chemistry - elements compounds mixtures teachers

7/23/2019 Chemistry - Elements Compounds Mixtures Teachers

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Elements and

Compounds and

Mixtures



Categorise these



Solid, liquid, gas

Has mass and occupyspace



Classify Matter



Matter is a substance thatMatter is a substance that

occupies space and has mass.occupies space and has mass.

The basic building block of matter The basic building block of matteris atoms.is atoms.

Elements are made up of atomsElements are made up of atoms



hat is an element!

"n"n elementelement is theis the simplestsimplest formform of aof a

substance #hichsubstance #hich cannotcannot bebe brokenbroken do#ndo#n further byfurther by chemical meanschemical means..

Sulfur Mercury



$eriodic table

The periodic table sho#s the The periodic table sho#s the

elementselements arrangedarranged according toaccording to

theirtheir

protonproton

numbersnumbers

.

.



$eriodic table

Hori%ontal ro#sHori%ontal ro#s of elements areof elements are

calledcalled periodsperiods..

&ertical columns&ertical columns of elements areof elements arecalledcalled groupsgroups..

Elements in theElements in the same periodsame period ha'eha'e

the same number ofthe same number of

electronelectron

shellsshells..

Elements in theElements in the same columnsame column ha'eha'e

similar chemical propertiessimilar chemical properties..



Changes in a periodfrom left to right

The The protonproton numbernumber increasesincreases..

The The elementselements change fromchange from

metallicmetallic toto non(metallicnon(metallic.. The The statestate of the element changesof the element changes

fromfrom solidsolid toto liquidliquid toto gasgas..



Test yourself

)ocate element at)ocate element at

$eriod *, group &+++ - He$eriod *, group &+++ - He

$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod 0, group ++ Ca$eriod 0, group ++ Ca

here is the elementhere is the element

oxygen period1 , group &+oxygen period1 , group &+sodium period /, 2roupsodium period /, 2roup

+3333333333333333 +3333333333333333



Elements

There are There are **4 elements**4 elements,,51 #hich are found51 #hich are found naturallynaturally

and the restand the rest man(mademan(made..

There are There are more metallic elementsmore metallic elements than non(than non(metallic elementsmetallic elements

Metalloids are elements #hich possessMetalloids are elements #hich possess

properties of 67TH metals and non(metals.properties of 67TH metals and non(metals.



Elements

The The most abundantmost abundant element in theelement in the

uni'erse isuni'erse is hydrogenhydrogen, follo#ed by, follo#ed by

heliumhelium andand oxygenoxygen..

Hydrogen

Oxygen



Chemical Symbols

EachEach elementelement is represented by ais represented by a

chemical symbolchemical symbol..

The The 8rst letter8rst letter of a chemicalof a chemicalsymbol is al#ayssymbol is al#ays capitalisedcapitalised andand

thethe secondsecond is inis in lo#er caselo#er case..

9a9a



Chemical symbols

ElementElement +ron+ron

MagnesiumMagnesium MercuryMercury 9itrogen9itrogen 7xygen7xygen

$otassium$otassium Sil'erSil'er SodiumSodium Tungsten Tungsten

SymbolsSymbols :e:e MgMg HgHg 99 77

; ; "g"g 9a9a



Ho# do #e classifyelements!

ShinyShiny HighHigh densitydensity HighHigh meltingmelting andand boilingboiling

pointpoint 2ood2ood conductorconductor ofof heatheat

andand electricityelectricity MalleableMalleable andand ductileductile Sonorous<tinkles #henSonorous<tinkles #hen

being hit=being hit=

>ull>ull )o#)o# densitydensity )o#)o# meltingmelting andand

boiling pointboiling point

$oor$oor conductorconductor ofof heatheat andand electricityelectricity

9on(malleable<brittle=9on(malleable<brittle= andand

non(ductilenon(ductile

Elements

Metals Non-metals



FIND OUT MOREE-LEARNING HW

>isco'er more about the elements. :ind out their properties and uses.>isco'er more about the elements. :ind out their properties and uses.

$roperties refer to its appearance, meltingboiling points etc.$roperties refer to its appearance, meltingboiling points etc.

?ou should research on the element #ith ?ou should research on the element #ith proton numberproton number that match yourthat match your registerregisterno.no.

E.g.E.g.

@egister no. 5 should research on beryllium or Auorine!@egister no. 5 should research on beryllium or Auorine!

