad Mazhar Ali Khan, Ustad Zawad Ali Khan, Rita Ganguli, Poornima Chaudhary, Shanti Heerananda, Naina Devi

QuwwaliGhulam Hasan Niyazi, Sultan Niyazi, Ghulam Farid Nizami, Chand Nizami, IqbalHussain Khan Bandanawaji, Aslam Sabari

DhrupadUstad Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar, Zahiruddin Dagar, Waslfuddin Dagar, Bundecha Bandhu, Uday Bhawalkar, Pt. Abhay Narayan Mallick, Pt. Ritwik Sanyal

First Person in India

First Person in India

● First Governor-General of Independent India—Lord Lewis Mountbatten

● Indian Governor-General of Independent India—Chakravarti Rajgopalachari

● Chief of the Indian Armed Forces—General K. M. Carriappa

● Field Marshall—General S. H. F. J. Manekshaw

● First speaker of loksabha—Shri G.V. Mavalankar  (15 May 1952- 27 February 1956).

● President—Dr. Rajendra Prasad

● Vice-President—Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan

● Prime-Minister—Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru

● Non-Congress Prime-Minister— Morarji Desai from Janata Party in 1977-79.

● British Governor-General of Bengal—Warren-Hastings

● Space traveller—S. Leader-Rakesh Sharma

● I. C. S.—Satendra Nath Tagore

● Swimmer who crossed over the English channel by swimming—Mihir Sen

● Raman-Magsaysay awardee—Acharya Vinoba Bhave

● Novel prize winner—Rabindra Nath Tagore

● President of National Congress—Vyomesh Chand Banerjee

● Chairman of Lok Sabha—G. B. Mavlankar

● Chief Election Commissioner—Sukumar Sen

● Indian Chairman in International Court—Justice Dr. Nagendra Singh

● Foreigner awardee of Bharat Ratna—Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan

● Leader of the Indian Antarctica Mission—Dr. Syed Zahuv Quasim

● Chief Justice of Supreme Court—Justice Hiralal J. Kaniya

● Awarded with ‘Bharat Ratnas’—Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, Sir C. B. Raman

● Posthumally Bharat Ratna Awardee—Lal Bahadur Shastri

● Person awarded Bhartiya-Gyan-Peeth Purskar—G. Shankar Kurup (Malayalam–1965)

● Successful Surgeon who transplanted heart—Dr. P. Venugopal

● Successful heart transplanted person—Devi Ram (1994)

● President of National Human Rights Commission—Justice Rangnath Mishra

● Hindi Literature person-awarded Bhartiya Gyan Peeth Purskar—Sumitra Nandan Pant (1968)

● Indian who won the World Billiard award—Wilson Jans

● Indian who won the Grammy award—Pt. Ravi Shankar

● Person delivered the Lecture in Hindi in U.N.O.— Atal Behari Bajpai (1977)

● Indian member in British House of Commons— Dada Bhai Naoroji (1892)

● First President of Indian Science Congress—Sir Asutosh Mukherjee

● Mountaineer who scaled Mount Everest 8 times—Sherpa-Augarita

● Writer who was awarded ‘Vyas Samman’—Ramvilas Sharma

● Indian Managing Director of World Bank—Gautam Kazi

● Player awarded ‘Padam Bhusan’—C. K. Naidu

● Indian players played Davis Cup—M. Salim and S. M. Jacob (Singles), A. A. Faiyaz and L. S. Dare (Doubles)

(1921)

● Indian player who played the test cricket—K. S. Ranjeet Single (from England)

● Scientist elected for Lok Sabha—Dr. Meghnad Saha

● Scientist awarded Ghanshyam Das Birla award—Prof. Ashish Datta (1991)

● Literature who was awarded Murti Devi Purskar—C. K. Nagraj Rao (1993)

● Person, who became High Commission in Great Britain—V. K. Krishna-Menon

● Indian who was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize—Dr. Safuddin Kichlu (1952)

● First Indian who contested the election for British Parliament—Lal Mohan Ghose

● An Indian, appointed the judge of High Court, during the British period—Ram Prasad Ram

● Indian member of Viceroy Executive Council—Sir. S. P. Sinha

● Chairman of Finance Commission—K. C. Niogi

● Indian member of American Congress—Deleep Singh

● Bowler who made hat-trick in Test Cricket—Harbhajan Singh

● Batsman who made 300 runs in test Cricket—Virendra Sehwag

● First Marshal of Indian Air Force—Arjan Singh

● First Indian who individually won the Gold medel in Olympic games—Abhinav Bindra

● First Indian who won the Bronze medel in Boxing in Olympic games—Vijendra Kumar

FIRST WOMEN OF THE LARGEST DEMOCRACY : INDIA

Women had played an Important role in the Modern World. Here are some of the most successful & first

women of the world, who lead a Nation, a Party, a State, etc.

