chemistrys

REFERENCE MANUAL CUMREPORT

, ,VENUEZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING,BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA, 751017

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

NEW DELHI

3 DAY WORKSHOP ONIMPROVEMENT OF RESULTS OF AISSCE IN CHEMISTRY

15TH TO 17TH JULY 2014

Shri AvinashDikshitCommissioner, KVS New Delhi

Shri G.K. SrivastavaAdditional Commissioner (Admn) KVS New Delhi

Dr. Dinesh KumarAdditional Commissioner (Acad) KVS New Delhi

Dr. ShachikantJoint Commissioner (Training) KVS New Delhi

Dr. VijayalakshmiJoint Commissioner (Acad) KVS New Delhi

Dr. E. PrabhakarJoint Commissioner (Pers) KVS New Delhi

Shri M. ArumugamJoint Commissioner (Fin.) KVS New Delhi

Shri S. Vijay KumarJoint Commissioner (Admn) KVS New Delhi

OUR PATRONS

Acknowledgement

Course DirectorUSHA ASWATH IYER

Deputy Commissioner & Director, ZIET Bhubaneswar

Resource Persons

MrsHajra ShaikhZonal Institute of Education and Training, Bhubaneswar

1. Mr. Suresh Kumar SahuPGT Chemistry, KendriyaVidyalaya, No3 Bhubaneswar

2.3. Mr. Aditya Kumar Panda

PGT Chemistry, KendriyaVidyalaya, No3 Bhubaneswar

Supported byZIET Bhubaneswar Staff

Mr. K. P. Dash (PGT-Eng),Dr. AbhijitSaha(PGT-Biology),

Mr. Parasuram Shukla (PGT -Econ),Ms T Samrajya Lakshmi(PGT-Phy)Dr. Santosh Gupta (Librarian),Ms. SantilataPadhy(UDC)

Message

It is with great difficulty that we came upon a strategy for the workshop. When there isemphasis on the doctrines of NCF 2005emphasizing the development of ability to constructknowledge, there is also emphasis on hundred percent result by quantity. Hence we decidedto judiciously cater to both the needs. As topics of Class XI are directly related to topics ofclass XII, foundation for class XII is to be built in class XI. Hence a thorough analysis of topicsof class XI was done. Topics were identified and worksheets were prepared on them. Anelaborate method of preparing worksheets was also dealt with along with demonstrations offour chapters from class XI. It was also identified that preparing models on Solid State,Surface Chemistry, orbitals and bonding, teachers could be empowered to handle theseabstract topics with ease. Innumerable small and big demonstrations in the class XI/ XII werediscussed and carried out in the chemistry lab of KV no 3 Bhubaneswar. Also topics in class XIIrequired to score marks in Board exam were discussed in depth with special emphasis onhow to present it to late bloomers and on drilling it.I had a great experience being associated and working with two genius teachers who are alsowizards in the field of chemistry as resource persons.I hope the experiences in this course is utilized by the teachers to make the classes moreeffective.Also the experiences of this course has made me think in a wider prospect for empoweringteachers in the future.I thank KVS for giving me this opportunity.

MrsHajra ShaikhResource personZonal Institute of Education and Training, Bhubaneswar

MessageI am fortunate enough to be part of this workshop as a resource person.I am thankful to the Deputy Commissioner ZIET , BBSR and Course Director of this workshopfor giving me this golden opportunity to share my ideas and teaching techniques with myfellow teachers . In a way, I think I can reach out to greater horizon of the student massthrough my colleagues .

Students often complain that they forget what they learn and they do not recollect whateverthey studied by spending good amount of time . And especially during exam days they remainin anxiety.

Their hard work of past days do not often translated into results probably due to faulty studytechniques. I observe students often go through passive notes like guides, help bookinstead of unsolved question bank and self-belief.During the 3 days we exchanged and deliberated about the difficulties faced by the teachersduring class room situation and especially academic development of bloomers to meet theKVS expectations.

As they had firsthand experience of preparation of 3-D Model on close packing and defectson solid state chemistry and various shapes and structure of molecules and ions by usingcoloured plastic balls and glue . It is enchanting to observe the metamorphosis of teacherregarding 3-D visualization within 3 days of work shop.

It is clear that teachers involvement is must when we have to change from passive learningmode to active learning mode. Passive notes and concerted route may kill inner potential andparalyze them for future development.

Students must be provided ample opportunities to explore themselves through various newage study technique to excel in the desired field. Unlike earlier days , these days studentsencounter innumerable number of distractions and reduced attention span whichdeteriorate their study habits of traditional nature .

As the participants opined during valedictory function that, this work shop gave a newdirection to carry on their endeavor towards the betterment of child.What best can we expect if they are induced to this extent and I hope they will deliverthe expertise they have learned here and motivate students with new tools andtechniques to excel in the board exam and in future .

I Thank KVS ZIET for Giving me this opportunity.

Mr. Aditya Kumar PandaResource person ,PGT Chemistry, KendriyaVidyalaya, No 3 Bhubaneswar

INDEX1. Three Days of Rejoice 12. Details of Participants 23. Time table 44. Reports of day 1, 2, 3 55. Problem solving Techniques 86. Effective Revision Strategy & learning methodology 217. Preparation of worksheet 448. Question bank Class XII 78

a) Solid Stateb) Solutions 82c) Electrochemistry 97d) Chemical Kinetics 108e) Surface Chemistry 114f) General principles and processes of isolation of elements

123g) The p- block elements 140h) D & F Block Elements 168i) Coordination Compounds 188j) Halo alkanes and Haloarene 220k) Alcohols And Phenols 244l) Aldehydes,Ketones And Carboxylic Acids 246m) Amines 256n) Biomolecules 261o) Polymers 267p) Chemistry In Everyday Life 273

9. Worksheets class XI 27510.Memories 311

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Three Days of RejoiceThe genesis of this season

Started with a specific reasonEach one of us called out

Despite our silent shout

So well equipped with packsWe all took the leap on tracks

All chemists with eager soulsOn this land our journey hauls

As we entered the premises of ZIETOur enthalpy reached a New Height

Change in enthalpy were definitely positiveAnd the given system equally lucrative

Once the course took to a startWe all easily became its part

A noble course director with melodious soundA team of resource persons whose knowledge knows no bound

Tossing our minds between cards and worksheetsWe are introduced to new teaching treats

Chemistry equations could not get better than thisHere is a part no chemist should ever miss

To help our students relearn effectivelyWe learnt, yes we learnt to teach actively.

Now as we pack our scattered bagsWe return a super saturated sap

Offering crystals at the slightest tapBetween students and the world of knowledge there will be no gap

Thanks to ZIET, Thanks to this wonderful teamMany lives radiated by Chemistrys beautiful beam

Now chemistry no longer remains a mysteryStudents will soon learn this art by mastery

Its the science of experimental creativityThree cheers to this world of chemistry

Presented by a Participant during valedictory functionMercy Lalrohluo Mmar

K V MissamariTinsukia Region

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN , NEW DELHINAME OF THE COURSE : 3 DAY WORKSHOP ON IMPROVEMENT OF RESULT IN CHEMISTRY FOR PGT

(CHEMISTRY)DETAILS OF PARTICIPANTS

VENUE: BhubaneswarS.No. NAME OF THETEACHER

KENDRIYAVIDYALAYA

REGION GEN/SC/ST/OBC

E-MAIL ID MOBILENUMBER

IN ENGLISH(IN CAPITAL)

IN ENGLISH IN ENG1 Mr. R.

BanerjeeSevoke road GUWAHATI GEN robinbanerjee23

@gmail.com9832475264

2 Mr AnarulHaque

Joka IIM Kolkata OBC [email protected]

91639902653 Md

MohamuddinMalda Kolkata OBC mohamuddin173

@ymail.com9734323787

4 Mr A K Rakshit Kalaikunda No1

Kolkata GEN [email protected]

81454159225 Mrs Pratibha

SahooIshapore No.1

Kolkata GEN [email protected]

89815900406 Mr Mukesh

PrasadDurgapurCRPF

Kolkata OBC [email protected]

99338767277 Mr. R. P. Das No. 2 Salt

LakeKolkata SC [email protected]

om9831706389

8 Mr B Ram Kharagpur IIT Kolkata SC [email protected]

96354337359 Mr S K Suman Silchar Silchar OBC suman2q@gmail.

com9835063856

10 Mr S S Ojha Kumbhirgram Silchar GEN [email protected]

813388539111 Mr. B. Tiwari Duliajan Tinsukia GEN digvijaitiwari@g

mail.com9435353290

12 Mr. Vinu TVRao

Dinjan Tinsukia GEN [email protected]

876197493813 Mr. Mercy

LalrohluoMissamari Tinsukia ST untoeternity@g

mail.com9613777948

14 Mr. D. Sen No.1 Cuttack BBSR GEN [email protected]

9437345658

33

15 Ms. AnitaKumari

Sambalpur BBSR OBC [email protected]

943742097316 Mrs. Meera

PatnaikKhurda Road BBSR GEN pattnaikmeena@

yahoo.com9437083704

17 Mr. S. K. Nath Baripada BBSR OBC [email protected]

993872681318 Mr. K.

Srinivasa RaoNo 2 SVNVizag

BBSR GEN [email protected]

998598796319 Mrs. Lakshmi

PapayiMalkapuramVizag

BBSR GEN [email protected]

957374746720 Mr. Sunil

KumarRamgarhCantt

Ranchi OBC [email protected]

943158531321 Mr. C B Singh Chandrapura Ranchi GEN singhchandrabhu

[email protected]

8986722713

22 Mrs. SunitaSinha

DipatoliRanchi

Ranchi GEN [email protected]

980130212323 Mrs. Rashmi

BalaNo 1 Bokaro Ranchi GEN rashmibala652@

gmail.com9631106562

24 Mr. M. K.Singh

Hinoo Ranchi(I S)

Ranchi GEN [email protected]

827154410225 Mr. P. B. Singh Hinoo Ranchi

(2 S)Ranchi OBC itsme.pbs@gmail

.com9905737287

26 Mr. A. K. Singh Patratu Ranchi GEN [email protected]

943116112127 Mrs. Hajra

Shaikh (RP)ZIET BBSR ziet BBSR Gen happyhajra@red

iffmail.com8280474572

28 Mr. AdityaPanda (RP)

No. 3 BBSR BBSR GEN [email protected]

943830895929 Mr. Suresh

Kumar Sahu(RP)

No. 3 BBSR BBSR GEN [email protected]

8895318245

44

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHANZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, BHUBANESWAR3 Day workshop on improvement of Board Results for PGT Chemistry

