chemistry modul chapter 9 f4

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 9

Chapter 9 : MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

A SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 is manufactured in industry through Contact Process.

2. The raw materials used are ……………, …………… and ………………..

3. This process consists of ……………… stages.

I – To produce sulphur dioxide

S + O2 SO2

II – To produce sulphur trioxide

2SO2 + O2 SO3

III (a) – To produce oleum

SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7

III (b) – Diluted the oleum to produce sulphuric acid

H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4

Activity 1 :

Complete the table below.

Stage Chemical Equations Explanation

I Sulphur is burnt in air to produce

sulphur dioxide gas.

II

Condition :

(a) Temperature : ……….O

C (b) Pressure : ……………atm(c) Catalyst : ………………

III

H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4

Sulphur trioxide is reacted with

concentrated sulphuric acid to form

oleum.

Chapter 9 Manufactured Substances In Industry

1

Suitable condition :

Temperature : 450 0C

Pressure : 1 atm

Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide

III Sulphur Sulphur dioxide Sulphur trioxide Sulphuric acid

I II IVOleum

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3




4. Properties of sulphuric acid :

Concentrated sulphuric acid is a colourless liquid which is dense and viscos.

Concentrated sulphuric acid has a high boiling point, that is 270 0C.

5. Uses of sulphuric acid :

to manufacture of fertilizers such as phosphate and super phosphate fertilizer. manufactured of detergents, paints pigments, pesticides, synthetic fibre.

as an electrolyte in lead-acid acumulators.

to remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating

6. Uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories :

(a) As a strong acid

(b) As a drying or dehydrating agent

(c) As an oxidizing agent

(d) As a sulphonating agent

(e) As a catalyst

Activity 2 :

Complete the diagram below.


2

Uses of Sulphuric

Acid, H2SO

4




7. Environmental Pollution by Sulphur dioxide

Sulphur dioxide is produced during volcanic eruptions, burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum,

waste gases from factories and burning of products manufactured by sulphuric acid such asrayon.

Sulphur dioxide is a poisonous and acidic gas. This gas can cause lung diseases and bronchitis. Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water to produce a mixture of sulphurous acid,

H2SO3, and sulphuric acid, H2SO4. The presence of these acids in rainwater results in acid rain.

SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4

The effects of acid rain are as follows :

(a) corrodes concrete buildings.

(b) Makes the soil acidic (unsuitable for growth of plants)

(c) Lower the pH of water in rivers and lakes (may kill aquatic life)

(d) Depletes essential nutrients for plant growth

Activity 3 :



3

Effects of Sulphuric

Acid to Enviroment




Activity 4 :-

1. An important use of sulphuric acid is in the production of fertilizers. Name the fertilizers produced

and write the equations involved when sulphuric acid reacts with :

(i) aqueous ammonia

Name of fertilizer : ……………………………………………………………………...

Chemical equation : ……………………………………………………………………..

(ii) potassium hydroxide

Name of fertilizer : ……………………………………………………………………...

Chemical equation : ……………………………………………………………………..

2. Diagram below shows the industrial synthesis of sulphuric acid.

(a) Name this process.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Name gas X, gas Y and liquid Z.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for Step 2.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(d) State the optimum conditions involved in Step 2.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(e) Why is gas Y not dissolved in water to produce sulphuric acid?


4

Sulphur

Oxygen

Gas X Gas Y

Sulphuric acid Liquid Z

Step 1+

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4




..................................................................................................................................................................

B AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

Manufacture of ammonia in industries through Haber Process

Combines nitrogen gas with hydrogen gas with ratio 1 : 3, in suitable/optimum condition.

Properties of Ammonia :

Colourless gas

Pungent smell

Less dense than water

Very soluble in water to form alkaline solution.

Gives a white fume when reacted with hydrogen chloride gas.

Uses of ammonia :

• Manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and urea.

• As a raw material to produce nitric acid in the Ostwald Process used to make nitrate fertilizer,

synthetic fibres, paints and explosives.

• Manufacture of ammonium chloride used to make electrolyte of dry cell.

• The liquid form is used as a cooling agent in refrigerators.

• As an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex can be stored in liquid form.

Activity 5 :



5

AMMONIA

1 Name of process to

produce ammonia :

…………………….

2 Uses of ammonia :

(i) ………………….

(ii) …………………

(iii)

3 Balance the chemical equation :

(i) Ammonia

….. H2

+ …N2 → …. NH

3

Condition needed :

Temperature : ………………….0C

Pressure : ………………………atm

Catalyst : ………………………….

(ii) Ammonium Sulphate ( fertilizer )

…. NH3

+ H2SO

4 → (NH

4)

2SO

4

Condition :

Temperature : 450 0C

Pressure : 200 atm

Catalyst : Iron/Ferum, Fe

N2

+ 3H2

→ 2 NH3

NH3

gas NH

4OH

solution




The manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers :

(a) Ammonium sulphate

Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid through neutralization reaction to produce ammonium

sulphate.