" :luorine" :luorine



At the end of the lesson, are you able to:

• Define Elements, Compounds and Mixtures• To differentiate between metals and non-metals

based on their physical properties • To know how compounds are formed from

elements

• To distinguish among elements, compounds andmixture



DISCOVERED IN 1811

+odine

H!SICAL ROERTIES

Black solid at room conditionsMelting point: 386.6 K (113.5 oC)

Boiling point: 45 K (184 oC)

!ndergo s"#limation

$ocated at %ro"p &'' eriod 5 on t*e eriodic +a#le

USES

*ttp:,,---.glo#al*ealingcenter.com,nat"ral*ealt*,"ses/oriodine,

0terilising agent /or e.g. in -o"nds

ig*ting #acteria in e.g. con2"ctiits

antioidant



Bses of elements

Silicon chipsSilicon chips

Copper pipesCopper pipes

MercuryMercury

thermometerthermometer

2raphite in pencils2raphite in pencils

http://www.gordonheating.co.uk/sites/30/images/gordon_heating_pipes.jpg

http://images.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://www.techshout.com/images/intel-silicon-hybrid-laser-.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.techshout.com/hardware/2006/19/hybrid-silicon-laser-chip-developed-by-intel/&h=281&w=300&sz=13&hl=en&start=9&tbnid=orSYQPxBQj-FiM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsilicon%2Bchips%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den



Class #ork

orkbk $g /5(01orkbk $g /5(01



*ttp:,,---.o"t"#e.com,-atc*79e&;tp<=/eat"re7related

0tate o/ Magnesi"m: solid

Colo"r:siler gre0tate o/ ogen: gaseo"s

Colo"r: colo"rless

0odi"m c*loridesodi"m and c*lorine

>itrogen dioide: nitrogen and ogen

Copper c*loride: copper and c*lorine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz9eV-EWtpY&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz9eV-EWtpY&feature=related



Compounds and theirelements

CompoundsCompounds

Sodium chlorideSodium chloride,,

9aCl9aCl

Silicon dioxideSilicon dioxide,, Si7Si711

aterater,, HH1177

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide,, C7C711

ElementsElements

SodiumSodium andand chlorinechlorine

SiliconSilicon andand oxygenoxygen

HydrogenHydrogen andand oxygenoxygen

CarbonCarbon andand oxygenoxygen



Ho# do #e obtain elementsfrom compounds!

"" compoundcompound cancan

bebe broken do#nbroken do#n

into its elementsinto its elementsby chemicalby chemical

meansmeans

e.g.e.g. electrolysiselectrolysis..



$roperties of compounds

Compounds areCompounds are formedformed inin chemicalchemical reactionsreactions..

" compound can only be" compound can only be broken do#nbroken do#n

into simpler substances byinto simpler substances by chemicalchemicalmeansmeans..

" compounds has" compounds has propertiesproperties diDerentdiDerent

from its components.from its components. The The compositioncomposition of a compoundof a compound

consists ofconsists of elements in 8xedelements in 8xed

proportionsproportions.. H2O



Electrolysis

+n the+n the electrolysiselectrolysis of #ater,of #ater, #ater#ater isis broken do#nbroken do#n into its elements,into its elements,

hydrogenhydrogen andand oxygenoxygen..

iD b



>iDerences bet#eenelements and compounds

ElementsElements

Simplest form of aSimplest form of a

substance #hichsubstance #hichcannot be brokencannot be brokendo#n further bydo#n further bychemical means.chemical means.

Made of one type ofMade of one type ofatom.atom.

CompoundsCompounds

Made of t#o or moreMade of t#o or more

elements chemicallyelements chemicallycombined together.combined together.

Made of t#o or moreMade of t#o or morediDerent types ofdiDerent types of

atoms.atoms.

l



elements

MetalsMetals Non-metalsNon-metals

NameName SymbolSymbol PhysicalPhysical

StateState NameName SymbolSymbol

PhysicalPhysical

StateState

aluminium Al solid argon Ar gas

calcium Ca solid bromine Br liquid

copper Cu solid carbon C solid

iron Fe Solid chlorine Cl gas

magnesium Mg Solid hydrogen H gas

mercury Hg Liquid iodine I solid

potassium K Solid nitrogen N gas

sodium Na Solid oxygen gas

!inc "n Solid sul#ur S solid



Can you differnetiate the diagram

particle of#ater

particle ofoxygen

particle ofhyrdogen

element

element

combustion

Compound( #atermixtur

e

?@ A@?@

A@

?@A



Test yourself

)ocate element at)ocate element at

$eriod *, group &+++ - He$eriod *, group &+++ - He

$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod 0, group ++ Ca$eriod 0, group ++ Ca

here is the elementhere is the element

oxygen $eriod 1 2roup &+oxygen $eriod 1 2roup &+

sodium $eriod / 2roup +sodium $eriod / 2roup +



Mixtures

http://www.topshelfsweetsngifts.com/Deluxe%20Mixture%20Website%20Photo%2010-20-05.jpg



