Chemistry In Anatomy

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

Matter All living things are made of matter

Matter has mass and takes up space

Atoms are the building blocks of matter

What do we call different types of atoms?

A substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances

Elements

The Structure of the Atom

Nucleus Protons and Neutrons

Electron Clouds or orbitals Electrons

The Nucleus The Atomic Number of an atom = the

number of protons

The Atomic Mass =The number of protons + the number of neutrons

The Periodic Table

Organizes all of the known elements

Oxygen

8

15.999

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass

The major element’s of living organisms

Page 31 in your book

C, H, O, N make up 90% of the human body.

How are atoms structured? Nucleus = protons and neutrons. Orbitals/electron cloud = electrons The number of protons = the atomic

number The number or electrons = the atomic

number.

Compounds

Elements can combine to form compounds A pure substance made of 2 or more

different elements combined

Examples:

Water = H2O

Carbon dioxide = CO2

Glucose = C6H12O6

Acids, Bases, and pH acid—a substance that donates hydrogen

ions, H+, to form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water.

-taste sour

-turn blue litmus paper red

-corrode metal

-conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Bases a substance that either contains hydroxide

ions, OH-, or reacts with water to formhydroxide ions.

-bitter taste-slippery-conduct electricity-turns red litmus paper blue-very dangerous if not dilute

Measuring acids and bases pH—a measure of the hydronium ion

concentration in a solution

enzymes in your body work in a narrow pH range

an abnormal pH is a sign of health problems

pH Values range from 0-14

-neutral solutions are 7

-acids 0-7

-bases 7-14

The Building Blocks of Life

Macromolecules

Basic Biochemistry TerminologyBasic Biochemistry Terminology

Monomer = single unit which makes Monomer = single unit which makes up a larger moleculeup a larger molecule

Polymer = Long chain of repeating Polymer = Long chain of repeating monomersmonomers

The Four Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monomer = Monomer =

monosaccharide monosaccharide (glucose)(glucose)

Polymer = polysaccharidePolymer = polysaccharide Quick energy source for Quick energy source for

production of ATPproduction of ATP Source = breads, pasta, Source = breads, pasta,

sweets.sweets. Complex or SimpleComplex or Simple

Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen 1:2:1 ratio of elements Carbohydrates are

sugars Used for Energy Cellulose – Plant walls Chitin – Insect shells,

fungus bodies

1. Monosaccharide – fructose & glucose

2. Disaccharide – two monosaccahrides bonded – sucrose

3. Polysaccharide – many monosaccahrides bonded – starch, glycogen, cellulose

LipidsLipids Monomer = triglycerideMonomer = triglyceride Polymer = steroid, Polymer = steroid,

phospholipidphospholipid Lipids used for long term Lipids used for long term

energy storageenergy storage Steroids = chemical Steroids = chemical

messengermessenger Phospholipid =cell Phospholipid =cell

membranemembrane

Lipids Composed of Carbon and hydrogen Waxes, Fats and oils Nonpolar - Insoluble in water Used for energy storage, insulation, and

protective coverings Major component of membranes

surrounding cells called a phospholipid Steroids – cholesterol and hormones

Nucleic Acids Complex macromolecule that stores cellular

information in the form of a code. Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,

phosphorus, and hydrogen Polymer made of smaller units called

nucleotides Nucleotides contain a nitrogen base, a sugar, and

a phosphate group 2 types

DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

ProteinsProteins

Monomer = amino Monomer = amino acidsacids

Polymer = polypeptidePolymer = polypeptide Main component of Main component of

most tissues and cells most tissues and cells in the bodyin the body

Source = meats, dairy, Source = meats, dairy, peanuts, soypeanuts, soy

Proteins Essential to all life – the primary building

block of life Large complex polymer composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur

Amino Acids are the building blocks 20 common amino acids

2nd major component of cell membranes

Reactions between biomoleculesReactions between biomolecules

Synthesis reaction – Synthesis reaction – formation of bond formation of bond between monomers between monomers stores energy (ie. stores energy (ie. Dehydration synthesis)Dehydration synthesis)

Decomposition reaction – Decomposition reaction – breaking of bond releases breaking of bond releases stored energy (ie. stored energy (ie. Hydrolysis)Hydrolysis)

Types of energyTypes of energy Kinetic – energy of motionKinetic – energy of motion

Potential – energy which is stored/has not yet Potential – energy which is stored/has not yet been appliedbeen applied

In the body, potential energy is stored as glucose In the body, potential energy is stored as glucose moleculemolecule

Kinetic energy is when that glucose molecule is Kinetic energy is when that glucose molecule is used to form ATP, and perform work in the cellused to form ATP, and perform work in the cell

Calories/KilocaloriesCalories/Kilocalories

Measure of the amount Measure of the amount of energy in a foodof energy in a food

Can be used by the Can be used by the body to perform workbody to perform work

If not used, is stored by If not used, is stored by the body as glycogen, the body as glycogen, or eventually fator eventually fat

Enzymes – Special Proteins Chemical reactions require specific

temperature and environmental requirements that are often not found in the human body

An enzyme enables molecules called substrates, to undergo a chemical change to form a new substance

Enzymes Features Enzymes speed up chemical reactions but

do not take place in the reaction and are not changed by the reaction.

Do not make a reaction occur that would not occur on its own

Enzymes are reusable Enzymes are specific to their substrate

Energy of Reactions Activation Energy – the minimum amount of

energy needed to cause a reaction to happen

Enzymes lower the activation energy of many reactions that take place in the body

Types of Enzymes Amylase – Breaks down sugars Catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide

in the blood and in cells DNA polymerase – helps to make copies of

DNA Lactase – Breaks down lactose (milk

sugars) in the digestive tract

The Lock and Key Mechanism of Enzymes

Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity

Carbohydrates What: Sugars Elements: C, H, O 3 classes: Monosaccharides

Ex.) Glucose, fructose Disaccharides

Ex.) Sucrose Polysaccharides

Ex.) Cellulose, starch Function: Energy

Nucleic Acids What they do: Store and transmit

genetic information. Elements: C, N, O, P, H Subunit: Nucleotide

Nitrogen base Sugar Phosphate group

Ex.) DNA & RNA

Lipids What: Waxes, Fats, Oils Elements: C, H Function: Stores energy, protective

layers, insulation 1st major component of cell membranes Examples: Hormones, cholesterol.

Proteins

Essential to all life. Made up of amino acids. Elements: C, H, O, N and sometimes S Function: Building block of life 2nd major component of cell

membranes Example: enzymes

Diffusion random movement of particles from an area

of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration resulting in an even distribution.

Dynamic Equilibrium result of diffusion where there is continuous

movement of particles but no overall change in concentration.