chemolithotrophic proteobacteria s and iron oxidizing (science 284: 16 april 1999) thiomargarita...
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Chemolithotrophic proteobacteria S and Iron oxidizing
• (SCIENCE 284: 16 April 1999) Thiomargarita namibiensis
• Beggiatoa (Winogradsky column)• Thiothrix/Thioplaca• Thiobacillus• endosymbionts of deep-sea vent
invertebrates
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Quiz
1. Why is 16S rRNA such a good molecule for making phylogenetic trees (give 2 good reasons).
(3)2. What is the evolutionary distance between these two
sequences. You may define it as a %.GGCCCTATATAC
GCGCCTTTATAC (2)3. Chloroplasts were originally _______, and are proof for
theory of ________ (2)4. Name three different ways to define a bacterial species
(3)
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Nitrifiers
• Nitrosonomas and Nitrobacter
• Winogradsky
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Hydrogen oxidizers
• Alcaligenes ”Knallgas reaction“
• 2 H2 + O2 ---- 2 H2O
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Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
• Not all methylotrophs are methanotrophs• Use methanol, methylamine, formate and
(methane)• Type 1 (ribulose monophosphate pathway) and II
(serine pathway), membranes differ too– Type 1 membranes are throughout cell
– Type II on periphery of cell
• Endosymbionts in deep-sea vent mussels
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Photosynthetic proteobacteria
• Purple phototrophic proteobacteria (bacteriochlorophylls and photophosphorylation)
• Purple sulfur, eg. Chromatium
• Below is Chromatium tempedium from Yellowstone, that grows above 50C. Notice the phase-bright sulfur granules
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• Purple non-sulfur (photoheterotrophs)
• (other groups in the Bacteria that photosynthesize?, green sulfur, green filamentous, cyanobacteria)
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Spirilla:
• Spirillum _some magnetotactic e.g. Magnetospirillum p 487
• Bdellovibrio, attack gram – bacteria, see developmental cycle
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Sulfate/sulfur reducers
• Desulfurovibrio, Desulfuromonoas, anoxic habitats, compete with methanogens
• use, H2, lactate as e'donors and sulfate or sulfur as e'acceptor. What is the product?
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Budding and stalked
• Hyphomicrobium (methylotroph), budding
• Caulobacter, stalked, see cycle
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Sheathed Proteobacteria:
• e.g Leptothrix• Mn 2+ + 0.5 O2 + H2O --- Mn O2 + 2H+ delta G –68kJ
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Fermentative rods and vibrios 1.Enterics (gamma)
• Gram -, nonsporulating, facultative aerobes, fermentative, opportunistic pathogens
• 2 types: mixed acid fermenters (produce acid) E. coli
OR 2,3-butanediol fermenters (produce neutral products) Enterobacter aerogenes/Erwinia
Escherichia
Salmonella typhi- typhoid fever Serratia marcescens (Bright red pigment- prodigiosin) Xenorhabdus (bioluminescence) Klebsiella pneumoniae (not normally pathogenic)
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Vibrio, Photobacterium
• V. cholerae
• Photobacterium– O2 required for luciferase activity– Quorum sensing
– FMNH2 + O2 +RCHO ---- FMN +RCOOH + H2O + hv
– Need flavin mononucleotide, aliphatic aldehyde, O2, and enzyme. E- donor is NADH
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Oxidative rods and cocci• Pseudomonads (human pathogens, biodegraders, plant
pathogens)• Azotobacter and free-living N-fixers• Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium: symbiotic N-fixers• Agrobacterium, crown gall• Acetobacter and Gluconobacter• Legionella, • Neisseria• Rickettsia obligate parasite, Rocky mountain spotted
fever