Chemistry Review GuideChemistry Review Guide

ATOMSATOMS

Basic unit of matterBasic unit of matter

Construct:Construct:H atomH atomC atomC atomO atomO atom

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

What is a chemical reaction?What is a chemical reaction?

Reaction which results in a new Reaction which results in a new substance with different substance with different physical & chemical propertiesphysical & chemical properties

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

What are reactants?What are reactants? Its what you start with in a rxnIts what you start with in a rxn

What are products?What are products? Its what you end up with in a rxnIts what you end up with in a rxn

C6H12O6 + 6O2 CO2 + H2O6 6

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

What is an What is an exergonicexergonic reaction? reaction? Heat is released (feels hot)Heat is released (feels hot)

What is an What is an endergonic endergonic reaction?reaction? Heat is absorbed (feels cold)Heat is absorbed (feels cold)

pH, Acids, Bases, NeutralizationpH, Acids, Bases, Neutralization

What is the pH scale?What is the pH scale?Scale that relates HScale that relates H++ ions in solution ions in solution

What is an acid?What is an acid?Forms HForms H++ ions (0 to 6.9) ions (0 to 6.9) Ex. HCl Ex. HCl

pH, Acids, Bases, NeutralizationpH, Acids, Bases, Neutralization

What is a base?What is a base?Forms OHForms OH-- ions (7.1 to 14) ions (7.1 to 14)Ex. NaOHEx. NaOH

What is neutralization?What is neutralization?pH 7pH 7

BondingBondingWhat is an IONIC bond?What is an IONIC bond?Transfer of electronsTransfer of electrons

BondingBonding

What is an ION?What is an ION?Charged particle – has lost or Charged particle – has lost or gained electronsgained electrons

What is a COVALENT bond?What is a COVALENT bond?Share electronsShare electrons occurs in occurs in living organisms; is very strong! living organisms; is very strong!

BondingBonding

Construct 1 Li and F atomsConstruct 1 Li and F atomsIllustrate ionic bonds using Li and F atomsIllustrate ionic bonds using Li and F atomsConstruct 1 C and 4 H atomsConstruct 1 C and 4 H atomsIllustrate covalent bonds using 1 C and 4 H Illustrate covalent bonds using 1 C and 4 H atomsatoms

BondingBonding

What is a hydrogen bond?What is a hydrogen bond?Weak bond – attraction between Weak bond – attraction between + and – + and –

What is a polar molecule?What is a polar molecule?““poles” – unequally charged areas poles” – unequally charged areas (+, -) (+, -)

BondingBondingWhy is water a polar molecule?Why is water a polar molecule?Slight negative charge from the Slight negative charge from the oxygen; slight positive charge oxygen; slight positive charge from the 2 hydrogensfrom the 2 hydrogens

Mickey Mouse!

Why do molecules of water form Why do molecules of water form hydrogen bonds?hydrogen bonds?Because water is polar, therefore Because water is polar, therefore it forms a polar molecule: there is it forms a polar molecule: there is an attraction between the positive an attraction between the positive and negative ends of the water and negative ends of the water moleculesmolecules

BondingBonding

BondingBonding

Construct 4 water moleculesConstruct 4 water moleculesUse “+” and “-” signs to show polarity of Use “+” and “-” signs to show polarity of parts of the water moleculesparts of the water moleculesDraw in the hydrogen bonds between the Draw in the hydrogen bonds between the molecules using a dashed linemolecules using a dashed line

Properties of WaterProperties of WaterWhat is cohesion?What is cohesion?Water is attracted to other water Water is attracted to other water moleculesmolecules

What is adhesion?What is adhesion?Water is attracted to other Water is attracted to other substances (ex. Glass)substances (ex. Glass)

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

What is surface tension?What is surface tension?Barrier that is produced from Barrier that is produced from cohesion of water molecules cohesion of water molecules Ex. Water strider walking on waterEx. Water strider walking on water

Properties of Properties of WaterWater

What is the What is the evaporative cooling evaporative cooling property of water?property of water?Water removes Water removes heat from the heat from the environment (ex. environment (ex. Sweating)Sweating)

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

Why does ice float and why is it Why does ice float and why is it important in biology?important in biology?Ice is less dense than water: all Ice is less dense than water: all life on Earth would be killed if it life on Earth would be killed if it sank!!sank!!

Properties of WaterProperties of Water

Place a capillary tube in colored water.Place a capillary tube in colored water.Put a drop of water on a slide. Put another Put a drop of water on a slide. Put another slide on top. Let go of the bottom slide.slide on top. Let go of the bottom slide.Try to float paper clips on water. Try to float paper clips on water. Drop water on penny. See how many Drop water on penny. See how many drops you can get.drops you can get.