2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

(b) Ammonium nitrate

Ammonia reacts with nitric acid through neutralization reaction to produce ammonium nitrate.

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4 NO3

(c ) Urea

Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide at a temperature of 2000C and

at pressure of 200 atm to produce urea.

2NH3 + CO2 → (NH2)2CO + H2O

Ammonium fertilisers :

1. Plants require nitrogen to produce protein. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of nitrates, NO3-

which are soluble in water.

2. Ammonium fertilizers contain ammonium ion, NH4+, which can be converted into nirate ion by

bacteria living in the soil.

3. The effectiveness of ammonium fertilizers are determined by the percentage of nitrogen (by weight)

present in them. The fertilizer with a higher percentage of nitrogen is more effective.

The percentage of nitrogen (by weight ) can be calculated using the following formula :

Example :

[ Relative atomic mass : N = 14 ; H = 1 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ]

Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4

= 2(14) × 100 %

2 [ 14 + 4(1) ] + 32 + 4(16)

= 21.2 %


6

Mass of nitrogen

Relative molecular mass of the fertilizer 100 %×




Activity 6 :

1. Ammonia is commercially produced by the Haber process.

(a) Name the raw materials used in the production of ammonia gas.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Name the catalyst used in the Haber process.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(c) State the optimum temperature and pressure used for this process.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

(d) Write a balanced equation for this process.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(e) State two uses of ammonia in daily life.

..................................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................................

2. Diagram below shows the production of a type of fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, NH4 NO3.

(a) Name gas A, gas B dan acid C.


7

Gas A

Gas B

H2 gas

Acid C Step 1

Step 2

Ammonium nitrate

+




..................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Name the industrial process in the production of gas B in Step 1.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(c) State the source from which gas A is obtained.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(d) What is the effect of gas B on damped red litmus paper?

..................................................................................................................................................................

(e) Write a balanced equation for Step 2.

..................................................................................................................................................................

(f) Calculate the percentage by weight of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate.

[ Relative atomic mass : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O =16 ]


8




Activity 7 :-

Fertiliser Formula Percentage of nitrogen (%)

Ammonium nitrate NH4 NO3

Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4

Diammonium hydrogen

phosphate(V)(NH4)2HPO4

Urea


9




C ALLOYS

Definition :

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain fixed composition in which the major

component is a metal.

The aim of making alloys, is to make them :

1. stronger

2. harder

3. resistant to corrosion

4. have a better furnish and lustre

Arrangement of atoms :

Pure metal (Copper) Alloy (Brass)


10

copper atomzinc atom

copper atom

Force

Pure metals are made up of the same type of

atoms and are of the same size.

The arrangement of the atoms gives pure

metals their ductile and malleable properties.

The orderly arrangment of atoms enable the

layers of atoms to slide on one another

when force is applied.Pure metal are ductile or can be stretched.

There are some imperfections in the orderly

arrangement of atoms in pure metals thatallow some empty spaces in between the

atoms. When a pure metal is knocked,

atoms slides.

Pure metal are malleable or can be shaped.

Two or more metals can be mixed together to

make a stronger metal called alloy.

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements

with a certain fixed composition in which

the major component is a metal .

The aim of making alloy is to make them :stronger

harder

resistant to corrosion

have a better furnish

lustre

The uses of each different type of alloy depend

on the properties of the alloy.




Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Brass

Cu – 70 %

Zn –

30 % •

BronzeCu – 90 %

Sn – 10 %

Hard and strong

Does not corrode

easily

Has shiny surface

•

Steel Fe –

99 %C – 1 % •

Duralumin

Al – 93 %

Cu – 3 %

Mg – 3 %

Mn – 1 %

•

Magnalium Al –

70 %Mg – 30 %

•

Pewter

Sn – 96 %

Cu – 3 %

Sb – 1 % •

CupronickelCu – 75%

Ni – 25% •

Stainless steel

•


11




Activity 8 :-

1 Complete the following diagram.

ALLOYS

……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….

2 Complete the table below :

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze90 % copper

10 % tin

Harder and stronger than

copper

Does not corrode easily

Has shiny surface

1. Statues

2. Medals

3. Swords

Brass…… % copper …… % zinc

Steel

Stainless steel


12

Draw the atoms

arrangement

Explain the atoms

arrangement above

Explain the atoms

arrangement whenforces is applied

What is an alloy ? :

Pure metal Alloy




D SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

Polymers are ……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Polymerisation is a process of monomers joined together into chains to form polymer.

2 types of polymerisation :

(i) Additional polymerisation

Same type of monomers joined together.

Unsaturated monomer (have double covalent bond).

(ii) Condensation polymerisation

Different type of monomers joined together.

