chemistry powerpoint slideshow covering concepts in the grade 9 science program of...

CHEMISTRY

POWERPOINT SLIDESHOWCovering concepts in the Grade 9 Science Program of Studies

MATTERMATTER&&

CHEMICAL CHANGECHEMICAL CHANGE

Supporting Science Textbook Content while enriching the Learning Process in Junior High/Middle SchoolSupporting Science Textbook Content while enriching the Learning Process in Junior High/Middle School

CHEMISTRYConcept MapConcept Map

Shows the conceptsShows the conceptscovered covered

within the framework within the framework of this unitof this unit

MatterMatter&&

Chemical ChangeChemical Change

Grade 9Grade 9

CHEMISTRY - Lab SafetyLab Safety

Safety FirstSafety First

A good science lab is a safe one. All of the procedures, equipment and chemicals you use have been designed to help you understand the science principles you are investigating. Go over the safety notes provided using the Safety PowerPointSafety PowerPoint or online @ edquest.ca and be prepared to take the safety test in class (do the practice test – linked to in the PowerPoint - to help prepare you – the test in class will be slightly different).

Notes: Notes: Access Access Safety NotesSafety Notes for viewing or printing for viewing or printing @ http://edquest.ca @ http://edquest.caPractice Test: Practice Test: Access Access Safety Practice TestSafety Practice Test for viewing or printing for viewing or printing @ http://edquest.ca @ http://edquest.ca

Poisonous Toxic Reactive Flammable

Corrosive Compressed Gas Biohazardous Oxidizing

CHEMISTRY - W.H.M.I.S. ReviewW.H.M.I.S. Review

WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SYMBOLSWORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SYMBOLS

MATTER AND CHEMICAL CHANGE - Outline

Slides Key Concept Covered

3 - 43 - 4 Pre-Unit Teaching – Safety in the Science LabPre-Unit Teaching – Safety in the Science Lab

66 Laws, Theories, Models and ObservationsLaws, Theories, Models and Observations

7 - 97 - 9 TimelineTimeline – Early Ideas about Matter

10 - 1210 - 12 Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

1313 Organization of MatterOrganization of Matter

14 - 1714 - 17 ElementsElements: Patterns

18 - 2118 - 21 ElementsElements: Periodic Table

22 - 2722 - 27 CompoundsCompounds: Ionic and Molecular

2828 CompoundsCompounds: Comparison

29 - 3329 - 33 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions: Types

34 - 3534 - 35 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions: Reaction Rate

3636 Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions: Identification Tests

37 - 3837 - 38 Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass

CHEMISTRY - Developing Science Knowledge

Laws, Theories, Models, and ObservationsLaws, Theories, Models, and Observations

In science, laws laws do not explain anything. They simply describe and summarize what happens.

TheoriesTheories are imaginative ways to explain why something happens the way it does.Theories are developed over the course of many observations and hundreds of experiments before other scientists will accept it.

Scientific ideas may change over time as more evidence is gathered. Most of Dalton’s atomic theory has stood the test of time, however, smaller particles (subatomic) have been discovered and Dalton’s Theory needed to be revised.

Scientific modelsScientific models help others to visualize structures or processes that cannot be seen directly.

CHEMISTRY - Early Ideas About Matter

8000 B.C. Stone Age

Matter made up of solid material, fashioned into tools.

‘tools & implements’

6000-100 B.C. Precious Metals

Chemists investigated properties of materials that were valuable to humans.

‘gold& copper’

4500 B.CBronze Age

The effect of heat on metals alloys

1200 B.C.Iron Age

Iron combined with carbon to make steel, for stronger tools.

Steel

350 B.C. AlchemyEverything was made out of

Air – Water - Earth – Fire ‘atomos particles’

1500Democritus

Theory of Matter was based more on experimentation.

Alchemy

CHEMISTRY - Process Inquiry Models

16601660Boyle Boyle

Particles can be compressed.Scientific Inquiry

Particle Particle ModelModel

15971597LibauLibau

Chemical preparations and a textbook were written TextbookTextbook

17701770Lavoisier Lavoisier

System for the naming of chemicals was developed.

Molecular Molecular TheoryTheory

17801780Air is necessary for

combustion to occur. CombustionCombustion

CHEMISTRY - Atomic Theory

1808 1808 DaltonDalton

Observation principles during experimentation.

Billiard BallBilliard BallModelModel

18971897JJ ThomsonJJ Thomson

Raisin bun model with charged particles.