ALLOTMENT OF TOPICSSl no Group class XI ClassXII Models1 1 Chapter 1, Chapter 1,2,3,4 AB AB Type2 2 Chapter 7 Chapter5, 6 ABC ABC Type3 3 Chapter 5, 6, Chapter 7, 8,9 Extended ABC type4 4 Chapter 8, 9 Chapter 10,11 Square packing5 5 Chapter 10, 12 Chapter 12, 13, 14 Unit cell of BCC, FCC6 6 Chapter 13,14 Chapter 15, 16 Defects

Mr Panda 2,3,4,11

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHANZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, BHUBANESWAR

3 Day workshop on improvement of Board Results for PGT ChemistryTIME TABLE

Day Date 9.00-9.15

9.15-10.30

10.45-11.00

11.00- 1.00 1.00-2.00

2.00-4.00 4.00-4.15

4.15- 5.30

Tuesday 15/07/2014

Registration andInauguration

TEA BREAK

Problem SolvingTechniques, S K Sahu

LUNCH BREAK

PreparingWorksheetsFor class XI

TEA BREAK


Wednesday

16/07/2014

Prayer &Report

EffectiveClassroomteachingtechniques, A KPanda

Board Questions Class XII PreparingWorksheetsFor class XI


Thursday

17/07/2014

Prayer &Report

ClassroomDemos ofsimpleexperiments andmodels,AKP+ HS

Classroom Demos ofsimple experiments andmodels HS

Consolidation ofWorksheetsClass XI

VALEDICTORY

55

REPORT OF THE 1st DAY (15.07.2014)

PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF Gr. 1&2

In the serene atmosphere created by enchanting GAYATRI MANTRA, the formal inaugurationof three days WORK-SHOP For improvement of result in Class-XII Chemistry began with thelighting of the lamp by Madam Usha A. Iyer,Director and Deputy commissioner KVS ZIETBhubaneswar.

In her inaugural speech Madam Usha A Iyer clearly pointed out that Workshop/ Trainingcourse provides opportunities to the teachers to up skill, upscale and update themselves soas to function as true professionals in the field of education and to face the challenges of thepresent world.Ms. Hajra Shaikh, faculty member, ZIET Bhubaneswar, Department of Chemistry highlightedthe aims and objectives of this work-shop. After the short tea - break , the session resumedwith power-point presentation on Problem Solving Techniques in different aspects for latebloomers by Mr. Suresh Kumar Sahu ,PGT Chemistry KV No. 3 Bhubaneswar. Soon after this,the groups were formed, duties and tasks were assigned to each group with the emphasison preparation of teaching aids on the topic Solid State and Mr. Aditya Kr. Panda , PGTChemistry KV No. 3 Bhubaneswar enthusiastically demonstrated the different modelsrelated to the topic concerned .In post lunch session, Mr. Aditya Kr. Panda, PGT Chemistry KV No. 3 Bhubaneswarhighlighted the concept of work-sheet and its preparation and implementation in thepresent context .it was extremely thought provoking session .After the tea break, there wasgroup activity on preparation of work-sheet on allotted topics .With that a fruitful day endedon a happy note

REPORT OF SECOND DAY WORKSHOP ON IMPROVEMENT OFCHEMISTRY RESULT OF CLASSXII

Presented by group 3 & 4The second day of the three day workshop began with the morning assembly conducted bythe participants group one and two. Hereafter the course Director and Dy. Commissioner(KVS) ZIET Bhubaneswar Ms. Usha A. Iyer addressed the participants.The session then began with highly enthusiastic and inspiring power point presentation by Mr.A.K. Panda the resource person and PGT CHEM. K.V. no.3 Bhubaneswar. Shri Pandahighlighted the areas of weaknesses of the students due to which they could not achievesatisfactorily. He also told the participants the probable methods of solutions like Qualitativerevisions, reinforcing the learning by proper planning, revision in a group of friends who are

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supporting, co-operating and helping in nature. Sir also emphasized on preparation of outlineactive notes, breaking the huge lessons in small chunks and squeezing the syllabus. Mr. Pandaalso stressed on learning through question framing, prioritizing and leveling the questions. Sir,gave several tips of making the revision interesting and result oriented. He told us how tomake master cards and make the class more interesting by involving the students.Shri Panda Sirs multidimensional, analytical and practical approach of revision for differentlessons are highly motivating and of great use. By applying these techniques even the weakerstudents can give good results.The post tea session on inorganic reactions of p-block was an eye opener for many of us,especially for the beginners.

After Shri S.K. Panda Sirs class we started making models and work-sheets which was guidedby our resource persons and was also viewed enthusiastically and encouraged by the coursedirector.

3rd DAY (17-07-2014) REPORTDay started with morning assembly by 3rd and 4th group members.

D C mam in her addressing with participants she appreciated the group who given morningassembly, given inspiring suggestions to the participants. She narrated a story about theimportance of positive attitude. Then after all the groups explained their models which theyhave prepared.

Group I explained ABAB packing (hcp)Group II Packing in the solids which results in formation of fcc and ccp, then group III

explained extended layer of ccp, group IV explained the extended layer of square closepacking, group V explained the different types of cubic unit cells like simple cubic, facecentered cubic and body centered cubic and group VI explained different types of defects incrystals.

After tea break we proceeded to K.V. No: 3 chemistry lab. There participants andresource persons; Ms Hajra Shaikh, Mr S K Sahu and Mr A K Panda exchanged their ideas inform of small Demonstrations in a healthy manner, the different groups were assigned theexperiments based on different chapters in theory of class XI and XIIGroup 1: Surface chemistryGroup2: EquilibriumGroup 3: Redox reactionsGroup 4: SolutionsGroup5: Electro chemistryGroup6: Organic chemistry

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We spent about 2 hrs to explain the expt. in the above mentioned areas and cameback to ZIET with enlightened and enriched moods.

After lunch break participants interacted with resource persons about the difficultyareas in chemistry teaching.

At 4-30 pm Valedictory function started, Madam Usha Iyar Director ZIET congratulatedall the members and suggested to follow these methods after going to school to givequalitative and quantitative results.

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Presented By :Mr S K Sahu,PGT Chemistry

Kendriya Vidyalaya No 3 , Bhubaneswar

PROBLEM SOLVINGTECHNIQUES

99

ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES

R R R

REDUCTION POTENTIAL REDUCED RIGHT

HIGHER THE REDUCTION POTENTIAL MORE EASILY REDUCED PLACED AT RIGHT1. Formation of electrochemical cell2. Calculation of E0 &e.m.f cell3. Study of displacement reaction4. Prediction of feasibility of redox reaction5. Protection of metal from corrosion.6. Prediction of the product of electrolysis

PRODUCT OF ELECTROLYSIS

MOLTEN ELECTROLYTE Aq.ELECTROLYTE

OPPOSITE IONS ARE NEUTRALISEDAT OPPOSITE ELECTRODE

Inert electrode Same metal electrode

in case of (- ve ions)Simple ion is oxidised at anode

in case of (+ ve ions)

Cathode reaction issame but None of thenegative ions areOxidised at cathodein stead of allnegative ionsElectrodes itselfoxidised

Higher reduction potential is reduced at cathode

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10

An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes.An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes

HIGHER THE REDUCTION POTENTIAL MORE EASILY REDUCED PLACED AT RIGHT

AT CATHODE OUT OF Ag+ AND H+ ,Ag+ IS REDUCEDDUE TO HIGHER REDUCTION POTENTIAL

AT ANODE OUT OF OH- & NO3 , OH- IS SIMPLE IONS SO OXIDISEDwith platinum electrodesIF Ag ELECTRODES IS USE- CATHODE REACTION IS SAMEAT ANODE INSTEAD OF ALL IVE IONS Ag ELECTRODE IT SELF OXIDISEDH & Cu,Ag HgH WITH OTHER

Prediction of feasibility of redox reaction

HIGHER THE REDUCTION POTENTIAL MORE EASILY REDUCED PLACED AT RIGHT

What would happen if Nickel spatula is usedto stir a solution of CuSO4?E0Cu2+ / Cu = 0.34 V, E0Ni 2+ / Ni = -0.25V?

. SOLUTION CONTAINER = POSITIVE VALUE THAT CANNOT BE STORED

Cu2+ IS SOLUTIONNi IS CONTAINER0.34 (-0.25) = 0.59 IS POSITIVE VALUECANNOT BE STORED/USED

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11

USES OF VANT HOFF FACTOR

DIFFERENT NO OF MOLE SAME NO OF MOLE

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY i I/molar mass3% urea&3% GLUOSE

CALCULATE i

FREZING POINT ,VAPOUR PRESURE I/ iOTHER COLIGATIVE PROPERTIES i

0.1 M UREA &0.1M NaCl

P BLOCK ELEMENT

12

12

MO

If pNo

BOND ORDER

BOND ORDER OF DIATOMICLECULES / IONS BOND ORDER OFPOLATOMIC

MOLECULES / IONS

-electrons are up to 6of pelectrons = BO

2

If p-electrons > 6

Total no of bondB

O Total no of resonating structure

6 more p electrons than 6 = BO2

BOND ANGLE

HYBRIDISATION IS SAMELONE PAIRS ARE DIFFERENT

HYBRIDISATIONIS SAME LONEPAIRS ARE SAME

Bond angle 1/no of lone pairs Bond angle electronegativity 1/size

PH4 + & PH3 NH3 & PH3

13

13

BOND POLARITY

DIATOMIC MOLECULE POLYATOMIC MOLECULE

HomoatomicNon polar

HeteroatomicPolar

Regular moleculeOnly bond pair Irregular moleculeLone pair

I2 ICl Polar

Same surrounding elementNon polar

Different surrounding elementpolar NH3

BOND LENGTH

BOND LENGTHS ARE SAME BOND LENGTHS ARE DIFFERENT

DUE TO RESONANCE DUE TO ELECTRONIC REPULSION

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14

ACIDIC PROPERTIES

NON OXOACID OXOACID

ACIDIC NATURE SIZE 1/B.E ACIDIC NATURE STABILISATION OFCONJUGATE BASE

HI > HBr > HCl HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO

BASIC NATURE

HYDROXY BASE (-OH PRESENT ) NON HYDROXY BASE ( -OH NOT PRESENT)