1. First woman President of Indian National Congress – Annie Besant (1917)2. First Indian woman President of Indian National Congress – Sarojini Naidu (1925)

3. First woman Ambassador from India – Vijay Lakshmi Pandit (to USSR from 1947-49)

4. First woman Governor of an Indian State – Sarojini Naidu (UP from 1947-48)

5. First woman Minister of an Indian State – Vijay Lakshmi Pandit (UP)

6. First Mayor of Delhi – Aruna Asif Ali (1958)

7. First woman Central Minister – Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

8. First woman Film star to be a member of Rajya Sabha – Nargis Dutt

9. First woman Chief Minister of an Indian State – Sucheta Kriplani (UP from 1963-67)

10. First woman Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi (1966-77 & 1980-84)

11. First woman Speaker of an Indian State – Shano Devi

12. First woman winner of the Bharat Ratna – Indira Ghandi (1971)

13. First woman Judge of the Supreme Court – Justice M Fatima Bevi (1989)

14. First woman Chief Justice of a High Court – Leila Seth (CJ of Himachal Pradesh 1991)

15. India’s officially recognized billionth citizen – Aastha (Born on May 11, 2000 at ND)

Geography of India – A Brief DescriptionOfficial Name : Republic of IndiaCapital : New DelhiNationality : IndianGeographical Area (Sq. Km.) : 32,87,263Population (2001) : 1,02,87,37,436Males : 53,22,23,090Females : 49,65,14,346

Pop. Density : 325 per sq. km.

Sex Ratio : 933 females per 1000 males

Literacy Rate (2001) : 64.8%

Males : 75.2%

Females : 53.7%

Total workers : 40,22,34,724

National Income (2007-08) : Rs. 31,02,004 crores

Per Capita Income (2007-08) : Rs. 33,131

States : 28

Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat,

Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Asom,

Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura,

Sikkim, Goa.

List of Indian states and union territory capitals in India

Union Territories : 7

Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Delhi, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Pondicherry, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu,

Lakshadweep.

Mountain Ranges : 7

1. The Himalayas 2. The Patkoi and other ranges bordering India in the north and north-east 3. The Vindhyan

4. The Aravalli 5. The Satpura 6. The Sahyadri 7. The Eastern Ghats.

Main Watersheds : 3

1. Himalyan range with its Karakoram branch in the north, 2. Vindhyan and Satpura ranges in Central India,

and 3. Sahyadri or Western Ghats on the West Coast.

Situation : India is the seventh largest country and second most populous country of the world accounting

for about 2.4% of the total world area. lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends

between latitude 8°4′ N and 37°6′ N and 68°7′ E and 97°25′ E and is a part of the Asian continent. India

measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme longitudes and about 2,933 km from

east to west between the extreme longitudes. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. The total length of

the costline of the mainland, lakshdweep islands and Andaman and Nicobar Isalands, is 7,575.6 km. Total

geographic land area 32,87,263 sq km. If we consider cultivable land, India is second only to USA. India is

located mid-way between West Asia and East Asia. Many transoceanic routes pass through India which

connect African continent, industrially developed European continent, Petroleum rich West Asia and South-

eastern countries, namely, China, Japan, Australia and Western coast of USA.

Countries having a common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north-west, China, Bhutan

and Nepal to the north, Myanmar to the east and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal.

Physical Characteristics : The mainland consists of four well-defined regions :

1. The great mountain zone

2. The Indo-Gangetic plain

3. The desert region

4. The Southern Peninsula

Rivers : The rivers of India may be classified as follows :

1. The Himalayan rivers

2. The Deccan rivers

3. The Coastal rivers

4. The rivers of the inland drainage basin

Climatic Conditions : The Indian meteorological department recognizes four seasons viz.,

1. The Cold Weather (Dec. – Feb.)

2. The Hot Weather (March – May)

3. The Rainy Season (June – Sept.)

4. The season of the retreating monsoon (Oct. – Nov.)

The climatic regions based on rainfall are granted recognition in India.