Raison BunRaison BunModelModel

19041904 H. NagaokaH. Nagaoka

Negatively charged particles orbiting around nucleus.

Solar System Solar System ModelModel

19131913 BohrBohr

Electrons travel in shells around a central nucleus

AtomicAtomicTheoryTheory

ChadwickChadwick Subatomic particles Protons, neutrons, Protons, neutrons, electronselectrons

19221922 Rutherford Rutherford

Electrons rotate randomly around the nucleus.

ShellShellModelModel

‘‘Quantum Theory’Quantum Theory’Electrons moving randomly in a cloud around the central nucleus

The particle model of matter is an important part of this unit. Recall that:All matter is made up of tiny particles.All the particles in a substance are the same; different substances are made of different

particles.There are attractive forces among particles-these attractions may be strong or weak.The particles are always moving; the more energy the particles gain, the faster they move.There are spaces among the particles.

The Particle Model of Matter is a scientific model which helps to visualize a process we cannot see directly. The first two points help us to understand that particles make up matter. The other three points help to explain density and how matter behaves when temperature changes. Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, or gas.

The Particle Model of Matter is useful in explaining the differences among solids, liquids, and gases.

Solids have a definite shape and volume because the particles of a solid can move

only a little. They vibrate back and forth, but strong forces hold them in fixed positions.

Liquids take the shape of its container because the particles can move around more freely than they can in solids. A

liquid's particles are held together by strong attractions to each other, so a liquid, like a

solid, occupies a definite volume.

Gases always fill whatever container they are in. The attractions among the particles of a gas are so weak that individual particles are

quite far apart, with spaces among them. Since gas particles are moving constantly and randomly in all directions, they spread

throughout their container, no matter what its shape and volume.

CHEMISTRY - Properties of Matter


Matter can change from one form to another, or create new materials. Properties are characteristics that can be used to describe a substance. These properties can be physical or chemical. Physical properties include: color, luster, melting point, boiling point, hardness, malleability, ductility, crystal shape, solubility, density and conductivity.

A physical change occurs when a material changes state. It is reversible. No new

substances are formed. The change is not permanent.

Dissolving is also a physical change.


Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances. Chemical properties include: reaction with acids, ability to burn, reaction with water, behaviour in air and reaction to heat. A chemical change occurs when substances react and create a new substance.

Evidence that a chemical change occurs includes, but is not limited to the following:

Change in colourChange in odourFormation of a gas (bubbles) in a liquidFormation of a solid (precipitate) in a liquidRelease or absorption of energy (heat)Materials you started with are used upA new material is formedThe change is difficult to reverse

CHEMISTRY - Description and Organization of Matter

Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, or gas. Matter undergoes a change in state when energy is gained or lost.

CHEMISTRY - Elements: Patterns and Order Finding a pattern and an order in an unknown helps scientists to organize ideas and information. It also helps them to interpret what the information means and explain these ideas, based on what they have learned – developing theoriesdeveloping theories.

The original ‘elements’ were earth, air, fire earth, air, fire andand water water.Ancient Greek philosophersAncient Greek philosophers thought matter was made out of these four ‘elements’. They thought all things were made from these four elements with varying degrees of hotness, coldness, dryness and wetness.

AlchemistsAlchemists (part pharmacist and part mystic) developed many useful procedures, including distillation, and they described the properties of many different materials. They also thought they could change lead and copper into gold. They used special symbols to prevent others from finding out their secrets.

The current view of matter began with Sir Francis BaconSir Francis Bacon, who stated that all science should be based on experimental evidence, rather than thought. Robert BoyleRobert Boyle recognized that elements could combine to form compounds. Bacon and Boyle motivated others to search for elements.

Scientists began using heating, burning, mixing, and cooling to take matter down until it could not be broken down any further, to determine if a substance was a pure substance or a mixture.

CHEMISTRY - Elements: Patterns and Order

Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier defined elements as pure substances that could not be decomposed into simpler substances by means of a chemical change. In this way he identified 23 pure substances as elements. Lavoisier was one of the first chemists to use a balanced view of chemical change.

Elements were then listed in order of their atomic mass. Atomic mass is the mass of one atom of an element. It is represented in atomic mass unitsatomic mass units (amu).

Early chemists used symbols of the sun and the planets to identify the elements. This became a problem, when more elements were discovered than planets.