Classifying matter

Matter

Pure substances Mixtures

Elements Comounds

ied melting =

#oiling pta

Melt = #oil oer

a range o/temperat"re



hat is a mixture!

" mixture is a substance made up" mixture is a substance made up

of t#o or more substancesof t#o or more substances

<consisting of elements,<consisting of elements,

compounds or both= #hich are notcompounds or both= #hich are not

chemically combined.chemically combined.



hat is an alloy!

"n alloy is a mixture of t#o or more"n alloy is a mixture of t#o or more

metals or a metal and a small amountmetals or a metal and a small amount

of non(metal.of non(metal.

"lloys are stronger and harder than"lloys are stronger and harder thanpure metalspure metals



hat is brass!

6rass is an alloy of copper and6rass is an alloy of copper and

%inc%inc



hat is bron%e!

6ron%e is an alloy of copper and6ron%e is an alloy of copper and

tintin



hat is air!

"ir is a mixture of nitrogen,"ir is a mixture of nitrogen,

oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,

#ater 'apour and other gases.#ater 'apour and other gases.

Car#on dioide CA@

>itrogen >@

Agen A@

;ater ?@A



$roperties of Mixtures

9o chemical reaction takes place9o chemical reaction takes place

9o energy is exchanged #ith the9o energy is exchanged #ith the

surroundingssurroundings

" mixture has properties of its" mixture has properties of its

constituentsconstituents

The constituents can combine in The constituents can combine in

any proportionany proportion

" mixture can be separated by" mixture can be separated by

physical methodsphysical methods

>iD b d



>iDerences bet#een compoundsand mixtures



ElementElement 6asic building6asic building

block of matterblock of matter

Cannot beCannot bebroken do#nbroken do#ninto simplerinto simplersubstances bysubstances bychemicalchemical

reactionsreactions Made up of oneMade up of one

type of atomtype of atom

CompoundCompound $ure substance$ure substance

containing t#ocontaining t#oor moreor morechemicallychemicallycombinedcombinedelementselements

Can be brokenCan be broken

do#n intodo#n intosimplersimpler

substances bysubstances bychemicalchemicalreactionsreactions

Made of t#o orMade of t#o ormore diDerentmore diDerent

types of atomstypes of atoms

MixtureMixture Made up of t#o orMade up of t#o or

moremoresubstances#hich aresubstances#hich arenot chemicallynot chemically

combinedcombined Can be separatedCan be separated

into its constituentsinto its constituentsby physicalby physical

Made up of t#o orMade up of t#o or

more constituentsmore constituentscombined in anycombined in anyproportionproportion



Classify the items into Elements,Compounds and Mixture

*.*. 7ilM7ilM

1.1. Copper sulfateCompound<Cu,S,7=Copper sulfateCompound<Cu,S,7=

/./.

Sodium chloride Compound <9a,Sodium chloride Compound <9a,Cl=Cl=

0.0. "luminium foil E"luminium foil E

.. Copper #ireECopper #ireE

4.4. SulfurESulfurE

F.F. SugarC<C,H,7=SugarC<C,H,7=

G.G. +odineE+odineE

A#sera#le trends: onl

elements and compo"nds *ae

c*emical /orm"las. lements aremade "p o/ one tpe o/ elements

-*ile compo"nds *ae @ or

more elements in t*em.



Separation Techniques

The constituents of a mixture can be The constituents of a mixture can be

separated by physical methodsseparated by physical methods

Each separation technique makes useEach separation technique makes use

of a diDerence in physical propertyof a diDerence in physical propertybet#een the constituents to separatebet#een the constituents to separate

themthem



Magnetic attraction

+ron is a magnetic+ron is a magnetic

materialmaterial

+t can be separated+t can be separated

from non(magneticfrom non(magnetic

materials likematerials likesulphur usingsulphur using

magnetic attractionmagnetic attraction

7ther magnetic7ther magnetic

materials includematerials includesteel, cobalt andsteel, cobalt and

nickelnickel

+nsert picture of+nsert picture of

separation of ironseparation of iron

and sulphur byand sulphur by

magnet from $gmagnet from $g5/I5/I

+nsert picture of+nsert picture of

separation ofseparation of

magnetic #astemagnetic #astefrom $g5/Ifrom $g5/I



:iltration

)arge particles can be separated from smaller)arge particles can be separated from smaller

particles by 8ltration.particles by 8ltration.