OH- REMOVAL CAPACITY H+ ATTRACTION CAPACITY

BASIC NATURE SIZE 1/BE BASIC NATURE ELECTRONEGATIVITY

KOH > NaOH > LiOH NH3 PH3 AsH3

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15

REDUCTION PROPERTIES

HYDRIDE OXOACID

REDUCTION PROPERTIES SIZE 1/B.E REDUCTION PROPERTIES NO OF (E-H)SINGLE BOND

H2S < H2Te H3PO2 > H3PO3

BOILING POINT

MOLECULAR FORCE

HYDROGEN BONDING VANDERWAAL FORCE

B. P MOLECULARMASS 1/ branching

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16

OXOACID OF PHOSPHORUS

STRUCTURE TETRAHEDRAL AT LEASTONE P=O AND ONE P-OH GROUP,

FUNCTION NUMBER OF P-OHBOND =BASICITY

NUMBER OF P-H BOND=REDUCTIONCAPACITY

TYPE OF OXOACID

ORTHO- PARENT ACIDPYRO- 2 X ORTHOACID-H2OHYPO ORTHOACID-OMETA-ORTHO ACID-H2OPEROXOMONO-ONE-OH IS REPLACED

BY OOHPEROXODI- FROM PYRO O-IS

REPLACEDBY OO-

COMPARASION OF OXIDATION STATE BOTTOM ELEMENT AND OTHER INERT PARE EFFECTCOMPARASION OF PHYSICAL STATE OF THE SECOND PERIOD &AND THIRD

PERIOD ELEMENTS---- P-P BONDING

INCREASE OF COVALENCY VACAND d ORBITAL

LOWEST OXIDATION STATE -OUTERMOST ELECTRONS-8, STABILITY DECREASESDOWN THE GROUP DUE TO ELECTRONEGATIVY DECREASES

HIGHEST OXIDATION STATE =OUTERMOST ELECTRONS STABILITYDECREASES DOWN THE GROUP-DUE TO INERT PAIR EFFECT

CATENATION PROPERTY B.D.E 1/SIZE 1/ELECTRONIC REPLUCTION

THERMAL STABILITY 1/SIZE

OXIDISING POWER OF OXO ACID DECREASES WITH INCREASE OF OXIDATION STATE

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MetaIE

llic and non metalliccharacter

1/Metallic property

IONISATIONENTHALAPY

Stability of oxidation state

METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC NATURE

BOND ENTHALPY

EN 1/BONDLENGTH

BOND

ENERGY ELECTRONEG

ATIVITYDIFFRENCEACIDIC STRENGTH OF HYDRIDEBOND ENERGY STABILITY

OF MOLECULE

APPLICATION OFELECTRONEGATIVITY

REACTIVITYDIFFRENCE IN

ELECTRONEGATIVITY STABILITY 1/REACTIVITY

NATURE OF BOND ANDPRCENTAGE OF IONIC CHARECTER

NOMENCLATUREOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS

OF2 OXYGEN DIFLORIDEACIDIC NATURE OF

THE OXIDE ELECTRONEGATIVITY

NATURE OF HYDROXIDE

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18

HYBRIDISATION STATE

TOTAL bond pair+ lone pair=Hybridisation state

Organic chemistry

1919

19

/+I

ACID

NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION

SN2 SN1

STERIC HINDRANCE,NATURE OF LEAVING GROUP

S T A B I L I T Y O F C AR BOC AT IONNA TU RE O F L E AV I NG G ROUP

Stability of CarboanionStability of (C ) I

INDUCTIVEEFFECT POLAR

ITY OFORGANIC

COMPOUND

IC STRENGTHAcidic Strength -I/+I

2020

20

ing St

Electron den

Stability of CarboanionStability No of resonat

RESONANCEEFFECT Reactivity of

BenzeneTowards

electrophilicsubstitution

ACIDC NATUREBASIC NATURE

Basic nature +R, +I/-R, -Isity increases by resonance H + attraction capacity

More basic & vice-versa

Directive nature of group attached to benzene

Ortho/para directingContain lonepair electron

Meta directingDouble bond/triple bond presentThat must attach to one moreElectnegative element

+R effect -Reffect

-OH,-OR,-NH2 -CHO,-COOH,-SO3H

2121

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EFFECTIVE REVISION STRATEGY AND LEARNING METHODOLOGYBy A.K PANDA , PGT ( CHEM) ,

K V NO-3 ,BBSR

Genesis :-

Despite good teaching in the class, every year a teacher is under the scanner for histeaching ability.

This is mainly because our result in AISSCE is 100 % pass or not --which is quiteobvious.

Passing mark is not at all a difficult task to achieve in any subject and the same istrue in chemistry also

1. WHAT IS THE NEED? Under performance of students despite having talents is a real disturbing

phenomenon in the present day student mass. Poor attention span, fickleness, lackof determination, lack of self -belief

Students complain they often forget whatever they learnt yesterday2. PROBABLE CAUSE?

Learning through passive notes is the major stumbling block for betterperformance

However informed and intelligent the teacher may be some times we do not reachout to the child through excellent teaching in the class. Work syndicate solve theproblems through group interaction.

I find, for a teacher, it is not the teaching in the class but the managing thestudents --make the students self-propellant and confident. Students must be.Their involvement in the teaching learning process results into Active LearningMode which is deep routed

Students disorganized study leads to poor result. Some students cannot managethemselves in the studies, they are to be constantly monitored by the teacherconcerned with the specially designed study materials for each categories ofstudents (Through special study technique)

Students disorganized study leads to poor result. Some students cannot manage

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themselves in the studies, they are to be constantly monitored by the teacherconcerned with the specially designed study materials for each categories ofstudents

(Through special study technique)Solution:

Revision is an art, and the people who master this art minimize time spent in revisingand also maximize result.

Effectiveness of revision implies the Maximization of Productivity of techniqueadopted while learning.

Qualitative revision guarantees better resultThe purpose of revision:

Revision means going over work in order to: (a) Check your understanding through organized notes - (b) Make links between different topics to see how the whole subject/topics fits

together. (c) Remind yourself of material you have forgotten. Record information you need to

remember and then you can play it back to yourself. (d) Reinforce your learning. Through preparation of Active Learningmaterial. (e) Identify and fill gaps in your knowledge. (f) To prepare a concept map or Mater Card which will give a panoramic view of

whole chapter /topic / subjects for quick view just before examination. (G) Reduction of anxiety just before the exam dayRevision techniques: There are countless ways of revising. The least effective ways: - Just reading through notes over and over. The most effective ways: -Where you interact with the material, making it

meaningful to yourself, Example: WORKSHEETS, CONCEPT MAP, FLASH CARDS, MASTER CARDS, Index cards,

REVISION IN GROUPS THROUGH REVISION GROUPS groups of friends who help one another to revise by

supporting, explaining, discussion and testing. Get someone else (your class mate) to test you, preferably a friend doing the same

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exam or by the teacher very often to lessen the anxiety and improvise theperfection.

Discussing the key word revision cards with other students ensure betterperformance.Through Master card preparation Preparation of Cards for effective drilling and time bound revision) Learning

through organized materials helps long-term retention. Using your text book and class notes to organize the concepts in the fashion of

outline notes and practice it (the key word revision cards) to bring out themaximum information without assistance from your study material.

To answer a question or address a problem you have not previously tackled.

Through Master card preparation Hints and clue may be utilized to reconstruct a memory that has been organized. Identify the key points- words, phrases and diagrams, examples and evidence for

each topic keeping in mind that questions from past papers and text book questionsare covered up.Preparation of outline active notes

Preparation of outline active notes An organized and intelligent question bankcompel the students to search the answer from books and other allied materials

In a nut shell they are trained to read books and improvise self- study. This could be atrue reflection of a chapter in a couple of work sheets.Revise in short bursts- Small chunks are easier to remember.

Frequent short-spells of learning are more effective than long ones. Several shorter practices spread out over a period of time will do much more good

than a marathon session where your progress is impaired by fatigue. When studying,dont be afraid to take a short break and then return to your work.

* Fragmentation of big targets into various small achievable realistic target(Confidence Building Measures)For slow learners (or Bloomers):Repetition is extremely helpful in turning short-term memories into long termmemories. Without repetition, short-term memory vanish.

SQUEEZING THE SYLLABUS Lengthy materials are divided into convenient units. Recalling through structured

active sheets enhances output Go over the same material quite quickly several times rather than spending a long

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time on one occasion. (Cards are prepared for target setting in small chunks)KEY POINTS OF EFFECTIVE REVISION We can move the recall from the SHORT-TERM to the LONGTERM memory

through the series of revise and recapitulation cycle. Learning through Question Framing Preparation of question framing indicators.

Associating concepts through this ability. Summarizing material under headings onto index cards. Prioritizing and leveling the questions: Make a priority list of questions and

concepts in consultations with teachers and Stick to your list for the target specificexam. vis--vis syllabus and previous year question bank

KEY POINTS OF EFFECTIVE REVISION Set realistic goals with respect to time available. Reworking the material into a chart or diagram. (MIND MAPS- cycle, linear, interconnecting, classification, spider map etc.) Make links, comparisons and contrasts between different areas of your program. Association and linking the concepts and terms helps to remember. Mnemonics can be a helpful way to memorise facts. Prepare for questions that combine two different

KEY WORD REVISION CARDSKEY WORD REVISION CARDS are popular and effective way of developing your

revision notes Revision Cards (Key facts cards) smaller than post card is better

OBJECTIVES:- The intention is to record the minimum number of words to retain a full

understanding of the information the next time you look at and use the cards.(Active processing and condensing them)

Keeping whole chapters note in small area has a great psychological effect.Enabling one to feel in control. Revising from a series of small non-bulky cards

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seems so much more manageable than overwhelming piles of A4 notes. (Itmanages voluminous revision)

Key words are designed to stimulate your recall of the topic without the necessaryto write complex sentences

Brief out line notes on a card can quickly capture the moment. (Try to condense aconsiderable amount of information on to it ]

CautionBorrowed Revision Cards are not that much of effective than your owncards.

Always consult main notes if a point on your card is not clear. Cards are dynamic in nature and easy to use at any point:-There must be scope

for amendment in your notes.

What is the ideal time to make? After completion of topic, immediately the outlines notes should be made as the

topic is fresh in your mind. You must keep your material organized for the purposeof doing well in exam.

Cards must contain ------ Recording / Recalling / diagrammatic data / Cross-sectional drawing / graphs/

Tables / formulaITS PRACTICABILITY Anytime Anywhere

Reliability of cards Cross verifications helps in any areas which are not fully understood enables

problem areas to be addressed at the early stage rather than just before exams .

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Advantage Original Learning - No. of spaced revision final reproduction. Forgetting is made less and less rapid by repeated learning of the same material. Memory Tree will be sharper with each repetitions.

Flash Cards - How to Use Flash Cards to Study Chemistry

Flash cards are a quick, easy, visual way of setting prioritiesfor the said content area.By using flash cards to plan your study sessions, you can quickly identify essentialversus negligible information.Great study habits are not simply confined to the human brain. There are other outsidetools that can help maximize learning potential and get those synapses firing. One suchtool is the flash cardsomething so simple, yet so effectiveMaking education funOne of the biggest reasons group studiers prefer flash cards is because they really canbreak the monotony and make education fun.Flashcards remain one of the best tools for memorizing information. The most commonway to create flashcards is to use index cards.

Students can simply write the question on one side and the answer on the opposite sideand test themselves repeatedly. However, there are several ways to modify this process toenhance the learning experience.