John DaltonJohn Dalton developed a new set of symbols in the early 1800’s to improve communication between chemists.

BerzeliusBerzelius revised Dalton’s symbols by replacing them with letters, instead of pictures and representing each element by their first letter (capitalized), or their first two letters (first one capitalized and the second letter lower case).


In 18091809 - 47 elements were known, and scientists began to see patterns.In 18631863 - English chemist John NewlandsJohn Newlands divided the than discovered 56 elements into 11 groups, based on characteristics. John Newland’s “law of octaves” identified the pattern by which properties of the elements seemed to repeat at regular intervals, similar to the octave scale in music.

Demitri MendeleevDemitri Mendeleev later revised the pattern in 18691869 by collecting the 63 elements known at the time and arranging them according to their properties. By sorting and arranging the elements in this way, he was able to identify gaps - for undiscovered elements. They were later discovered and fit where he said they would.Mendeleev attempted to classify the elements not by some "accidental, or instinctive reasons, but by some exact principle." He believed that this exact system should be numerical in nature to eliminate any margin of arbitrariness. By arranging the elements in order of increasing atomic weight he discovered that there existed a pattern of the element properties. He used this to create his table.


The Periodic Table continued to develop as new information about the elements was The Periodic Table continued to develop as new information about the elements was learned.learned.

1886 - Ernest Rutherford named three types of radiation; alpha, beta and gamma rays. Marie and Pierre Curie started working on the radiation of uranium and thorium, and subsequently discovered radium and polonium. 1894 - Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh discovered the noble gases, which were added to the periodic table as group 0.1897 - English physicist J. J. Thomson discovered electrons; small negatively charged particles in an atom. 1903 - Rutherford announced that radioactivity is caused by the breakdown of atoms.1911 - Rutherford and German physicist Hans Geiger discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom.1913 - Bohr discovered that electrons move around a nucleus in discrete energy called orbitals. Radiation is emitted during movement from one orbital to another.1914 - Rutherford first identified protons in the atomic nucleus. 1932 - James Chadwick first discovered neutrons, and isotopes were identified. This was the complete basis for the periodic table. 1945 - Glenn Seaborg identified lanthanides and actinides (atomic number >92), which are usually placed below the periodic table.

CHEMISTRY - Elements: The Periodic Table

Each excerpt within the Periodic Table gives us useful information on each element

All the elements in a GroupGroup (or column) are called FamiliesFamilies.

A A periodperiod is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements. is a horizontal row in the periodic table of the elements.

(Group 1): The Alkali Earth Metals, all react with water in the following manner2 Li + H2O ---> H2 + 2 LiOH2 Na + H2O ---> H2 + 2 NaOH2 Fr + H2O ---> H2 + 2 FrOH

(Group 8): The Noble Gases, don't react with other elements.

Atomic NumberAtomic Number Ion chargesIon charges

Element SymbolElement Symbol

Element NameElement Name

Atomic MassAtomic Mass

CHEMISTRY - Periodic Table Information

CHEMISTRY - Periodic Table Groupings

Group 1 - Alkali Metals – Sodium- softer than most metals, good heat conductors and can explode if exposed to water.

Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals – Radium- extremely reactive, and aren't found freely in nature.

Group 3-6-7 - Rare Earth Elements - There are 30 rare earth elements.- many are synthetic or man-made.

Groups 3-12 - Transition Metals - Iron, cobalt and nickel - the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.

Groups 13-15 - Other Metals - tin, aluminum and lead-solid with a high density

Metalloids - have metal and non-metal properties. Some are semi-conductors, meaning they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. They are great for computers and calculators.

CHEMISTRY - Periodic Table Groupings

Group 14-16 - Non-Metals – - do not conduct heat or electricity very well and are brittle. At room temperature, they turn into gasses and solids.

Group 17 - Halogens - "Halogen" means "salt former" - compounds that contain a halogen are called "salts." At room temperature, they are in three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

Group 18 - Noble Gases – Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon- do not react with other elements, have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (making them stable).

Each element in the periodic table has a chemical name. Combinations of elements form compoundscompounds and have a chemical namechemical name and a chemical chemical formulaformula. The formula identifies which elements and how many of each are in the compound.

For example: ethanolethanol ( C ( C22 H H66 O ) O )

2 carbon atoms6 hydrogen atoms1 oxygen atom

Guyton de MorveauGuyton de Morveau developed the chemical naming system in 1787.

IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) is now responsible for determining the appropriate name for each compound.

IUPAC nomenclature is a systematic way of naming organic chemical organic chemical compoundscompounds.

CHEMISTRY - Compounds

Molecular CompoundsMolecular CompoundsA molecule is the smallest independent unit of a pure substance. Diatomic molecules are molecules made up of 2 atoms of the same element (oxygen Ooxygen O22, ,

nitrogen Nnitrogen N22, hydrogen H, hydrogen H22). Most molecular compounds do not form large structures. Of the 10 million compounds discovered so far, about 9 million are molecular compounds. When non-metalsnon-metals combine, they produce a pure substance called a molecule, or molecular compound. They can be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature. The bonding between atoms is strong, but the attraction between the molecules is weak. Examples: sugar ( CC1212HH2222OO11 11

(s)(s) ), acetylene, water.

Properties of molecular compounds include: low melting point, low boiling point, good insulators, poor conductors, distinct crystal shape

A chemical formulachemical formula tells how many of each type of atom is present in the molecule. A compound made from two elements is called a binary compoundbinary compound.


Rules for naming binary molecular compoundsbinary molecular compounds:

1. The first element in the compound uses the element name.2. The second element has a suffix – ideide –3. When there is more than 1 atom in the formula, a prefixprefix is

used which tells how many atoms there are.4. Exception to #3 above – when the first element has only 1

atom the prefix mono is not used

Examples: COCO2 2 (g)(g) carbon didioxide CClCCl4 4 (l)(l) carbon tetratetrachloride SiOSiO2 (s)2 (s) Silicon didioxide

When you are changing from the written name to the chemical symbol:Write the symbols for the elements in the same order as they appear in the

name.Use subscripts to indicate the numbers of each type of atom.

Some molecular compounds are better known by their common names rather than their chemical names.

Examples: Water HH22OO is actually dihydrogen oxidedihydrogen oxide, propane CC33HH88 is tricarbon octahydridetricarbon octahydride.

The bracketed symbol following the chemical formula represents what state (solid, liquid, gas) the compound is in. (aqaq) means aqueousaqueous (water) solution.


# of Atoms Prefix 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca

Ionic CompoundsIonic CompoundsIonic compounds are pure substances formed as a result of the attraction

between particles of opposite charges, called ionsions. When an atom gains or loses electrons, the atom is no longer neutral – it is an ion, either positively or negatively charged.

Properties of ionic compounds include: high melting point, good electrical conductivity,

distinct crystal shape, solid at room temperature.

Sodium Chloride ( table salt ) – NaClNaCl – is an ionic compoundionic compound. When it is dissolved in water, the metal (NaNa) loses an electron – to become positively charged - and the nonmetal (ClCl22) gains an electron – to be negatively charged - forming an aqueous solution of ions. Conductivity is the ability of a substance to carry an electric current. The ionic salt solution provides good conductivity. Positive sodium ions attract negative chloride ions to form a cube-shaped arrangement (ionic model). The force holding them together is called ionic bondsionic bonds.


1. The chemical name of the metal or positive ion goes first, followed by the name of the non-metal or negative ion.

2. The name of the non-metal negative ionnon-metal negative ion changes its ending to ide.

SodiumSodium Chlorideide

Some ions are called polyatomic ions (meaning “many”). Polyatomic ions are a group of atoms acting as one.Polyatomic ions are a group of atoms acting as one.

Example: calcium carbonate (limestone)

““ate”ate” and “ite”“ite” endings indicate polyatomic ions with oxygen. The “hypo….ite” has one less oxygen than the “ite” for the same

elements The “per…ate” has one more oxygen than the “ate” for the same

elements.

Generally, elements in a group all have the same ion charge

CHEMISTRY - Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds

Hydroxide OHHydroxide OH-1-1 Carbonate COCarbonate CO22-2-2 Phosphate POPhosphate PO44

-3-3 Nitrite NONitrite NO22-1-1

Ammonium NHAmmonium NH44+1+1 Sulfite SOSulfite SO33

-2-2 Nitrate NONitrate NO33-1-1 Sulfate SOSulfate SO44

-2-2

CHEMISTRY - Rules for Naming Ionic Compounds

When writing an ionic formula for a metal and a nonmetal compound follow these steps:

Write the symbols for the metal and the nonmetal. Write the valences as superscripts above each symbol. Drop the + and - sign. Crisscross the valences so they become the subscript for the other element. Reduce subscripts whenever possible. Only when both are divisible by a number greater than one.