Dimensions : Distance from north to south 3,214 km

Distance from east to west 2,933 km

Length of coastline 6,100 km

ength of land frontier 15,200 km

Boundaries :

North : The Himalayan range and Nepal separate India from Tibet. The protected state of Bhutan also lies in

the north-east. The boundary line between India and China is called the MacMohan Line. India’s holder with

Nepal spans for (1,752 km); with Bhutan (587 km); and with China (3,917 km).East : Myanmar (Burma) and

Bangladesh form an enclave within India and the Bay of Bengal. Its international boundary with Myanmar is

1,458 km long and with Bangladesh is 4,096 km long.

West : In the north-west India shares a boundary mainly with Pakistan and the Arabian Sea on the west.

North-West : Afghanistan and Pakistan are situated on the north-west of India. India-Afghanistan border is

only 80 km long whereas Indo-Pakistan border is 3,310 km long.

South : To the south of India are the Indian Ocean and Sri Lanka. The Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait

separate India from Sri Lanka on the eastern side.

List of Governors of Indian States

State GovernorAndhra Pradesh Shri E.S Lakshmi NarasimhanArunachal Pradesh General (Rtd.) J.J. SinghAssam Shri Janaki Ballav PattanaikBihar Shri Devanand KonwarChhattisgarh Shri Shekhar DuttGoa Shri K. Sankaranarayanan

Gujarat Dr. Kamla BeniwalHaryana Shri Jagannath PahadiaHimachal Pradesh Smt. Urmila SinghJammu and Kashmir Shri N. N. VohraJharkhand Dr. Syed AhmedKarnataka Shri H.R. BhardwajKerala Shri M.O.H. FarookMadhya Pradesh Shri Ram Naresh YadavMaharashtra Shri Kateekal SankaranarayananManipur Shri Gurbachan JagatMeghalaya Shri Ranjit Shekhar MooshaharyMizoram Shri Vakkom PurushothamanNagaland Shri. Nikhil KumarOrissa Shri Murlidhar Chandrakant BhandarePunjab Shri Shivraj PatilRajasthan Shri Shivraj PatilSikkim Shri Balmiki Prasad SinghTamil Nadu Shri K. RosaiahTripura Shri Dnyandeo Yashwantrao PatilUttar Pradesh Shri B.L. JoshiUttarakhand Smt. Margaret AlvaWest Bengal Shri M.K. Narayanan

List of state and union territory capitals in India

India is divided into twenty-eight states and seven union territories (UTs). States have their own government,

whereas union territories are administered by the Central government. As per the Constitution of India, the

central government can also empower a union territory with a legislature. As of 2008, two union territories,

the National Capital Territory of Delhi andPuducherry have their own legislatures.

The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to the administrative, legislative and judicial

capitals. The administrative capital is where executive government offices are located, the legislative capital

is where the state assembly convenes, and the judicial capital is the location of the territorial High Courts of

India.

Union Territories:

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2. Chandigarh

3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli

4. Daman and Diu

5. Lakshadweep

6. National Capital Territory of Delhi

7. Puducherry

.

.

.

State List Name of Capital Languages

Andra Pradesh Hyderabad Telugu and Urdu

Arunachal Pradesh ItanagerMiji, Apotanji, Merdukpen, Tagin,Adi, Honpa, Bangini-Nishi.

Assam Dispur Assamese

Bihar Patna Hindi

Chhattisgarh Raipur Hindi

Goa Panaji Marathi and Konkani

Gujarat Gandhinagar Gujarati

Haryana Chandigarh Hindi

Himachal Pradesh Shimla Hindi and Pahari

Mizoram Aizawl Mizo and English

Jammu & KashmirSrinagar (Summer)Jammu (Winter)

Kashmiri, Dogri, Urdu, Ladakhi,Pahari,Punjabi and Dadri

Jharkhand Ranchi Hindi

Karnataka Bangalore Kannda

Kerala Trivandrum Malayalam

Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Hindi

Maharashtra Mumbai Marathi

Manipur Imphal Manipuri

Meghalaya Shillong Khasi, Jaintia and Garo

Nagaland Kohima Ao, Konyak, Angami, Sema and Lotha

Orissa Bhubaneswar Oriya

Punjab Chandigarh Punjabi

Rajasthan Jaipur Rajasthani and Hindi

Sikkim Gangtok Bhutia, Hindi, Nepali, Lepcha, Limbu

Tamil Nadu Chennai Tamil

Tripura Agartala Bengali, Tripuri, Manipuri, Kakborak

Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Hindi

Uttaranchal Dehra Dun Hindi

West Bengal Kolkata Bengali

List of Largest, Smallest, Highest and Longest in INDIA

Largest, Smallest, Highest and Longest in India

Biggest Hotel Oberai-Sheraton on the Shore of the

Arabian Sea in South Bombay.