Memorize Facts & Reinforce Concepts with Flash CardsFlash cards can be a great study aid. You can use them to help memorize facts, lists, andstructures as well as to reinforce important concepts. Here's how to prepare and use flashcards to study.

Flashcards for Individuals and Flashcards for Study GroupsTackling advanced subjectsFlash cards can make difficult subjects easier. Working with subjects that are so far offwhat one is used to naturally creates confusion when information starts piling up.The razor-precision focus that flash cards force your brain into keep you from gettingoverwhelmed when you encounter new and unfamiliar areas.Customizing the learning experience

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Flash cards are editableeither by hand or computerand they provide unendingsupport for the learner as he seeks to take charge of his studies and customize theexperience in such a way that is interesting, effective and fun.Its not enough to know the information; one must also be able to recall as much of it ashe can within a set time framework with as much accuracy as possible

This technique will enable the brain to recognize the most essential details of a conceptor fact when it turns up on an exam or other crucial situations.Learning Facts with Flash CardsStart with a stack of blank index cards.On one side of a card, write a question or name of a structure you need to memorize. Onthe back of the card, write the answer. Limit yourself to one fact per card.

Prepare as many cards as you need.To use the cards effectively, view the question and quiz yourself. Do you know theanswer? Check the back of the card. If you answered correctly, set the card aside. If youwere wrong, place the card on the back of your stack so that you will see it again.

Proceed through your stack of cards. Set aside cards you get right and continue throughcards you get wrong until you have gotten all questions/answers correct.

Now shuffle the cards and repeat the process.Practice makes perfect, so if you get frustrated, set the cards aside and come back tothem. Go through your cards every day (or more often, if you are cramming).

Name reactions in pairs

1# Carbylamine Reaction (PN-393) and Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction(PN- 386)2# Sandmeyer Reaction (PN- 397) and Gatterman Reaction (PN-397)3# Cannizzaro Reaction (PN- 364 ) and Aldol and cross aldol condensationReaction(PN- 363)4# Reimer-Tiemann Reaction (PN-335 ) and Kolbes Reaction (PN- 334)5# Etard Reaction (PN- 355 ) and Gatterman-Koch Reaction (PN-355)6# Rosenmund Reduction Reaction (PN-354 ) and Stefen Reaction7# Clemmesen Reduction and Wolff Kishner Reduction Reaction (PN-361)

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8# Friedel Craft Reaction (Alkylation and acylation) (PN- 306 , 342, 356)9# Wurtz Reaction ,Wurtz-Fittig Reaction and Fittig Reaction (PN-307)10# Finkelstein and Swarts Reaction (PN-289)11 # Tollens Test and Fehlings Test (PN-361)12 # Ammonolysis (PN-384) and Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis (PN-386)13# Williamsons Synthesis (PN-337) and Saytzeff Rule (PN- 301)14# Markovnikovs Rule (PN-288) and Markovnikovs Rule15# Diazotization (PN-396) and Coupling Reaction (PN-398)16# Iodoform Reaction and Ozonolysis17# Esterification (PN-329 , 373) and Trans- Esterification18#Hinsberg Reagent( PN-393) and Lucas Reagent19# Hell-Volhard Zelinsky Reaction (PN-375) and Dumas decarboxylation Reaction(PN-375)20# Hydroboration and Ozonolysis

TONE-UP YOUR MEMORY ORGANIC REASONINGby a k panda

CL-XII CHEM : BRUSH UP WITH SOME ORGANIC CONCEPTS . [ORGANIC_MLL]

(MM - 10 , Time allowed 15 minutes - for each card )Name -------------------------- Roll no -------- Marks scored --------------

CARD-11 # Which is more Reactive towards nucleophile by SN2 and why? (1-bromopentane,2-bromopentane)2# Which is more acidic and why? (O-methoxy phenol, o-nitro phenol)3# Which is more basic and why? (N-ethyl ehanamine, ethyl amine )4# Which has more Boiling point and why? (n-propyl chloride , isopropyl chloride)5# Which is more Reactive towards nucleophilic addition reaction and why?(Acetaldehyde, propanone)6# Which is more Reactive towards nucleophile by SN1. And why? (cyclohexyl chloride ,allyl chloride)

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7# Which is more Reactive towards electrophile and why? (nitrobenzene , anisole)8# Which has more bond angle and why? (Methanol, Methoxy methane )9# Which has more Boiling point and why? (Methanol, methanamine)10# Which compound undergoes faster SN1 reaction and why? (Tert-butyl chloride and3-chloropentane )

CARD-2

11# Which is more easily hydrolysed by aqueous KOH and why? (C6H5CH2Cl andC6H5CHClC6H5)12# Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesizing pure ------- and why?(Aliphatic primary amines .aromatic primary amines)13# Which one is more soluble in water and why? (Ethylamine, aniline)14# Whose pKb is more and why? (Aniline, methylamine)15# Which one does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction and why? (Phenol, aniline)16# Which has higher boiling point in isomeric cases and why? (Primary amines,tertiary amines)17# Which is more easily nitrated and why? (Benzene and Phenol)18# Which is steam volatile and why? (Ortho-nitrophenol , Para-nitrophenol)19# Which is more acidic and why? (Phenol , ethanol )20# Which is more acidic and why? (ortho-nitrophenol , para -nitrophenol)

CARD-3

21# Which is preferred for the preparation of alkyl chloride from alcohol and why?(thionyl chloride , PCl5, Lucas Reagent)22# Which is less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction and why? ( C6H5Cland C6H11Cl)23# Which is more stable and why? ( Diazonium salts of aromatic amines , Diazoniumsalts of aliphatic amines) .24# Which is more easily dehydrated and why? (Sec-alcohol, tert-alcohol )25# # In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which compound undergoes fasterSN1 reaction and why? ?

26# In the following pairs of halogen compounds, which would undergo SN2 reactionfaster and why? ?

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27# Pure primary amines are prepared through (ammonolysis method, Gabrielphthalimide Synthesis)28# Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stronger and why? ?

(i) CH3CO2H or CH2FCO2H (ii) CH2FCO2H orCH2ClCO2H

(iii) CH2FCH2CH2CO2H or CH3CHFCH2CO2H (iii)F3CC6H4COOH orH3CC6H5COOH29# Whose dipole moment is more and why? (Chlorobenzene, Cyclohexyl chloride)30#Which shows more reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions and why? . (Di-tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone)

CARD-4

31# Which has lowest Kb and why? (Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine)32# Which has highest boiling point and why? ? (Pentan-1-ol, n-butane, pentanal ,ethoxyethane.)33# Which shows optical activity and why? (2-bromobutane, 1-bromobutane)34# Which has higher Melting point and why? (p-dichlorobenzene, O-dichlorobenzene)35# Which should be kept in closed dark coloured bottle and why? (Chloroform,iodoform)36# Which one shows highest reactivity towards HCN and why? (Benzaldehyde, p-Tolualdehyde, p-Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.)37# Which one has highest dipole moment and why? (CH2Cl2, CHCl3 , CCl4)38# Which one easily get nitrated? (Benzene, Phenol , Chlorobenzene , Nitrobenzene)39# Which one will react faster in SN2 reaction with OH and why?(i) CH3Br or CH3I (ii) (CH3)3CCl or CH3Cl40# Greater the stability of carbocation, greater will be its ease of formation from alkylhalide and faster will be the rate of reaction

This statement better suits for (10, 20 , 30 halide) which leads to (SN2 , SN1)Reactions exclusively .

CARD-541# Which is more acidic .( 2-methyl propan-2-ol , Butan-2-ol )42# Which has highest basic character in aq. phase? [C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N andNH3]43# Which one forms cyanohydrin in good yield and why? (2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone , Cyclohexanone)44# Which is less acidic and why? (Ethyl amine, ethyl alcohol)45# Which is a stronger base and why? (Aliphatic amine , aromatic amine)46# Which is better leaving group (chloride or iodide )47# Which has the highest boiling point and why? (Bromomethane, Bromoform,Chloromethane, Dibromomethane)

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48# Which would undergo SN2 reaction faster and why? (1-chloro -1-cyclohexyl methaneand cyclohexyl methane)49# Which has more reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction (Chlorobenzene,cyclohexyl chloride)50# Which one will undergo racemisation when treated with aq. KOH in polar solventand why?( Vinyl chloride ,methyl chloride , 2-chlorobutane )

CARD-651# Which has the most acidic character and why?(Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid,3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-Methoxybenzoic acid )52# Which is more acidic and why? (a) (F3CC6H4COOH or H3CC6H5COOH)(b) (CH3CO2H or CH2FCO2H)53# Which is more reactive towards Lucas Reagent ( Propanol , isopropyl alcohol)54# Which will undergo Friedel Craft reaction. (Anisole , Aniline)55# Which is less acidic and why? (Methanamine, Methanol)56# Which is more reactive towards HCN and why? (Acetone, Acetaldehyde,Formaldehyde , Di-tert-butyl ketone)57# Which is more acidic and why? (Benzoic acid, 4-nitro benzoic acid, 4-methoxybenzoic acid)58# Which has higher boiling point and why? (Ethanol, propane, propanoic acid,methoxymethane)59# Which has highest solubility in water and why? (C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2)60#Which has highest acidic character (Propan-1-ol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol,3,5-dinitrophenol, phenol, 4-methylphenol.)