Strainers and 8lters are used to separate largeStrainers and 8lters are used to separate large

particles from smaller ones as the largeparticles from smaller ones as the large

particles cannot pass through the small holesparticles cannot pass through the small holesof the 8lters and strainers.of the 8lters and strainers.



:iltration

:iltration is one of:iltration is one of

the stages tothe stages to

purify #ater in apurify #ater in a

#ater treatment#ater treatmentplant.plant.

The hair in our The hair in our

noses trap andnoses trap and

8lter dust and dirt8lter dust and dirtfrom the air thatfrom the air that

#e breathe in.#e breathe in.



E'aporation

Salt can beSalt can be

separated fromseparated from

salt #ater bysalt #ater by

e'aporating a#aye'aporating a#ayall the #ater fromall the #ater from

the salt solution.the salt solution.

The salt that is The salt that is

left behind isleft behind iscalled thecalled the

residue.residue.



E'aporation

Sea #ater is leftSea #ater is left

to e'aporateto e'aporate

under the sun inunder the sun in

salt pans.salt pans. hen the #aterhen the #ater

has e'aporated,has e'aporated,

salt #ill be leftsalt #ill be left

behind in thebehind in thepans.pans.



Solute aSolute a

substance thatsubstance that

dissol'es in adissol'es in a

sol'ent.sol'ent.

Sol'ent is aSol'ent is a

substance thatsubstance that

dissol'es adissol'es a

solute. E.g. #ater,solute. E.g. #ater,alcoholalcohol



>istillation

>istillation is used to>istillation is used to

separate a liquid fromseparate a liquid froma solution or toa solution or to

separate a liquid fromseparate a liquid from

a mixture of liquids.a mixture of liquids. The mixture is 8rst The mixture is 8rst

heated to formheated to form

'apours, then'apours, thencondensed to formcondensed to form

liquids.liquids.

The liquid that is The liquid that iscollected is called thecollected is called the

distillate.distillate.



>istillation

>istillation can be>istillation can be

used inused in

desalination todesalination to

obtained pureobtained pure#ater from sea#ater from sea

#ater.#ater.

)arge amounts of)arge amounts of

energy areenergy arerequired to heatrequired to heat

and 'apourise theand 'apourise the

#ater.#ater.



>istillation

+n the perfume+n the perfume

industry,industry,

distillation is useddistillation is used

to extractto extractfragrances fromfragrances from

plants.plants.

The fragrant oil is The fragrant oil is

the distillatethe distillate



:ractional distillation

:ractional distillation:ractional distillationis a form of distillationis a form of distillationused to separate t#oused to separate t#oore more liquids #ithore more liquids #ith

diDerent boilingdiDerent boilingpointspoints into diDerentinto diDerentfractions usingfractions usingfractionating to#ersfractionating to#ersor columns.or columns.

hen crude oil ishen crude oil isheated, theheated, theconstituents boil andconstituents boil andare collectedare collectedseparately.separately.




:ractional distillationof crude oil




:ractional distillationof liquid air

The diDerent The diDerent

gases that makegases that make

up air areup air are

separated byseparated byfractionalfractional

distillationdistillation

)iquid air is boiled)iquid air is boiled

condensed andcondensed andcollectedcollected

separately.separately.



@e'erse osmosis

@e'erse osmosis is a method used to obtain@e'erse osmosis is a method used to obtain

pure #ater by pushing #aste #ater through apure #ater by pushing #aste #ater through a

partially permeable membrane.partially permeable membrane.

)arger particles like salt, micro(organisms and)arger particles like salt, micro(organisms and

other impurities cannot pass through the smallother impurities cannot pass through the smallholes of the membrane.holes of the membrane.