Highest Mountain Peak K2(8,611 meters)

Largest Populated City Mumbai

Longest River (Flow in India) Ganga (2510 Kilometers)

Highest Waterfall Gersoppa Waterfall, Karnataka, (830 feet)

Largest Lake Wular Lake, Kashmir

Longest Electric Railway Line Kolkata to Delhi

Longest State (area) Rajasthan (4,43,446 sq. kilometers)

Largest State (population) Uttar Pradesh (166,17, 921)-2001 census

Longest River Bridge Mahatama Gandhi Setu, Patna (5.75 kilometer Long)

Highest Gateway Buland Darwaja 54 meters (Fatehpur sikari, Agra)

Wettest place or heaviest rainfall Masinram (Meghalaya)

Tallest Statue Statue of Gomateshwar, Karnataka (47 meters high)

Largest Tunnel Jawahar Tunnel (J & K State), 1½ kilometer., Banihal Pass)

Largest Museum Indian Museum, Kolkata

Densest population West Bengal (904 persons per sq. kilometers)

Largest Zoo Zoological Gardens, Alipur, Kolkata

Largest Forest State Asom

Largest Road Grand Trunk Road (2,400 kilometers)

Largest Delta Sunderban Delta (12,872 sq. kilometers)

Largest Cave Temple Ellora (Kailash Temples, Maharashtra)

Largest Cantilever Span Bridge Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)

Highest Tower Qutub Minar, Delhi

Largest Mosque Jama Masjid, Delhi

Highest Straight Gravity Dam Bhakra Dam

Smallest State (area) Goa

Smallest State (population) Sikkim

Largest Desert Thar (Rajasthan)

Largest man-made lake Govind Sagar (Bhakra)

Largest Corridor Rameshwaram Temple Corridor

Largest Animal Fair Sonepur Fair, Bihar

List of Presidents of India

   

The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India.

The President of India is the head of state and first citizen of India and the Supreme Commander

of the Indian armed forces. The President`s role is largely ceremonial, with real executive

authority vested in the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. The powers of the

President of India are comparable to those of the monarch of the UK. There were in all 14

presidents till date.

Rajendra Prasad

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of Independent India. As the first President, he was indepedent

and unwilling to allow the Prime Minister or the party to seize his constitutional rights. However, following the

conflict over the passing of the Hindu Code Bill, he restrained his stand. He set several important rules for

later Presidents to follow. He had also served as President of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the

constitution of the Republic from 1948 to 1950.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888 and died on April 17, 1975. He was a philosopher

and statesman. He became Vice President of India in 1952 and was elected President in 1962, he held office

until 1967. In India, his birthday is celebrated as Teacher`s Day in his honour. He was one of the first

scholars of comparative religion and philosophy in his time, he built a bridge between Eastern and Western

thought showing each to be understandable within the terms of the other. He introduced Western ideas into

Indian philosophy and was the first scholar of importance to provide a comprehensive exegesis of India`s

religious and philosophical literature to English speaking peoples.

Zakir Hussain

Zakir Hussain was born on February 8, 1897 and died on May 3, 1969. He was the third President of India

from May 13, 1967 until his death. Hussain was born in Hyderabad. After serving as the Governor of Bihar

from 1957 to 1962, and as the Vice President of India from 1962 to 196. In his inaugural speech he said that

the whole of India was his home and all its people were his family.

Varahagiri Venkata Giri

He was born on August 10, 1894 and died on June 23, 1980 he was commonly known as V. V. Giri. He was

the fourth president of the Republic of India. He received India`s highest civilianAward, the Bharat Ratna, in

1975. He was a prolific writer and a good orator. He has written books on `Industrial Relations` and `Labour

problems in Indian Industry`. He was elected as Vice-president of India in 1967. Giri became acting president

of India in 1969 upon the death in office of Zakir Hussain and decided to run for that position in the election.

The Congress Party led by Indira Gandhi chose to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy for the position, but he was

able to prevail anyway due to a last-minute change in the decision by Indira Gandhi, he served until 1974. He

has served the office Twice as President.