Activity 9 :-

Complete the table below :

Type of

polymerSynthetic polymer Monomer Uses

Additional

polymer

PolytheneEthene or Ethylene,

CH2CH2

Plastic bags, plastic containers, insulation

for electrical wiring, cups, wrappers

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Perspex

Polystyrene

Polyprophene/

Polypropylene

Condensation

polymer

Nylon

Terylene


13




Polymer Monomer Polymer Monomer Uses

Carbohydrate glucose Polythene

Plastic bags

Insulations for

electrical wiring

Natural rubber Polypropene

Fat PVC Chloroethene

Protein Perspex

Terylene

Nylon


14

POLYMERS

Definition : Polymers are…………………………………………….

……………......................................................................

Types of

polymers

Naturally occurring

polymersSynthetic

polymers




E GLASS AND CERAMIC

E1 : GLASS


15

GLASS

Main component :

………………………….

Fused glass

Soda-lime glass

Borosilicate glass

Lead crystal glass

Uses :

Laboratory glassware

Lenses

Telescope mirrors

Optical fibres

Properties :

Uses :Electrical bulb

Mirrors

Most kinds of glass container

Properties :

Uses :

Cookware


Automobile headlightsGlass pipelines

Properties :

Uses :

Finest tableware

Art objects

Properties :

Composition :

SiO2 : 99 %

B2O3 : 1 %

Composition :

SiO2 : 75 %

Na2O : 15 %

CaO : 10 %

Composition :

SiO2 : (60-80) %

B2O3 : (10-25) %

Al2O3 : (little)

Composition :

SiO2 : 55 %

PbO : 30 %

K 2O : 10 %

Na2O : 3 %

Al2O3 : 2 %

1

2

3

4




Activity 10 :-

1 Complete the table below :

Type of glass Uses

……………………………….


Lenses

Telescope mirrors

Optical fibres

……………………………….

Electrical bulb

Mirrors

Most kinds of glass container

………………………………. Finest tableware

Art objects

Borosilicate glass Cookware Laboratory glassware

Automobile headlights

Glass pipelines

2 (a) ‘Glass is not a solid, instead it is regarded as a super cooled liquid ’.

Give a reason for this statement.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) What is the main material used to produce glasses?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

(c) Apart from the one stated in (b), name other material that is used in producing

(i) borosilicate glass, and

…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) lead glass

…………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) Why the borosilicate glass is suitable to be used as laboratory apparatus?

………………………………………………………………………………………….


16

Glass, is a manufactured substances in industry which is

important in everyday life.




E2 : CERAMIC

Activity 11 :-

1 Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay.

(i) Name the type of ceramic that is produced when feldspar is added into clay.

…………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) State one use of ceramic mentioned in (e) (i).

………………………………………………………………….……………


CERAMIC

Main component :

…………………………….

PROPERTIES

1. Withstand high temperature and do

not melt easily (have a very high

melting point ).

2. Very hard and brittle.

3. Good insulators of electricity and

heat.

4. Chemically innert and do notcorrode.

………………………………...

USES

1. Clay pots.

2. Construction materials (bricks, tiles).

3. Insulators in electrical equipments and

refractories.

4. Tableware.

17




F COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Component : Component : Component : Component :

Glass and

plastic

Component :

Glass or transparent

polymers

Silver chloride

AgCl crystal

Properties : Properties : Properties : Properties :

High tensile

strengthEasily

coloured

Low density

Easily

moulded and

shaped

Properties :

Uses : Uses :

Bullet trains

MRI

Magneticenergy-storage

systems

Generators

Transformers

Computer parts

Uses : Uses : Uses :


18

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Definition : Composite material is ………………………………………………………….

……………..........................................................................................................

ReinforcedConcrete Superconductors Fibre Optic Fibre Glass Photochromic

Glass




Activity 12 :-

Complete the following table.

Type of

Manufactured

Substance

Description Example

1. Alloy

A mixture of ………….…… or a metal with non-

metal in a ………………… composition that

improved the properties of a particular metal.

Bronze made of …….. %

copper and …….. % tin.

Steel made of 99 % iron

and 1 % carbon

2. Polymer

A ……………. molecule that is made up of many

identical repeating sub-units called …….……………

These subunits joined/combined together by a process

called …………………………..

Polythene is formed by

repeated units of ………... Perspex are formed by the

……..……..……..……...

3. Polymerisation

The process where small molecules ( sub-units) called

………..…….. are combined …………….. through

chemical reactions to form………….………known

as………………………..

Ethene tranforms to

polythene by the

polymerisation

……..……..……..……...

process.

4. Addition

polymerisation

The process of combination of same .………….. of

monomers containing ………………. bond to form

polymer.

Etene undergoes ……..

……..……..……...

polymerisation to produce

polyethene polymer.

5. Condensation

polymerisation

The process of combination of the different

……………. of monomers involving the lost of ..

……..……..…. when the combination occurs.

………………… polymer

formed by the condensation

polimerisation.

6. Monomer A small …………………… or sub-units of

…………………………

………………… can

form polyvinyl chloride

(PVC)

Ethene monomer, C2H4 are

formed ………………… .

END OF CHAPTER 9

Ch t 9 M f d S b I I d

19

chemistry modul chapter 9 f4

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