CARD-761# Which has higher boiling point in isomeric cases and why? (p-amines, t-amines)62# Which one is preferred for preparing chloroalkanes from alcohol. (PCl5, SOCl2)63# Which has higher boiling point and why? (Propanol, butane, propanone, Methoxyethane )64# Which one is more stable and why? (phenyl carbocation , benzyl carbocation ,methyl carbocation, dimethyl carbocation )65# Among the following most stable conjugate base is ----- ( phenoxide, acetate ,fluoroacetate , 2-Fluoropropanoic acid, benzoate, trifluoroacetate)66# Which one is easily reacts with aq. KOH at room temperature? (2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene, 3,5 dinitro chlorobenzene)67# Which one will not give foul smelling substance when treated with chloroform andalcoholic KOH? (Aniline ,N-Methyl methanamine, Ethanamine )68# Which one shows turbidity immediately when treated with conc. HCl and anhyd.ZnCl2 and why? (Butanol , butan-2-ol, tert-butyl alcohol )69# Which is more reactive towards aq.NaOH (Chlorobenzene, 1-chloro-2-nitrochlorobenzene)70# Which one will respond positive to iodoform test and why? (Etanol ,Methanol)

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CARD-871# Which one undergo Canizzaros reaction. (Acetaldehyde, Benzaldehyde)72# Which one undergo Aldol condensation themselves (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde)73# What is the Major product of Etards Reaction ( Salicylic acid , benzaldehyde)74# What could be the product of Gabriel Pthalimide reaction (Aniline, methyl amine)75# Ethanol is converted to ethane in presence of conc.H2SO4 at what temp. (413K,443K)76# Which reagent is used when phenol is converted into 2,4,6-tribromophenol ( Br2 inCS2 , Br2 in Water )77# What is the Major product of Reimer Tiemann Reaction. (Salicylic acid,Salicyldehyde)78# Which one will give the iodoform test ( acetophenone , benzophenone)79# Which is a mild oxidizing agent (KMnO4 /H+, PCC)80# The major products formed 2-methyl -2-methoxy propane reacts with HI are --------------------------- and ---------------------

CARD-981# Identify the major alkenes when the following alkyl halides with sodium ethoxide inethanol (or sodium in alcohol)

(a) 1-Bromo-1-methylcyclohexane ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(c) 2,2,3-Trimethyl-3-bromopentane.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

82# Which one gives alcohol when treated with Nitrous acid? (Aniline and Ethanamine)83# Which one give white precipitate when treated with aq. KOH and AgNO3 solution?(Vinyl chloride, allyl chloride)84# Name the products which is obtained when ethyl magnesium bromide reacts withpropanol . -------------------------85# Give one use of (a) Freon ----------------------- (b) Iodoform ----------------------- (c)Chloroform ----------- (d) DDT --------------86# Which alcohol one is most easily dehydrated in acidic condition and why ?(Primary, secondary , tertiary )87# Write the IUPAC name and one use of the product obtained when Salicylic acid istreated with acetic anhydride? ---------------88# Write the major product of (a) Reimer-Tiemann reaction: ----------------------------------

(b) Gatterman Koch Reaction: ---------------------------------- KolbesReaction: ----------------------------------------------------89# When phenol is treated with ----------------------- gives white precipitate and why?(Br2 in CS2, Bromine water)

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90# Which one cannot undergo aldol condensation and why? (Acetophenone,acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone)

CARD-1091# Write the product when acetaldehyde is treated with semicarbazide --------------------------------------------------

92# During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presenceof an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed as soon as it is formed. It isbecause -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93# Phenol is converted to 2,4,6-tribromophenol when treated with ( Br2 in CS2 , Br2water) .94# Predict the major product of acid catalyzed dehydration of (a) 1-methyl cyclohexanol:------------------- (b) Pentan-2-ol : ----------------------------95# Grignard reagents should be prepared under anhydrous conditions because ---------------------------------------------------------------------

96# Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as the main product because -------------------------------------------------------------

97# H2SO4 cannot be used along with KI in the conversin of an alcohol to an alkyliodide because ---------------------98# Write the major products when 2-bromopentane is treated with alcoholic KOH: ------------------------------------ + ------99# When anisole is treated with HI, the major products are --------------------------------------------------------------

100# When 2-methyl -2-methoxy propane is treated with HI, the major products are -----------------------------------

101# write the major products when 2-methyl -2-bromo propane is treated with sodiumphenoxide ----------------------------------------------

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/

Which one is associated w

ith H- bonding ?

Which has more bond angle & why ?

Which is more Basic?

Which has better complexing character?

Which has more boiling point?Which

is more

volatile?

Whi

ch (

N-H

/ P-

H )

BDE

is m

ore

?

which has higher Thermal stability?

Which is more Acidic?W

hich

has

mor

e re

duci

ng c

hara

cter

?

Which one dissolves in water and which one bubble out?

Whic

h is p

repa

red i

n Hab

ber's

proc

ess?

Which

is used

in Holm

e's sign

als?

Which has Rotten fish smell?

Whi

ch o

ne fo

rms

solu

ble

com

plex

with

AgC

l ?

Which one form

deep blue colouration with C

u2+ ?

which

has g

reater

affin

ty for

proto

n?

NH3 PH3

COMPARATIVE CONCEPT MAP OF AMMONIA AND PHOSPHINE

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Pairs in inorganic chemistry1. White P / Red

P2. NCl5 / PCl53. N2 / P44. R3P=O / R3N=O5. PCl3 /PCl56. NH3/PH37. BiCl3/SbCl38. H2O/H2S9. NH3/BiH310.BiCl3 /BiCl511.PH3/[PH4]+12.O2/S813.NO2/N2O414.N2O5 / P2O515.CN-/CP-16.HOF/HOCl17.HF/HCl18.ClF3/FCl319.FF (g) /ClCl(g)20.HF/H2O21.NH3/NF322.NO/NO223.CO/CO224. F/Cl

25.BF3/NF326.HCl(g) / HCl(aq)27.Anh.AlCl3 /

Aq.AlCl328.F2+H2O /

Cl2+H2O29.SCl6 / SF630.SF6 / SH631.N2O5 /N2O332.SO2/SO333.B2O3/Al2O334.SO2/TeO235.O3/O236.SF6 /SF437.S2/N238.CO2/SiO239.SiCl4/CCl440.N(CH3)3 / N(SiH3)341.BF3 /[BF4]-42.[CF6]2- / [SiF6]2-43.I3 / F344.OO / SS45.N2/O246.[BH4]- / [NH4]+47.Na2O2 / KO2

48.LiNO3 / NaNO349.LiH / NaH50.B2H6 / NH351.PH5 / PF552.HF / HCl53.Ice / Dry ice54.[SiF6]2- / [SiCl6]2-55.SbCl5 / SbCl356.KHCO3 / NaHCO357.Li3N / Na3N58.MgCl2 / NaCl59.N/O60.N2/O261.O2+ [PtF6]- / Xe+

[PtF6]-62.Al/Ga63.In/Tl64.B/Be65.SnCl4/SnF466.AlF3 / AlCl367.Graphite /

Diamond68.Nitrate /

Phosphate69.SnCl2 / PbO2

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Concepts for anomalous properties / exceptions in chemistry

1) Ionisation Energy2. Electronegativity3. Electron gain enthalpy4. Atomic / ionic radii5. Oxidation Number6. Bond dissociation enthalpy7. Charge by Radius ratio8. Lattice enthalpy9. Hydration Enythalpy10. Presence and absence of vacant d-orbital11. Size p- - p- and p- - d- overlapping12. Fajans Rule (Covalent character)13. Presence and absence Odd Electron14. H-bond formation ability15. Lewis Base Character16. Dipole moment / Polarity17. Reducing and oxidizing ability - Electrode potential18. Intermolecular force of attraction19. Catenation property / ability to form allotrope20. State of substance solid / liquid / gas21. Inert pair effect22. Repulsive interaction23. Exothermic and endothermic compound24. 600 angular strain26. Types of oxides acidic, basic, amphoteric27. Isostructural compounds28. Monomeric / polymeric29. State of hybridization.30. Imperfect screening31. Paramagnetic / diamagnetic32. Multiple bond formation ability33. Effective nuclear charge

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CRACK THE CODEIN THE FOLLOWING PAIRS

CLASS-XIP-BLOCK ELEMENTS1) CO /CO22) BCl3 /AlCl33) H3BO3/H3PO34) CO2 /SiO25) H3BO3 /H2SO46) BCl3/TlCl37) BCl3 /CCl48) [BF6] 3-/[AlF6]3-

9) PbCl4 /SnCl410) Al2O3 /B2O311) BCl3 /BH312) BCl3 /SiCl413) GaCl /TlCl14) PbO2 /SnCl215) BF3 /BCl316) PbCl2 /PbCl417) TlCl/TlCl318) AlF3 /AlCl319) Carbon /Silicon20) B2H6 /H3BO321) PBI4/PbCl422) Diamond /Graphite23) BH3 /[BH4] 24) Ga /Al

25) Water Gas /Producer Gas26) BCl3/PCl327) N(CH3)3 / N(SiH3)328) Nitrate /Phosphate29) HNO3 /H3PO430) BF3/NF331) [SiF6]2-/[SiF6]2-

32) SiCl4/CCl433) BF3 /[BF4]

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R E A C T I O N S O F p-B L O C K E L E M E N T Sby A. K .Panda, PGT (Chem) ,KV NO-3 BBSR

1(a)# Cu + 8 HNO3(Dil. ) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO +4 H2O1(b)# Cu + 4 HNO3( conc.) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +2H2O

2(a)# 2NaOH (cold and dilute) + Cl2 NaCl +NaOCl +H2O2(b)# 6NaOH (hot and conc.) + 3Cl2 5NaCl +NaClO3 +H2O

3(a)# 8NH3 (excess) + 3 Cl2 6NH4Cl + N23(b)# NH3 + Cl2 ( excess) NCl3 (explosive ) + 3 HCl

4(a)# PCl3 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 HCl4(b)# PCl5 + H2O POCl3 + 2 HCl

> + H2OH3PO4 + 3 HCl

5(a)# F2 + H2O HF + O25(b)# X2(g) + H2O(l) HX(aq) + HOX (aq) ] 1/3ClF + H2O HF + HOCl X2(Hydrated) ] 2/3

6(a) # 2XeF2 (s) + 2H2O(l)2Xe (g) + 4 HF(aq) + O2(g)6(b) # 6XeF4 + 12 H2O 4Xe + 2Xe03 + 24 HF + 3 O2[Hydrolysis of XeF4 and XeF6 with water gives Xe03.]

7(a)# # C + 2H2SO4 (Conc.) CO2 + 2 SO2 +2H2O7(b)# # Cu + 2H2SO4 (Conc.)CuSO4 + SO2 +2H2O

8(a)# # 4 H3PO3 3 H3PO4 + PH38(b)# (NH4)2Cr2O7 (Heat ) - N2 + Cr2O3 +H2O8(c)# HNO2 --(Heat) HNO3 + H2O + 2NO8(d)# PCl5 + Heat PCl3 + Cl2

9(a)# Cu + 2H2SO4 (Conc.)CuSO4 + SO2 +2H2O9(b)# Cu + 4 HNO3( conc.) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +2H2O

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10(a)# XeF6 + 3 H2OXeO3 + 6 HF10(b)# XeF6 + H2OXeOF4 + 2 HF [Partial hydrolysis of XeF6 gives oxyfluorides,XeOF4 and XeO2F2]10(c)# XeF6 + 2 H2OXeO2F2 + 4HF11(a)# XeF2 + PF5[XeF]+ [PF6] ;11(b)# XeF4 + SbF5[XeF3]+ [SbF6]11(c)# XeF6 + MFM+ [XeF7] (M = Na, K, Rb or Cs)12(a)# Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3 Ca(OH)2 + 2 PH312(b)# P4 + 3NaOH + 3 H2O PH3 + 3 NaH2PO2

13(a)# 2 Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O 2 Fe2+ + SO4 2 + 4 H+13(b)# 5 SO2 + 2 MnO4 + 2 H2O 5 SO4 2 + 4 H+ + 2 Mn2+