9Eater

To be self To be self

suJcient in itssuJcient in its

#ater supply,#ater supply,

Singapore hasSingapore hasde'elopedde'eloped

technology usingtechnology using

re'erse osmosisre'erse osmosis

to reclaim #asteto reclaim #aste#ater and#ater and

desalinate seadesalinate sea

#ater.#ater.

http://images.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://he.ecitizen.gov.sg/images/yourlivingenvironment/newater_bottles.gif&imgrefurl=http://he.ecitizen.gov.sg/env_useful_newater.htm&h=142&w=186&sz=18&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=AI3JfOKcHrM23M:&tbnh=78&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNEWater%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

http://images.google.com.sg/imgres?imgurl=http://he.ecitizen.gov.sg/images/yourlivingenvironment/newater_bottles.gif&imgrefurl=http://he.ecitizen.gov.sg/env_useful_newater.htm&h=142&w=186&sz=18&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=AI3JfOKcHrM23M:&tbnh=78&tbnw=102&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNEWater%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den



Chromatography

$aper$aperchromatography canchromatography canbe used to separatebe used to separateand identify theand identify thediDerent componentsdiDerent components

in mixtures such asin mixtures such asfood colourings orfood colourings orinks.inks.

The components are The components areseparated as theyseparated as theymo'e along the 8ltermo'e along the 8lterpaper at diDerentpaper at diDerentrates.rates.



= Heat up the 8ltrate to e'aporate oD the= Heat up the 8ltrate to e'aporate oD the

#ater#ater

4= >ry the copper<++= sulfate bet#een 8lter4= >ry the copper<++= sulfate bet#een 8lter

paperpaper >ry the sand bet#een 8lter paper>ry the sand bet#een 8lter paper

h h



Chromatography

Ch h



Chromatography

The unkno#n constituents of a mixture can be The unkno#n constituents of a mixture can be

identi8ed by comparing the chromatogram ofidenti8ed by comparing the chromatogram of

the mixture #ith those of kno#n substances.the mixture #ith those of kno#n substances.

$i f



$icture references

SulphurSulphur http###.dkimages.comdisco'erpre'ie#s50FG--*Ghttp###.dkimages.comdisco'erpre'ie#s50FG--*G

00.K$200.K$2

MercuryMercury

httplansce.lanl.go'training:ST1--0images-0merchttplansce.lanl.go'training:ST1--0images-0mercury3*-10.Lpgury3*-10.Lpg

Mercury thermometerMercury thermometer http###.northernbre#er.compicsfullsi%elab(http###.northernbre#er.compicsfullsi%elab(

thermometer.Lpgthermometer.Lpg

$encil$encil http###.pencilcraft.com$encil/.Lpghttp###.pencilcraft.com$encil/.Lpg $eriodic table$eriodic table httpeprentice.sdsu.eduS-/1terheydenperiodictablhttpeprentice.sdsu.eduS-/1terheydenperiodictabl

e0.gif e0.gif http###.chem.#isc.eduareasreichhandoutsperiodihttp###.chem.#isc.eduareasreichhandoutsperiodi

c(table.2+:c(table.2+:

$i f

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/947/80018445.JPG




http://lansce.lanl.gov/training/FST2004/images04/mercury_1024.jpg










$icture references

ElectrolysisElectrolysis httpelectrochemistry.na'aLo.c%electrochemistry(httpelectrochemistry.na'aLo.c%electrochemistry(

55.Lpg55.Lpg http###.rustyiron.comengineselectrolysiselectrolyshttp###.rustyiron.comengineselectrolysiselectrolys

is.Lpgis.Lpg

HydrogenHydrogen httpsitemaker.umich.edusection0group*8leshydroghttpsitemaker.umich.edusection0group*8leshydrog

en.Lpgen.Lpg 7xygen7xygen http###.rsbs.anu.edu.au71+mages7?2E93copyrihttp###.rsbs.anu.edu.au71+mages7?2E93copyri

ghtN1-@;M(com.LpgghtN1-@;M(com.Lpg SiliconSilicon http###.techshout.comimagesintel(silicon(hybrid(http###.techshout.comimagesintel(silicon(hybrid(

laser(.Lpglaser(.Lpg Copper pipesCopper pipes http###.gordonheating.co.ukdefault.asp!pageO/Fhttp###.gordonheating.co.ukdefault.asp!pageO/F

$i t f



$icture references

Cooking gasCooking gas

httpleDortcamerounais.typepad.httpleDortcamerounais.typepad.

comphotosuncategori%edcookingcomphotosuncategori%edcooking

ga%.gifga%.gif

aterater

http###.arroyoseco.orgimageshttp###.arroyoseco.orgimages#ater3drop.Lpg#ater3drop.Lpg

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