Chemical Formula for the compound between aluminum and oxygen.

Here are two examples where you must reduce:

CHEMISTRY - Comparing Compounds

Ionic Compounds pure substances formed as a result of

the attraction between particles of opposite charges, called ions.

Molecular Compoundscombined non-metals producing a pure substance called a molecule

contains a metal doesn’t contain a metal

high melting/boiling points low melting/boiling points

distinct crystal shapesdistinct crystal shapes

solids solids, liquids, or gases

good electrical conductivity good electrical insulators

table salt ( NaCl ) sugar ( C12H22O11(s) )

metal name is always first acetylene, water

A chemical change, which releases energy, is called EXOTHERMICEXOTHERMIC.

AmmoniaAmmonia (NH3) is formed from nitrogen and hydrogen in their gaseous forms (N2 and H2 respectively). (NH3) is formed from nitrogen and hydrogen in their gaseous forms (N2 and H2 respectively).

This is given by the equation:This is given by the equation:

3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g) This reaction is exothermic This reaction is exothermic

A chemical change, which absorbs energy, is called ENDOTHERMICENDOTHERMIC

In this reaction, In this reaction, AmmoniaAmmonia will spontaneously, split up again into its components nitrogen and hydrogen, will spontaneously, split up again into its components nitrogen and hydrogen,

given by the equation:given by the equation:

2NH3(g) → 3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g) → 3H2(g) + N2(g) This reaction is endothermic This reaction is endothermic

CHEMISTRY - Chemical Reactions

A chemical change results from a chemical reaction. Chemical bonds are forces that cause a group of atoms to behave as a unit. Energy is stored in these bonds. To break the bonds energy must be added. When bonds form, energy is released. All chemical reactions involve energy being absorbed, or released.

Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction, because it needs light energy to occur, whereas combustion is an exothermic reaction, because it gives off light and heat

Chemical reactions occur when two or more substances combine to formnew substances.

Substances at the beginning of the reaction are called reactantsreactants.New materials produced by the reaction are called productsproducts.

Chemical reactions can be written as word equationsword equations which gives the names of all the reactants (separated by a "plus' sign + ) followed by an

arrow which points to the names of all the products (separated by a 'plus' sign +)

eg. ( iron + oxygen + water ---» rust ) (Iron plus oxygen plus water produces rust)


REACTANTSREACTANTS PRODUCTSPRODUCTS


There are four types of chemical reactions:

CombinationCombination (reactants combine) - CombustionCombustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts with a substance to form a new substance and gives off energy.

CombustionCombustion is the highly exothermic combination of a substance with oxygen. Combustion requires heat, oxygen, and fuel.

The burning of propanepropane ( CC33HH88 ) in a barbeque is an exothermic reaction that produces heat to cook the food. If the heat is too intense, the products being cooked will be changed into pure carbon (the meat will be burnt).

The products of combustion are not always beneficial. Burning fossil fuels (such as propane) produces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, smoke, soot, ash and heat.


DecompositionDecomposition (reactants break down) - CorrosionCorrosion is a slow chemical change that occurs when oxygen in the air reacts with a metal. Corrosion is a chemical reaction in which the metal is decomposed (eaten away), when it reacts with other substances in the environment.

Preventing CorrosionPreventing CorrosionCorrosion protection (e.g. painting the metalpainting the metal) involves protecting metal from contact with the environment and the factors that affect the reaction rate of this chemical reaction.

Coating a corrosive metal with a thin layer of zinc is called galvanizationgalvanization. The process of coating a corrosive metal with another metal through electrolysis is called electroplating.


DisplacementDisplacement (reactants change place with each other) - Two reactants yield two products. Silver nitrate combines with sodium chloride to produce silver chloride and sodium nitrate - because the sodium and silver switched places.

ExchangeExchange (reactants change place) - Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration is a chemical reaction that takes place in the cells in your body and in plant cells.

The chemical reaction for cellular respiration is ...

