Chemistry will help you learn Biology because organisms,

Including yourself, are Chemical machines.

All matter is made up of atoms.

An atom is the smallest unit ofMatter that cannot be broken

Down by chemical means.

All atoms are made up of3 parts…

ProtonsNeutronsElectrons

Protons are positive parts.

Neutrons are neutral parts.

Electrons are negative parts.

Usually there is an electron For every proton in an atom.

This keeps them electricallyNeutral.

When the number of electronsIs different than the number of

Protons, the atom is calledAn Ion.

If there are more protons then the atom will have a

Positive charge.

If there are more electrons, Then the atom will have a

Negative charge.

An element is a substance madeOf only one kind of atom, and

It is therefore a pure substance.

Elements are organized in the Periodic table and represented

By a 1, 2, or 3 letter symbol.

H, O, C, Fe, Na, UUQ

Atoms can join together with Other atoms to form stable

Substances.

A force that joins atoms is Called a chemical bond.

A compound is a substance madeOf the joined atoms of 2 or

More different elements.

For example, water is a compoundThat is made up of hydrogen

And oxygen atoms.

A covalent bond forms when 2 orMore atoms share electrons

To form a molecule.

Water is a molecule, so isCarbon dioxide and oxygen gas.

When you have an unequal Distribution of electrical charge,

A hydrogen bond is formed.

If you remember, an ion Is an atom that has gained

Or lost electrons, giving it a charge.

When 2 ions come together, theyCreate an ionic bond.

In an ionic bond, the electronsAre given up by one atom and

Gained by the other atoms.

Water is nearly 70% or your body.

So water is a major componentOf cells.

Water bonds to itself And other substances.

The hydrogen bonds between Water molecules cause cohesion

Of liquid water.

Cohesion is an attraction Between substances of the

Same kind.

Water molecules are also Attracted to other substances,

This is adhesion.

Adhesion is the attraction between

Different substances.

Many substances dissolve In water.

When you dissolve something intoWater, you make a solution.

For example, when you put saltIn water, it will dissolve and theSalt molecules evenly distribute

Throughout the water.

Polar molecules, like water, will Dissolve other polar molecules,

Like salt.

Nonpolar molecules, like oil, willDissolve other nonpolar molecules,

Like fat.

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE!!

An acid is a compound that whenDissolved in water, will makeMore hydrogen ions (H+) than

Pure water.

A base is a compound that whenDissolved in water, will make more

Hydroxide ions (OH-) thanPure water.

In order to measure the Strength of an acid or base,The pH scale was invented.

Acids have a pH less than 7, Bases have a pH more than 7,And pure water is neutral at 7.

Things in your body that are notMade up of water are made

Made of organic compounds.

Almost all organic compounds Contain hydrogen, oxygen and

Carbon.

Carbohydrates are organic Compounds made of carbon,

Hydrogen and oxygen atoms inA ratio of 1:2:1.

Carbohydrates are a key Source of energy, and are

Found in most foods.

The building blocks of Carbohydrates are single sugars

Called monsaccharides.

C6H12O6

Energy stored in bonds between

elements is released when bonds are

broken.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2        6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

There are 3 simple sugars,Glucose, galactose and fructose.

They all have the same formulaC6H12O6!!

A disaccharide forms when two monosaccharides are

combined.

For Exampleglucose + glucose = maltose (formed during the digestion

of starches)

A polysaccharide is a chain of 3 or more monosaccharides

(beaded necklace)

Polysaccharides are a way excess sugars are stored in living things.

For example:In plants-starch

In animals-glycogen (animal starch)

stored in liver and muscles

Lipids are organic molecules thatAre nonpolar and thus not

Soluble in water.

They include fats, phosolipids, Steroids, and waxes.

At room temp. fats are solids and oils are

liquids.

Lipids have 4 functions…

a.long term energy storage

b. insulation c. protective

cushion between organs

d. biological membranes

All lipids are made with a glycerolAnd chains of fatty acids.

A protein is a chain or moleculesCalled amino acids linked

Together.

Contain NITROGEN as well as carbon, oxygen,

and hydrogen.

An amino acid is the building Block of proteins.

Proteins are essential for growth and repair of body (at

the cell level).

They make up most of the solid “stuff” within your body

(ex. Muscle, skin, hair, organs, …)

Amino acids are the building block of proteins.

There are only 20 that make up our whole body.

All of the cells in your body containNucleic acids.

A nucleic acid is a long chain of Smaller molecules called nucleotides.

A nucleotide has 3 parts:Sugar, a base and a phosphate

There are 2 types of nucleicAcids: DNA and RNA.

DNA consists of 2 nucleic acidsSpiraled around each other and

RNA has only 1.

Another important biological Molecule is ATP.

ATP is a single nucleotide andIs where your body

Gets its energy from.

Energy is the ability to Move or to produce heat.

Metabolism is the term usedTo describe all of the chemical

Reactions that occur in An organism.

Some reactions require energyTo get started, that is called

Activation energy.

Enzymes are substances thatIncrease the speed of

Chemical reaction in the body.

Most enzymes are proteins.

Enzymes are catalysts, theseAre things that speed up

Any chemical reaction.

If you didn’t have any enzymesIn your body, it would take

6 months to digest just 1 candy bar!!

Some enzymes can speed up Reactions up to 10 million times.

All enzymes are specific to a reaction.

pepsin- digests proteins

catalase- breaks hydrogen peroxide (2H2O2) into 2H2O + O2

All enzymes are affected by changes in pH,

temperature, and concentration.

A substance on which an enzymeActs is called a substrate.

Enzymes have active sites thatAllow other molecules to fit.