Muhammad Hidayat Ullah

Muhammad Hidayatullah was born on 1905 and died on 1992. He was the acting President of India in 1969

and the second Muslim to hold the post. Hidayatullah was succeeded by the previous President, Varahagiri

Venkata Giri. He was the first Muslim Chief Justice of India from January 1968 to February 1970. He was also

Vice-President of India from August 1979 to August 1984. A National Law University has been established in

his name at Jodhpur.

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed was born on May 13 1905 and died on February 11, 1977. He was President of India

from 1974 to 1977. He was educated at St. Stephen`s College and St Catharine`s College, Cambridge, and

subsequently became an active member of the Congress Party. He was chosen for the presidency by Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi in 1974, becoming the third Muslim President in Delhi. He would later use his

constitutional authority as head of state to allow her to rule by decree once emergency rule was proclaimed

in 1975. He died in officeBasappa Danappa Jatti

Basappa Danappa Jatti was born on September 10, 1912 and died on June 7, 2002. Jatti graduated as a

lawyer from Sykes Law College, Kolhapur and became a pleader in Jamakhandi. After the 1952 general

elections, he was appointed Minister of Health and Labour of the then Bombay Government. Re-elected from

Jamkhandi constituency in the third general elections, Jatti was appointed Finance Minister on July 2, 1962 in

the Nijalingappa Ministry. He became acting President for a brief period after the death of Fakruddin Ali

Ahmed.

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was born on May 18, 1913 and died on June 1, 1996. He was the sixth President of the

republic of India, serving from 1977 to 1982. He was also Union Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, Shipping

and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in the Cabinet. He was Elected to the Lok Sabha from

Hindupur constituency in Andhra Pradesh. He was elected Speaker of Lok Sabha on March 17, 1967, where

he won unprecedented acclaim and admiration. He was elected President by the electoral college in July

1977, and was the only person to be elected President of India unopposed.

Zail Singh

Giani Zail Singh was born in Punjab on May 5, 1916 and died on December 25, 1994. He was the President of

India from 1982-1987, and the first Sikh to hold India`s highest public office and honour. Giani Zail Singh

Ramgarhia was elected to the highest office of the President of India on July 15, 1982. He was critisized for

his dominating attitude towards the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. His relations with Rajiv Gandhi, the next

Prime Minister, were rocky at best.

R. Venkataraman

Ramaswamy Venkataraman was born on December 4, 1910 was the 8th President of the Republic of India,

serving from 1987 to 1992. Before his election as President, Venkataraman served nearly 4 years as the 7th

Vice-President. He is currently the third oldest living former head of state in the world behind Aden Abdullah

Osman Daar and Anthony Mamo. He is also the only living former President of India. Although re-elected to

Parliament in 1957, Venkataraman resigned his seat in the Lok Sabha to join the State Government of

Madras as a Minister. There Shri Venkataraman held the portfolios of Industries, Labour, Cooperation, Power,

Transport and Commercial Taxes from 1957 to 1967. During this time, he was also Leader of the Upper

House, namely, the Madras Legislative Council.

Shankar Dayal Sharma

Shankar Dayal Sharma was born on August 19, 1918 and died on December 26, 1999. He was the 9th

President of republic of India serving from 1992 to 1997. Sharma served as Vice-President until 1992, when

he was elected President. During his five-year term, he was active in ceremonial matters and was in charge

of dismissing and appointing governors. During his last year as President, it was his responsibility to swear in

three prime ministers. He did not run for a second term as President.

K. R. Narayanan

Kocheril Raman Narayanan was born on 4 February 1921 and died on 9 November 2005. He was also known

as K. R. Narayanan, was the tenth President of the Republic of India. He is the only Dalit and the only

Malayali to have held the Presidency. K. R. Narayanan was elected as the Presidency of India 17 July 1997

with 95% of the votes in the electoral college, from the Presidential poll 14 July. This is the only Presidential

election to have been held with a minority government holding power at the centre.

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam Maraikkayar was born October 15, 1931, Tamil Nadu, India, usually

referred to as Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is the President of India from 26th July,2002 to 25th July 2007. A notable

scientist and engineer, he is often referred to as the Missile Man of India for his work and is considered a

leading progressive, mentor, innovator and visionary in India.

Pratibha Patil is the 13th and current President of India. She is the first woman and first Maharashtrian to

hold this post. The Chief Justice of India K. G. Balakrishnan sworn her as President of India on July 25,

*********************************************************************************.

Top 100 Quant Tips and Tricks by IIM Topper

This is a special notes for all CAT and MBA aspirants.. by IIM Topper.