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy for the cell to use for other things)

A car uses fuelA car uses fuel An organism usesAn organism usesand oxygenand oxygen Sugar to produceSugar to produceto produceto produce COCO22

COCO22

The speed of a chemical reaction is called the reaction rate. Factors affecting the reaction rate include:

TemperatureTemperature -The higher the temperature the faster the reaction rate

Surface AreaSurface Area -The more surface in contact, the faster the reaction rate

ConcentrationConcentration - The higher the concentration, the faster the reaction

CatalystsCatalysts - The presence of a catalyst (substances that help a reactionproceed faster) also affects the reaction rate. Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction. Types of reactions involving catalysts can be found in living and non-living things. EnzymesEnzymes are catalysts, present in the body, that speed up reactions which break down food. They also help to rid the body of poison. Enzymes are organic proteins known as amino acids and are found in all living things. They are Without enzymes, there would be no life. When there is a partial reduction of availability of enzymes, then life is reduced. They are "activists." All activity of life depends on them. The greening of leaves in spring, the ripening of foods, the digestion and absorption of food, all require enzymes. Without enzymes, seeds could not sprout and the soil could not produce, therefore fruits and crops would not ripen or grow.

CHEMISTRY - Reaction Rate


Speeding Up a Reaction With CatalystsSpeeding Up a Reaction With CatalystsA catalyst is a substance that help a reaction proceed faster and are not consumed in the reaction. Types of reactions involving catalysts can be found in living and non-living things. Enzymes are natural catalysts that help in the reactions in the body, which break down food. They also get rid of poison in the body.

CatalaseCatalase (an enzyme found in plant and animal cells) speeds up the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide into harmless oxygen and water.

Slowing Down a Reaction With InhibitorsSlowing Down a Reaction With InhibitorsInhibitors are substances that slow down chemical reactions. Plants have natural inhibitors in their seeds to prevent germination until the right conditions are present. Inhibitors are added to foods to slow down their decomposition.

CHEMISTRY - Chemical Reaction - Identification Tests

OXYGENOXYGENLight a wooden splint. Blow out the flame, allowing the splint to continue glowing. Hold the glowing splint in a small amount of the unknown gas. If the splint bursts into flamebursts into flame, then the gas being tested is oxygen.

HYDROGENHYDROGENLight a wooden splint. Hold the glowing splint in a small amount of the unknown gas. If you hear a "poppop", then the gas being tested is Hydrogen.

CARBON DIOXIDECARBON DIOXIDEThe test for the presence of Carbon Dioxide uses limewater (a clear colorless solution of calcium hydroxide, or slaked lime). Bubble the unknown gas (carbon dioxide) through the limewater solution, or add a few drops of the limewater solution to the gas and swirl it around. If the limewater turns milky, the gas is Carbon Dioxide. A solid precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed. Calcium carbonate is chalk or limestone, and it is this, that makes the lime water cloudy.

calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate + water.calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide calcium carbonate + water. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants,In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants,is always equal to the total mass of the products.is always equal to the total mass of the products.

This law goes well with the atomic theoryAtoms (matter) are never created or destroyedAtoms (matter) are never created or destroyed

In a chemical reaction the atoms and molecules are simply rearranged. This law of conservation of mass does not apply to nuclear reactions, because

there is some loss of mass: mass is changed into energymass is changed into energy.. This was first suggested by Albert Einstein in his famous equation:

E =MC2

(E Is Energy, M is Mass, C2 is a large number)

A very tiny amount of mass is equal to a very large amount of energyA very tiny amount of mass is equal to a very large amount of energy In an open system some of the mass seems to disappear,

when it is in the form of a gas.

CHEMISTRY - Law of Conservation of Mass

Other scientists followed up on the law of conservation of mass by stating the Other scientists followed up on the law of conservation of mass by stating the ……

Law of Definite CompositionLaw of Definite Composition

Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements Compounds are pure substances that contain two or more elements combined together in fixed (or definite) proportions.combined together in fixed (or definite) proportions.

Water is an example of this law. Pure water always contains 11% Hydrogen and 89% Oxygen.

Law of Multiple Proportions ... ... states that the masses of one element, states that the masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of the second element, are in a ratio of which combine with a fixed mass of the second element, are in a ratio of whole numbers.whole numbers.

Pure substances have constant composition and properties. An unknown substance can be identified by measuring a property of the substance (eg. density) and compare it to known values of other substances. If the test property matches a known value, it is likely that substance, because each substance has its own distinguishing properties unique to that substance.

CHEMISTRY - Law of Conservation of Mass

chemistry powerpoint slideshow covering concepts in the grade 9 science program of...

Documents

safety test

chemistry lab safety

safety powerpoint

access safety practice

science principles

access safety notes

science lab6laws

science knowledgelaws