14(a)# P4 + 8 SOCl2 4 PCl3 +4 SO2 + 2 S2Cl214(c)# P4 + SO2Cl2 4 PCl5 + 10 SO2

15(a)# 3CuSO4 +2PH3 Cu3P2 + 3 H2SO415(b)# 3HgCl2 +2 PH3 Hg3P2 + 6 HCl

16(a)# Cu2+ (aq) + 4 NH3(aq)[Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)(blue) (deep blue)

16(b)# AgCl (s) + 2 NH3(aq)[Ag(NH3)2] Cl (aq) {colourless soluble complex}

17(a)# NH4Cl(aq) + NaNO2 (aq) N2(g) +2H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)17(b)# (NH4)2Cr2O7+HeatN2 + 4H2O + Cr2O317(c)# Ba(N3)2 Ba + N2

18(a)# PCl3 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 HCl18(b)# PCl5 + H2O POCl3 + 2 HCl

> + H2OH3PO4 + 3 HCl

19(a)# C2 H5 OH+ PCl5C2 H 5Cl+ POCl3 + HCl19(a)# CH 3COOH+ PCl5CH3 COCl+ POCl3 +HCl

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20(a)# 2Ag (Finely divided )+ PCl5 2AgCl + PCl320(b)# Sn(Finely divided ) + 2PCl5 SnCl4 + 2PCl3

21(a)# NCl3 + H2O NH3 + 3 HOCl21(b)# PCl3 + H2O H3PO3 + 3 HCl

22(a)# 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + Cl2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2HCl22(b)# Na2SO3 + Cl2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2HCl22(c)# SO2 + 2H2O + Cl2 H2SO4 + 2HCl

23(a)# Cl2+F2 [437K]2ClF;(equal volume)

23(b)# Cl2 + 3F2 (excess) [573K ]2ClF3 ;

24(a)# I2 +3Cl2 [437K]2ICl3;24(b)# I2 +Cl2 (equimolar)2ICl

25(a)# Br2 + 3F2 2BrF3(Diluted with water)

25(b)# Br2 + 5F2 2BrF5(excess)

26(a)# 2 Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI26(a)# Na2S2O3 + 4 Cl2 +5 H2O 2 NaHSO4 + 8 HCl

R E A C T I O N S O F p-B L O C K E L E M E N T Sby A. K .Panda, PGT (Chem) ,KV NO-3 BBSR

Balance and Complete the following :-1) Cl2 + NaOH (hot and conc.) 2) F2 + H2O3) XeF2 + PF5 4) XeF6 + NaF 5) Au + Aqua Regia6) Cu + Conc.HNO37) C12H22O11 + Conc.H2SO48) SO2 + MnO4 + H + 9) PbS + O3

10) CH3COOH + PCl511) Ca3P2 +H2O12) I2 + conc. HNO313) Cu + Dil. HNO314) Cu + Conc.H2SO4

4141

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15) Ca(OH)2 +Cl216) NaCl + MnO2 + H2SO4 17) HgCl2 + PH318) U + ClF3 19) XeF4 + H2O 20) XeF6 + H2O 21) KMnO4 + HCl 22) KI (aq) + H2O(l) + O3 (g)23) CuSO4 + NH3 24) PCl5 + H2O(excess) 25) (NH4)2Cr2O7 --(heat)26) P4 + NaOH +H2O27) Al2O3 + NaOH + H2O 28) HCl + O2 + CuCl2(Catalyst)29) XeF2 (s) + H2O (l)30) NH3 + Cl2 (excess)31) Fe3+ + SO2+ 2H2O32) Br2 + KI33) Cl2 + H2O34) NaOH + SO235) SO2 + MnO4 + H+36) Fe + HCl37) Cl2(g) + NaI(aq)38) Na2S2O3 + I239) Na2S2O3 + Cl2 + H2O40) ClF + H2O

41) XeF4 + O2F242) Cl2 + NaOH (cold and dil.)43) NH3 (excess) + Cl244) SO2 + V2O545) H3PO3 + Heat46) SF4 + H2O47) Al2O3 + HCl + H2O48) HNO3 + P4O10 49) NH4NO3 + Heat50) AgCl + NH351) NaN3 + Heat52) Ag + PCl553) PCl3 + H2O54) Zn + dil. HNO3

42

WORD ROOTS -prefix1. Homo-- / Hetero :2. Endo- / Exo-3. Ultra-- / Infra 4. Dextro- / Laevo 5. Phobia- / Philic --- Lyophobic / lyophilic : Hydrohobic / hydrophilic6. Pre- - Post

7. Ante- / post : Penultimate / ante-penultimate8. Mon- -/ bi- or di- / tri- / tetra- / penta -- Oligo - Poly- [ Monomer /

polymer : monochromatic / polychromatic9. Bis- tris- tetrakis

10.Inter- / Intra-11.Hypo- / Hyper- : Hypotonic and hyper tonic solution12.Primary- / secondary/ tertiary / Quaternary 13.Super- / Sub : Supersonic , Subsonic14.In- / Ex-15. Singlet / duplet / triplet / quartet16.Protic / aprotic solvent17.Triads / Octaves18.Entegegen - / Zusaman19. Trans- / Cis 20.Isomorphous / Polymorphous21.Zeotrope / Azeotrope22.Semi - / hemi- / demi 23. Iso-- : Isotope / Isobar / Isoelectronic / Isotone / Isomer24.Isotherm / Isobar / Isochore / Isotonic Solution / Isomorphous / isolobal25.Isotropic / Anisotropic26.Isomorphous / Polymorphous27.Anomalous / Analogous

43

28.Intensive / Extensive : Intrinsic / Extrinsic29.Dynamic / Static30. Dehydration / Decarboxylation/Dehydrogenation

WORD ROOTSAuto- self; tele- distance; Chroma colour; Phone sound; Algia = painPyre- fire , heatPhoto- light Phobia fearness, Phile love towards, affinity towardsMetron-- measurement Stoichion - element Atomio not divisible Oligo-fewPoly manyAmphi , Ambi - both , on both side , around Halo- salt , Chalco-ore gene - born ,form

1. Dent tooth ,Chaeleo- crab Aroma - smell scribe to write2. Therm- Heat3. Therapy to cure

Antiseptic / Antibacterial / Anti allergic

44 PreparationofworksheetsBY ADITYA KUMAR PANDA

PGT(CHEM)KV NO-3 , BHUBANEWAR

PURPOSE :- Sharpening the weapons and tools and ensure its efficacy before going to the

battlefield ( Exam) . Preparation of Reliable learning material to the taste for everyone . It is just

catering to the need of the students . There is no hard and fast rule to prepare this kind or that kind .

What is the NATURE OF WORK SHEET It looks very simple, fun doing , effective and productive . The question present in the work sheet is of course a little bit different from the

format asked in regular Board Exam / or school exam in Higher secondary stagein chemistry subject

Composition of worksheets1. Worksheet may contain

Fill in the blanks True / false Type Questions Match the following Odd one out Analogy Type Qs. Coin the word Cross word puzzle Cracking the code Diagram based Questions Visuals Plots and graphs Etc

45

WHY WORKSHEET? What is the difference between Active Notes (Worksheets) and Passive notes ? How it helps to reduce anxiety?

What is the advantage in training students in something different format? It must be fun doing. It is one type of Reinforce Technique It Enhances Observation skill as answers are right in front of questions or at

very close distance in the sheet itself .What is the advantage in training students in something different format ? It helps to familiarize the concepts, examples, definitions etc . Answers in one word or two help a great deal to those students who cannot write

sentences or long answers. It is one type of Confidence Building Measure. (CBM)What is the Reliability and validity of the work she? Cross checking with Textbook questions and2. Previous Qs (PYQ ) and Frequently asked Qs(FAQs) It should not be a type of randomly collected and compiled questions. Intelligent Questioning and putting the answer at very close distance helps to do

away with bulky notes. Exploring the fringe Questions from the given bunch of questions. It helps to develop association techniques. (Anchoring effect or hooking effect. Retention in mind increases and de-learning is minimized.

What about the answers of Worksheet . Allow the students to solve it themselves first, then in the groups using NCERT

TEXT BOOKS in a separate page. Page number of text book may be written on the worksheet as future reference

46

and further study. So questions should be leveled in gradation (MLL-1, MLL-2 and so on)What is the role of teacher? Involvement of teacher during drilling exercises helped a lot for verification of

answer and activating students. Cross-checking answers in consultation with the books and bright learners. Analysing the fringe questions to enhance the efficacy of worksheets.To whom it is useful?

When it is useful? For every students Bright Learners, Moderate Learners, Slow Learners (bloomers) Who loves to work out? -- Bloomers -- They get confidence by doing this. They

must be trained in this format and must also be trained to change to the actualquestion format.

This should be a stepping stone for their learning.Who will prepare and when? It is ideal if these are prepared by the students with the direction and involvement

of teacher (Bright learners along with group members) During As a Class test School time, as an exercise, (After preparation, group members will explain the utility of qs .) As a Home Assignment.

As a Class test

Topic will be announced earlier. Subtopic will be given on the day of test and asked them to prepare within a

stipulated time (as a group activity)What should be the quality of question made?

A group two students is ideal to prepare with time limit. Questions must be designed to revise subtopic/ concepts in shortest possible

time. Number of Questions should be restricted to minimum of 5 to 10 in each package

47

(or seeing the attention span).

GOOD NEWS FOR STUDENTS

Examiners are not looking for weakness or inadequacies, they are looking to givemarks .They want candidate to pass .the RED PEN is poised to tick, not to cross orslash through what students have written.