QUANT THEORY

1) nPr = n!/(n-r)!

2) nPn = n!

3) nCr = n!/(n-r)!r!

4) nCn = 1

5) nP0 = 1

6) nC0 = 1

7) AP An = a + (n-1)d

Sn = n/2[2a + (n-1)d]

GP An = ar(n-1)

Sn = a(rn – 1 )/ (r-1)

S∞ = a/(1-r)

9) 1 mile = 1760 yards

10) 1 yard = 3 feet

11) 1 mile2 = 640 acres

12) I gallon = 4 quarts

13) 1 quart = 2 pints

14) 1 pint = 2 cups

15) 1 cup = 8 ounces

16) 1 pound = 16 ounces

17) 1 ounce = 16 drams

18) 1 kg = 2.2 pounds

19) 30-60-90 triangle è 1:√3:2 sides

20) 45-45-90 triangle è 1:1:√2 sides

21) a3>b3 è a>b

22) If A than B => not B than not A

23) Zero divided by any nonzero integer is zero.

24) Division by 0 is undefined.

25)

26) The standard deviation is a statistic that tells you how tightly all the various examples are clustered

around the mean in a set of data. When the examples are pretty tightly bunched together and the bell-

shaped curve is steep, the standard deviation is small. When the examples are spread apart and the bell

curve is relatively flat, that tells you have a relatively large standard deviation.

27) n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n (B)+ n(C) – n(A n B) – n(A n C) – n(B n C) + n(A n B n C)

28) n(Aonly) = n(A) – n(A n C) – n(A n B) + n(A U B U C)

29) Dividend = Divisor * Quotient + Remainder

30) LCM * HCF = Product of 2 numbers.

31) 1 + 2 + 3 ………………..n = n * n+1 / 2

32) Sum of squares of 1st n natural numbers = n (n+1)(2n+1) / 6

33) Sum of cubes of 1st n natural numbers = [n (n+1)/2]2

34)

Squares and Cubes

Number ( x ) Square ( x 2 ) Cube ( x 3 )1 1 12 4 83 9 274 16 645 25 1256 36 2167 49 -8 64 -9 81 -10 100 -11 121 -12 144 -13 169 -14 196 -15 225 -16 256 -17 28918 32419 36121 44122 48423 52924 57625 625

35)

Fractions and Percentage:

Fraction Decimal Percentage1 / 2 0.5 501 / 3 0.33 33 1/32 / 3 0.66 66 2/31 / 4 0.25 25

3 / 4 0.75 751 / 5 0.2 202 / 5 0.4 403 / 5 0.6 604 / 5 0.8 801 / 6 0.166 16 2/35 / 6 0.833 83 2 / 31 / 8 0.125 12 1 / 23 / 8 0.375 37 1 / 25 / 8 0.625 62 1 / 27 / 8 0.875 87 1 / 21 / 9 0.111 112 / 9 0.222 221 / 10 0.1 101 / 20 0.05 51 / 100 0.01 1

36) Average speed = Total distance / Total Time

When equal distances are covered in different speed then we take the harmonic mean

Av Speed = 2ab / a + b

Different distances in same time we take AM

Av Speed is = a + b / 2

37) Simple Interest: SI = PRT / 100, A = P + SI

38) 1 Nickel = 5 cents

1 dime = 10 cents

1 quarter = 25 cents

1 half = 50 cents

1 dollar = 100 cents

39) Equilateral triangle, Area = (√3 * a2)/4

40) Area of trapezium = ½ (Height * Sum of parallel sides)

41) Arc Length = (θ/ 360) 2 ∏ r

42) Area of sector = (θ/ 360) ∏ r2

43) Equal chords are equidistant from the center.

44) (x+y) 8 = 8C8x8 + 8C7x7y + 8C6x6y2 + 8C5x5y3 + … + 8C2x2y6 + 8C1xy7 + 8C0y8

45) Sometimes we get so involved with the nitty-gritties of mathematics that we start functioning like

automatons and stop thinking. Don’t fall prey to this trap. For example, what is the probability that a number

amongst the first 1000 positive integers is divisible by 8? Don’t start counting the multiples of 8! The figure

of 1000 is a red herring. Use a little common sense. The numbers will be 8,16,24,32…So, 1 in every 8

numbers is a multiple of 8, even if you consider the first million integers. So Probability is 1/8

46) The number of integers from A to B inclusive is = B -A +1

47) Average of consecutive numbers:

Eg from 13 to 77 = (13+77)/2

48) Slope = (change in y)/(change in x)

49) 00 = undefined

50)

51) Sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides = (n-2)*180

52) Degree measure of one angle in a regular polygon with n sides

= {(n-2)*180 }/n

53) When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a negative number,

the inequality sign reverses.

–x < y => -(-x) > y => x > -y

54) Fraction > (fraction)2 for all positive fractions

55) Fraction > √(fraction ) for all positive fractions

56) If n is a positive integer, (n6)/2 = √(n12 / 4)

57) If z1, z2, z3 … zn are consecutive positive integers and their average is an odd integer => n is odd =>

sum of series is odd

58) In a triangle with sides of measure a, b and c SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT , a-b a + b = odd

59) Before confirming try and back solve and make sure that u have answered what has been asked.

60) When the question mentions prime number, remember to think of 2 too.

61) In a triangle, if the sum of two angles = third angle, then it is a right angled triangle.

62) Do not transport information from another statement unless considering both collectively.

63) A-b = odd => a + b = odd

64)

65)

66) If a DS question simply asks whether a, b, c and d are consecutive integers; use your brain. It has just

asked u to answer if they are consecutive, not if they are consecutive in order.

67) Measure of an angle of a cyclic polygon = 180 – 360/n , where n is the number of sides of the polygon.

68) Sometimes, mistakes might also be committed by simply misreading the statement. Eg

Both Tim and Harry received an acre of land more than Neel => t = n + 1, h = n + 1

Tim and Harry received an acre more than Neel => t + h = n+1

69)

Let Triangle ABC be equilateral with each side of measure ‘a’ and AC ^ BD

ð AB = BD = AD = a

ð Ða = Ðb = Ðc = 600

ð AC = √(a2 + a/2 2)

= √3*a/2

ð Area = √3 * a2/4

ð Perimeter = 3a

ð Radius of circle O = a/√3 = AC * 2/3

Radius of circle O’ = √3a/6 = AC * 1/3

70) Two

circles will touch each or intersect each other if the distance between their centers d is such that

R – r £ d £ R + r, where R and r are the radii of the two circles

71) Remainder of less than two means not just one; it also means remainder of zero.

72) Do not make unwarranted assumptions. 12 midnight to 12 noon does not mention what days, and hence

you cannot find out the time period.

73) Standard deviation of a set is always negative and equals zero only if all elements of the set are equal.

74) If the difference between the largest and the smallest divisor of a number is X, the number is X + 1

75) Always remember the special watch out cases in DS questions. If the question mentions mean of a set,

the mean can be ZERO also.

76) If area of a rectangle is known, diagonal is known, perimeter can be found

a2 + b2 = diagonal2

a2 + b2 + 2ab = diagonal2+ 2ab

(a + b)2 = diagonal2+ 2*area

77) √(y2) = |y| => y if y is positive, -y if y is negative

78) angle = mod [(60H - 11M) /2 ]

H = value of hour hand

M = value of minute hand

eg, if time is 2:30, then H =2 and M =30

79) Every number raised to power 5 has the number itself as unit digit

80) If a + b + c = Z, than the largest of a, b, and c cannot be greater than the mean of the other two.

81) The rule that one side of a triangle cannot be > sum of other two, only applies to sides, not angles

82) FINALLY, MAKE SURE OF WHAT THE QUESTION SAYS – INTEGER MEANS INTEGRAL LENGTH. And,

DIVIDING A WIRE INTO PIECES, DOES NOT NECESSARILY IMPLY THAT THEY WILL BE INTEGRAL LENGTHS.

Similarly, that a boat covers a distance upstream in 3 hours, states only the time, even if it has been

mentioned that it covers a a distance 12 km downstream in 2 hours.

83) x2 = 9*y2 does not necessarily imply that x2 > y2. (Hint : consider x=y=0)

84) When we say multiples between 16 and 260, and inclusive/exclusive is not mentioned, take 16 and 260

to be exclusive.

85) The statement implies :

The hourly wage for each employee ranges from $5 an hour to $20 an hour.

minimum average = (20 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 5)/5

maximum average = (5 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20)/5

WILD LIFE FACTS

MAMMALS

Largest and Heaviest Blue WhaleAverage length 30.5 mLargest ever recorded 33.58 mPregnant female may weigh 203 tones

Smallest Land Mammal Kitti’s hog-nosed Bat (Found in Thailand)2Wing span 16 cmweight 1.75 to 2 g

Smallest Marine Mammal Probably Heaviside’s dolphin(Found in South Atlantic)Length 1.22 mWeight 41 kg

Rarest Mammal Rarest Mammal Aspecies of tenrec from Madagascar is only known from a single specimen.