XII Sc _UNIT-16: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (3MARKS) by aditya kumar panda Page-1

I # Describe the following with one /two example* in each case :-*Artificial sweeteningagents

*Antioxidant *Antihistamines *Antacids *Analgesics

*broad spectrumantibiotics

*Tranquilizers Antipyretics *Antidepressantdrugs

Foodpreservatives

*narrow spectrumantibiotics

*Scum *Antifertility drugs *Antiseptics *Disinfectant

*limited spectrumantibiotics

Enzymes Receptors Chemotherapy Medicines

*biodegradable andnon-biodegradabledetergents

Drugs Competitiveinhibitors

Enzymeinhibitors

Chemicalmessengers

Antagonist andagonist

saponification *Cationic andanionic detergent

*Non-narcoticanalgesic

*NarcoticAnalgesics

II # Give one important use of each of the following:-

BithionalChloramphenicol Morphene Norethindrone 0.2 to 0.4 ppm Cl2 in water

Equanil Sodium benzoate Sucrolose Sodiumlaurylsulphate

Cetyltrimethyl ammoniumbromide

penicillinG

Iproniazid andphenelzine

Al(OH)3 +Mg(OH)2

Cemitidine andranitidine

chloroxylenol and terpineol

ofloxacin Noradrenaline 0.2% Phenol Furacine &soframicine

ethynylestradiol

salvarsan Saccharin NaHCO3 tetracycline Salts of sorbic acid andpropanoic acid

48

1%Phenol

brompheniramine Terfenadine Luminal andseconal

Na and K stearate/oleate/palmitate

III# FIND ODD-ONE OUT (with proper reasoning )1. Bitional, 0.2% phenol, Tincture Iodine, Chloramphenicol, Iodoform2. Aspirin, Paracetamol, Morphene, Phenacetin3. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, Penicillin.4. Sodium Benzoate, Saccharin, Sucralose, Aspartame, Alitame5. Ethynylestradiol, BHT, Progestrone derivative, norethindrone6. brompheniramine , terfenadine, soframicine , pseudopheniramine.7. Luminal, Seconal, Alkyl benzene sulphonate, Equanil,Calmpose.8. Omeprazole , Ethynylestradiol , Ranitidine , Mg(OH)2 , NaHCO3 , Al(OH)3 , MgCO3 ,MgSiO3 .9. Boric acid, tincture iodine , 1% Phenol , Iodoform, Bithional .10. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, Sodium palmitate, Alkylbenzene Sulphonate,Sodium dodecylbenzene Sulphonate11. Alitame , Salt of propionic acid and sorbic acid , Sodium benzoate .12. Iproniazid , phenelzine ,sulphanilamide , equanil , luminalIV# ANALOGICAL TEST :-1. Chloramphenicol : Broad-spectrum antibiotics :: Aspirin : ---------------------------------------

2. Bithional: Anticeptics :: Seconal : ----------------------------------------3. Saccharin: artificial sweeteners : : Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide : -------4. Morphene : -------------------------------:: Equanil : Psychotherapeutic Drugs .5. Barbituirates :Hypnotic :: brompheniramine : -----------------------------------6. Progestrone Derivative : Oral Contraceptive :: Ranitidine: -------------------------------------

7. Tetrazine : Edible colours :: Aspartame : -------------------------------------8. Ofloxacin : Bactericidal :: ------------------------------: Bacteriostatic9. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalyst : Enzyme::Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body; -----------------------------

10. Antipyretic: Brings down body temp. :: ---------------------: Alleviate pain .

11. Laundry soap: Sodium rosinate, Sodium silicate, borax and Sodium carbonateScouring soaps: -----------------------------------------------------------------------

V# MATCH THE FOLLOWING:-V# Explain / Give reason?????1# Why do soaps not work in hard water?2# Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate ormagnesium or aluminum hydroxide?3# While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines, why dothese not interfere with the function of each other?

49

4# Sleeping pills are recommended by doctors to the patients suffering from sleeplessnessbut it is not advisable to take its doses without consultation with the doctor. Why?5# Why do we require artificial sweetening agents?6# Why do we need to classify drugs in different ways?7# Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.8# Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors?9# Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?10# Explain the cleansing action of soaps.11# Why are detergents usually preferred to soaps for washing clothes.12# Why is ethanol is added to soap.13# Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.14# Why saving soaps contain glycerol in it?

Column-A Column-B Column-C

1.TranquilizersSodium benzoate (A) Reduce body temperature .

2.Antipyretics BHT ,BHA (B) Relieve pain3. Analgesic Ibuprofen

,Morphine,Sodium diclofenac.

(C) Medicine effective against several diff. types ofharmful micro-organisms . work against both grampositive and gram negative bacteria

4.Disinfectant Equanil, luminal.Seconal,barbiturates.

(D) Chemicals which kill or prevent the growth ofmicro-organisms

5.Alternativeantibiotics

Bithional, boric acid0.2% phenol.

(E) Substance used for the treatment of mentaldiseases.

6. Antiseptic AspirinParacetamol.

(F) The precipitate adheres onto the fibre of theclothe as gummy mass and cause hinderance togood washing

7. Antioxidant Chloramphenicol (G) Medicine effective against some specific micro-organisms work against both gram positive or gramnegative bacteria.

8.Narrow-SpectrumAntibiotics

Ca or Mg stearate (H) Act against micro-organisms like Antibiotics .

9. Broad-SpectrumAntibiotics

1% phenol, chlorine (I)Chemicals which Prevent undesirable changes inflavour,colour, texture& appetitic appeal during storagedue to microbial growth.

10. Preservatives Penicilline,Streptomycine,

(J) Retard the action of oxygen on the food &helps in preservation by acting as a sacrificialmaterials .These are more reactive towards oxygenthan are the materials theyre protecting.

11. Scum Sulphadiazine (K) Kill micro-organisms but are not safe forcontact with living tissue.

50

VI # DO AS DIRECTED :-1# If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, out of soaps and syntheticdetergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes? Give one advantage of soaps oversynthetic detergents.2# Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes?3 # Can you use soaps or synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water?4# Explain the following terms with suitable examples (i) cationic detergents (ii)anionic detergents and (iii) non-ionic detergents.5# How are synthetic detergents better than soaps?6# What problem arises in using (i) alitame as artificial sweetener? (ii) Aspartame asartificial sweetener?7# What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?8# What are the main constituents of dettol?9# Name a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.10# Name the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.11# Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.12# Name a drug used (a) in case of mental depression (b) for effective treatmentfor syphilis13# Name the medicine which can act as analgesic as well as antipyretic. Give itschemical name.14# Name the place in India where penicillin is manufactured.15# How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants? Give one example of each.16# Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. What type of drugs are neededto cure this problem? Name two drugs.17# Define the term chemotherapy. What are the criteria of classification of drugs?18# With reference to which classification has the statement, ranitidine is an antacidbeen given?19 # What is the constitutes of (i) Laundry soap (ii) Scouring soap20 # Write the chemical equation for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate andglyceryl palmitate. Structural formulae of these compounds are given below.(i) (C15H31COO)3C3H5 Glyceryl palmitate(ii) (C17H32COO)3C3H5 Glyceryl oleate21# Following type of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifyingagents and wetting agents. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule.Identify the functional group(s) present in the molecule.

C9H19-- --O(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH22# Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the following compounds.

(i) CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3 Na+ (ii) CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br (iii)CH3(CH2)10COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH

23# Differentiate between(i) Antiseptic and disinfectant (ii) Soaps and Detergents (iii) Antagonist and agonists(iv) Enzymes and Receptors

51

( 3 mark question)24# What are detergents? How are they classified, give one example in each case? Whyare detergents usually preferred to soaps for washing clothes? [ AI-2006, Foreign-2005]25# What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents? How do they differstructurally? Give one example of each. What are the consequence of using latter class ofdetergent?26# What are antihistamines? Give two examples. Explain how they act on the humanbody . (3M)27 # Account for the following:-(i) Aspirin drug helps in the prevention of heart attack (ii) Detergents are non-biodegradable while soaps are biodegradable (iii) Diabetic patients are advised to takeartificial sweeteners instead of natural sweeteners

XII Sc _ UNIT-16: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE (3 MARKS)BY A.K.PANDA,PGT(CHEM)

FILL IN THE BLANKS :- (coin the right word)

1. These are class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, and mildor even severe mental diseases. These relive anxiety, stress, irritability orexcitement by inducing a sense of well-being.

These are the drugs which act on the higher centers of the CNS and help in reducinganxiety. These are the constituent of sleeping pills .They are also calledpsychotherapeutic drugs.This class of drugs are called --------------------- : Examples: ---------------------------

---------------.

2. Those chemicals which prevent undesirable changes in flavour, colour, texture andappetite appeal during storage of food .These prevent spoilage of food due tomicrobial growth ---------------------------------------.

3. A non-carbohydrate food additives used for sweetening taste helpful for diabeticpeople who need to control intake of calories. --------------------------------------------------------------------.

4. Substances which remove the excess acid and raise the pH to appropriate level instomach ---------------------.

5. A class of chemical which kill micro-organisms but not safe for living tissues,applied in floors, drainage system, instruments etc. . -----------------------------------------.

6. Chemicals used to prevent oxidation of fats in processed foods such as potatochips, biscuits etc. These compounds retard the action of oxygen on the food &there by help in its preservation. These act as a sacrificial materials .These are more

52

reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting. They are called---------------------------------------

7. When glyceryl ester of fatty acid are hydrolysed with NaOH or KOH, then the soapobtained remains in colloidal form was precipitated from the solution by addingNaCl ------------------------------------------------------

8. Proteins which perform the role of biological catalysts in the body are called ----------------------------------------

9. Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called --------------------------------------------

10.Use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called ------------------------------------------------------

11.In the body, message between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles iscommunicated through certain chemicals. These chemicals, known as --------------------------------------------------- are received at the binding sites of receptorproteins.

12.Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called -----------------------

13.There are other types of drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching onthe receptor, these are called ---------------------. These are useful when there is lackof natural chemical messenger.

14.Drugs which can block the binding site of the enzyme and prevent the binding ofsubstrate, or can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Such drugs are called --------------------------------------------------------

15.Drugs compete with the natural substrate for their attachment on the active sites ofenzymes. Such drugs are called------------------

16.These are chemicals of low molecular masses (~100 500u) which interact withmacromolecular targets and produce a biological response. These are called ----------------------------------

17. When the biological response of drug is therapeutic and useful, these chemicals arecalled --------------- and are used in diagnosis, prevention and treatment ofdiseases.

18.Some drugs do not bind to the enzymes active site .These bind to a different site ofenzyme which is called ----------------------------------

19.These are chemical substances (i.e antibacterial) which prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms and may even kill them. They are safe to be applied on livingtissues. Applied on wounds, cuts, ulcers etc. They are called ------------------------------------------------------- Examples: --------------------------------

20.These are the drugs used for reducing pain (pain reliever). They abolish painwithout causing reduction of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination orparalysis or some other disturbances of nervous system. They are called ------------------------- e.g. ---------

53

21.These are class of drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamine bycompeting with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exert itseffect. They are called ------------------------------ e.g ----------

22.These are class of chemical messengers produced in ductless glands, aretransported by blood circulation to target tissues for producing inhibitory orstimulatory effect. Name the chemical messengers ---------------------------------

Answers:-1. Tranquilizers

2. Food preservatives

3. Artificial sweeteners: (saccharin , sucralose , aspartame(unstable at high temp), alitame (diificult to control sweetness)

4. Antacids: water soluble : NaHCO3Weakly soluble: Mg(OH)2 , Al(OH)3 gel , Aluminum phosphate, MagnesiumtrisilicateAntihistaminic antacid:- Ranitidine , Cimetidine5. Disinfectant :- 1% phenol , bleaching powder

6. Antioxidant: BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene) , BHA (Butylated hydroxylanisole)

7. Saponification8. Enzymes9. Receptors10.Chemotherapy11.Chemical messengers12.Antagonists

13.Agonists14.Enzyme Inhibitors15.Competitive Inhibitors16.Drugs17.Medicines18.Allosteric site.