Fastest Mammal Cheetah (found in Africa, Middle East, W. Asia) can run at 100 kph over short distances.Pronhorn antelope (Found in USA)

Can run at 60 kph over long distances.

Slowest Mammal Three-toedsloth (found in South America) covers about 5 m a minute in trees, and only 2 m aminute

on the ground.

Highest Mammal Yak (found in Tibet and China) climbs to 6000 m to feed.

REPTILES

Largest and Heaviest Estuarine Crocodile (found in Asia, Australia)Average length (male) up to 4.3 mLongest ever recorded 8.23 m

Largest Lizard Komodo dragon (found in Indonesian Island)length up to 3 m

largest Turtle Pacific leatherback turtleAverage length (male) up to 2.13 mweight up to 363 kg.

Fastest Amphibian (On Land) Six-linedracerunner (found in USA)can run at 29 kph

Fastest Amphibian (In Water) (In Water) Pacific Leatherback turtle can swim at 35 kph

Longest Snake Reticulated Python (found in India and South-east Asia)Average length more than 6 mLongest ever recorded 10 m

Most Poisonous Snake Sea Snake (found in North West Australia)

Most Poisonous Land Snake Fierce Snake(found in Australia) has most toxic venom.

AMPHIBIANS

Largest Amphibian Chinese gaintsalamanderAverage length 1mLongest ever recorded 1.52 mWeight 11 to 13 kg.

Largest Frog Goliath Frog (found in Africa)Length of body 33.5 cm

Largest Toad Probably marinetoad (found in South America)Length 22.9 cm.

Largest Newt Ribbed newt (found in Africa)Length upto 40 cmWeight 450 g

Highest Toad Common toadOne found in Himalayas at 8000 m

Most Poisonous Kokoiarrow-poison frog (found in South America)A tiny amount of toxin is enough to kill a man.

Smallest Newt Striped newt (found in USA)length 5.1 cm

BIRDS

Largest Bird (Flightless) North African OstrichHeight (male) 2.74 mWeight 156.5 kgeggs up to 20 cm long

Largest Wing Span Wandering albatross (found in Southern Oceans)Average length (male) 3.15 mLargest ever recorded 3.6 m

Smallest Bird Helena’s humming bird (found in Cuba)Average length (male) 5.8 cm(head and body 1.5 cm)Weight 2 gEgg 1.14 cm long

Rarest Bird Mauritius Kestrel (found in Mauritius)About 5 are thought to remain.

Fastest Bird Spine-tailed swift (found in Russia and Himalayas)flies at 171 kph

Longest Flight Arctic ternMay cover 40,000 km a year migrating from Arctic to Antarctic and back.

Fastest Under Water Gentoo Penguin swims at 36 kph

Largest Nest Bald eaglesone was 2.9 m wide and 6 m deep.

FISHES

Largest Fish (Plankton-eating) Whale SharkLargest ever recorded 18.5 m long.

Largest Fish (Meat Eating) Great white shark (the man-eater)Average length up to 4.57 m.

Heaviest Bony Fish Ocean sunfish is the heaviestlargest ever recorded 2.28 tonnes.

Longest Bony Fish Russian sturgeon or BelugaLength up to 8 m

Fastest Fish Probably Sailfish

fastest ever recorded 109 kph

Most Poisonous Fish Stonefish (foundin Indian and Pacific Oceans)Poison carried in spines can cause a person’s death within a few hours.

Most Electric Electric eel (found in South America)can produce 400 to 500 volts.

INSECTS

Largest Insect Goliath beetle (found in Africa)Weight (male) 100g

Longest Insect Tropical stick insectLength up to 33 cm

Largest locust Swarn A Swarn of desert locusts that crossed the Red Sea in 1889.Swarn estimated to contain 250,000,000 insectsweighing about 500,000 tonnes and covering 5,000 sq. km

Largest Butterfly Queen Alexandra bird wing (found in Guinea)Wing span 28 cm, weight 5 g

Most Dangerous Ant Black bulldog ant (found in Australia and Tasmaina)One bite can kill a man.

Fastest Wing Beat A tiny midge can beat its wings 1000 times a second.