19.Antiseptics: Dettol- (chloroxylenol + terpineol) , Bithional(added in soap),Boric acid , iodoform ,

Tincture iodine (23% solution of iodine in alcohol and water)20.Analgesics : Non-narcotic --Aspirin ,Paracetamol, Diclofenac sodium ,

Ibuprofen

Narcotic Morphine, codeine , Heroine (Habit forming)

Aspirin A wonder drug :1) Antipyretic(brings down body temp)

54

2) Effective in reliving skeletal pain (due to arthritis) [****Aspirin inhibits thesynthesis of chemical called prostaglandin which stimulate inflammation in thetissue and caused pain]

3) Prevent platelet coagulation( because of its anti-blood clotting action , it finds usein prevention of heart attack)

ANTIOXIDANTSAntioxidants are one of the important and necessary food additives. These compoundsretard the action of oxygen on food thus reducing its speed of decomposition byoxidation. Hence they help in the preservation of food. These act as sacrificial materials,i.e. these are more reactive towards oxygen than are the materials they are protecting.They also reduce the rate of involvement of free radicals in the aging process.

Examples: The two most familiar antioxidants used are butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) (Figure 1). These phenolic compounds are added topreserve fats in packaged food. Oxygen reacts preferentially with BHA or BHT ratherthan oxidizing fats or oils, thereby protecting them from spoilage. The addition of BHA tobutter increases its storage life from months to years. Sometimes, BHT and BHA areadded in combination with citric or ascorbic acids to produce a more active synergeticeffect.Figure 1: Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) Sulphurdioxide and sulphites ( such as sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite and sodiummetabisulphite) are useful antioxidants for wine and beers, sugars syrups and cut, peeledor dried fruits and vegetables. They prevent or reduce their discoloration.EXERCISE1. Name one antioxidant commonly used to increase the storage life of butter.2. Name one antioxidant used in wine and beers.Tone-up your memory (Biomolecules , Polymers , chemistry in everyday life)-10M

Pick out the correct answer/ Fill in the blanks1) Antacid (ranitidine , equanil , aspirin, morphene)2) Effective treatment for syphilis ( chloramphenicol , salvarsan , Penicilin)3) Antiseptic (Erythromicine , soframicine , saccharin)4) Food preservative ( Sodium lauryl sulphate , Novestrol , Sodium benzoate)5) Antifertility drugs ( Aspartame , chloroxylenol , Ethynylestrdiol , prontosil)6) Broadspectrum bactreriostatic antibiotics ( Penicilin , Chloramphenicol , bithional

)7) Antihistamin ( phenelzine , Morphene , noradrenaline, Terfenadine )

55

8) Cationic detergent ( sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate , Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide )

9) Soap ( Glyceryl palmitate , Norethindrone , iproniazid , brompheniramine )10) Anti blood clotting action used in prevention of heart attack ( morphine ,

aspirin , 1% Phenol)11) Which suppresses ovulation (Ethynylestrdiol , terpineol , iodoform)12) Paracetamol is used as ( antibiotics , antiseptic , analgesic )13) Not stable at cooking temperature ( Aspartame , alitame )14) Which stimulate inflammation in the tissue and cause pain ( Aspirin ,

prostaglandin , paracetamol )15) Proteins which are crucial to the communication system of the body are (

enzymes , receptors )16) Used in hair conditioner (Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide , esters of stearic

acid and polyethylene glycol)17) Thermosetting polymer ( Buna-S , Nylon-6 , Bakelite , Dacron)18) Co-polymer ( Teflon , polyisoprene , nylon-6,6 , polyacrylonitrile )19) Non- Cross-linking polymers ( Bakelite , melamine , polystyrene )20) Caprolactum is the monomer of ( Nylon-66 , nylon-6 , nylon-2-nylon-6 )21) Used in making oil seals and gaskets and also used for non-stick surface coated

utensils .( Nylon , Teflon , natural rubber )22) Rubber has low water absorption, insoluble in non-polar solvents non-resistant to

attack by oxidizing agent .( Natural rubber , vulcanized rubber )23) Addition polymer ( PHBV , PTFE , Nylon-2nylon-6 , terylene )24) Not a co-polymer ( Buna-S , Buna-N , Neoprene , Novolac)25) Biodegradable polymer ( PHBV , polyacrylonitrile , nylon-2-nylon-6, cellulose )26) Polymers where polymer chains are held together by the van der waals force .(

PVC , Neoprene , ,Bakelite , terylene )27) Ziegler Natta catalyst is used for the preparation of ( LDP , HDP)28) Not a polyamides (nylon-2-nylon-6, Nylon-66 , nylon-6 , Dacron)

56

29) Adipic acid and hexamethyl diammine are the monomers of ( nylon-2-nylon-6,Nylon-66 , nylon-6)

30) --------------------- is used in making sheets , bristles for brushes , and in textiles(Nylon-66 , terylene ,Nylon-6)

31) Phenol and formaldehyde are monomers of ( polyisoprene , Bakelite , Dacron ,polyacrylonitrile)

32) Polythene which is used in manufacture of buckets , dustbins , bottles and pipes (HDP , LDP)

33) A co-polymer elastomer which is used for the manufacture of auto tyres , floortiles, footwear components ( Buna-N , Buna S)

34) The IUPAC Name of monomer of neoprene is ( 2-methyl but1,3-diene , 2-chlorobut1,3-diene )

35) Which has the highest intermolecular force of attraction ( Neoprene , Nylon-6 ,Bakelite , Teflon)

36) --------------------- is a process consists of heating a mixtures of raw rubber withsulphur and appropriate additive at a temp. range between 373K to 415K .

37) Which molecule are held together by weak van der waals force has coiledstructure and can be stretched like a spring and exhibits elastic properties. ( cis-polyisoprene , trans- polyisoprene)

38) Valine and leucine are examples of (non-essential amino acids, essential aminoacids)

39) Glucose and galactose are hydrolysis product of ( Sucrose , lactose , maltose )40) Beta glycosidic linkage exists in ( Amylopectin , amylose , cellulose , glycogen)41) Nucleotides are joined together by --------------------- linkage between 5 and 3

carbon atoms of the pentose sugar. ( Glycosidic, peptide , phosphodiester ,hydrogen bond)

42) Which nitrogenous base is present in RNA but not present in DNA ( Adenine ,Guanine , uracil , cytosine , thymine )

43) The non-reducing sugar is ----( glucose , lactose , sucrose , maltose )44) The class of protein which are generally water insoluble is ---- ( Globular , fibrous

)45) Alpha helix and beta sheet are common types of which structures of protein (

primary , secondary , tertiary)

57

46) The water insoluble vitamins are ( A,B,C,D,E,K)47) When D-Glucose is treated with bromine water , the product formed is --------(

glutamic acid , gluconic acid, saccharic acid)48) The two important functions of nucleic acids are -1) ------------------------------------

-----2) -----------------------------------------49) The three types of RNA are 1) --------------------------- 2) ----------------------------

--- 3) -------------------------------------50) The sugar present in nucleotide of DNA is ---------------------------------------- and

in RNA is --------------------------------------

51) The deficiency of Vit-B-12 causes ----------------------------------and Vit-K causes--------------------------------------------------

52) The type of bonding helps in stabilizing the alpha helix structures of proteins is -----------------------------------------------------

53) The vitamins responsible for coagulation of blood is ------------------ ( Vit-D, Vit-K, Vit- E , Vit-A , Vit-C)

54) Insulin and albumins are common types of (Globular protein, fibrous protein)55) The main forces which stabilize the 20 and 30 structures of protein are 1) ---------

-------------------- 2) ----------------- 3---------------------------- 4) -----------------------------------------------------------

56) Two cyclic hemiacetal forms of glucose differ only in the configuration of thehydroxyl group at C-1. The two isomers , -and - forms are called ------------------------------------------

CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT DRUGSDrugs Action Example

Analgesics Relieving pain Aspirin Analgin, Seridon, Anacine,Analgesics(Narcotic )

Reduce tension and pain.produce unconsciouness.

Opium, Heroin , Pethidine , Codeine,Morphine

Antibiotics Produced by micro organism, that can inhibit thegrowth or destroy other micro-organism.

Penicillin G(Narrow Spectrum)Streptomycin, Ampicillin , AmoxycillinChloramphenicol Vancomycin, ofloxacin,

58

CHEMICALS IN FOOD

Antiseptics Prevent the growth of micro-organism or kill them but notharmful to the living tissues.

Dettol(Chloroxylenol +Terpineol),Bithional(in soap)Tincture iodine, 0.2% phenol,

Disinfectants Kills micro-organisms, notsafe for living tissues. It isused for toilets, floors ,instruments.

1% phenol,chlorine (Cl2) ,Sulphurdioxide ( SO2)

Antacids Reduce or neutralise theacidity. Mg(OH)2

MgCO3

AlPO4

Al(OH)3 gelNaHCO3

Antihistamines Reduce release of acid.

It is also used to treat allergy

Cimetidine(Tegamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),

Brompheniramine ( Dimetapp)Terfenadine ( Seldane)

Tranquilizers Reduce the mental anxiety,stress, (sleeping pill)

Valium, Serotonin, Veronal,Equanil,Amytal,Nembutal,Luminal,Seconal

Antipyretics Reduce body temperature Aspirin, Paracetamol, Analgin,Phenacetin.

Antifertilitydrugs

These are the steroids used tocontrol the pregnancy

Norethindrone, Ethynylestradiol(novestrol )

SweeteningAgent

Saccharine, Aspartme(for cold foods) AlitameSucrolose(stable at cooking temp)

FoodPreservative

Salt, sugar, veg. oils, sodium benzoate

CLEANSING AGENTSSoap Na / K salt of long chain fatty

acidsNot work in hard water becoz with Ca andMg salt soap produce insoluble scum

Anaionicdetergen

Sodium laurylsulphate Used in household work / in tooth paste

Cationicdetergent

Cetyltrimethyl ammoniumbromide

Hair conditioner / germicidal properties

Non ionicdetergent

Ester of stearic acid andpolyethylene glycol

Liquid dishwashing

Detergents with highly branched hydrocarbon parts are non biodegradable and hence waterpollutants so branching is minimized which are degradable and pollution is prevented.

59

QUESTION FRAMING SESSION

Students must be intimated in advance about the lesson and the concept to berevised on a selected day for the upcoming examinations.

Questions to be framed by the studento on a selected concepto Related to the concept outside the chapter after the questions based on

chapter and concepts are over Teacher must give chance to the passive students to ask questions. (CBM for

students)(as each group has few members of active students and passive students- Duty of leaderof group is to activate and

chemistrys

Documents

topics of class xi

arumugamjoint commissioner

deputy commissioner

class xiirequired

surface chemistry

field of chemistry

topics ofclass

myfellow teachers