chemistry chapter 1 assesment

7/21/2019 Chemistry Chapter 1 Assesment

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chemistry-chapter-1-assesment 1/5

Introduction to Chemistry 33

CHAPTER

1 Study Guide

Study Tip

Study with a friend Encourage stu-

dents to find a study partner. Tell themto review each section and quiz each

other on the key concepts. Suggestthat they separately create a summary

for each section, then compare notes.

withChemASAP

If your class subscribes to the Inter-active Textbook, your students cango online to access an interactiveversion of the Student Edition and a

self-test.

Chapter ResourcesPrint

Core Teaching Resources, Chapter 1

Practice Problems, Vocabulary Review , Quiz ,

Chapter Test A , Chapter Test B

Technology

Computer Test Bank, Chapter 1 Test

Interactive Textbook with ChemASAP, Chapter 1

Study Guide 33

CHAPTER

1 Study Guide

Key Concepts

withChemASAP

chemistry

hypothesis

observation theory

scientific law

Vocabulary

Organizing Information

scientificmethod

experiment

• analytical chemistry (p. 8)

• applied chemistry (p. 9)

• biochemistry (p. 8)

• biotechnology (p. 14)

• chemistry (p. 7)

• experiment (p. 22)

• hypothesis (p. 22)

• inorganic chemistry (p. 8)

• macroscopic (p. 12)

• matter (p. 7)

• microscopic (p. 12)

• manipulated variable (p. 22)

• observation (p. 22)

• organic chemistry (p. 8)

• physical chemistry (p. 8)

• pollutant (p. 16)

• pure chemistry (p. 9)

• responding variable (p. 22)

• scientific law (p. 23)

• scientific method (p. 22)

• technology (p. 9)

• theory (p. 23)

Concept Map 1 Solve theConcept Map with the help ofan interactive guided tutorial.

1.1 Chemistry

• Because living and nonliving things are

made of matter, chemistry affects all aspectsof life and most natural events.

• Chemistry can be divided into five traditionalareas of study: organic chemistry, inorganicchemistry, biochemistry, analyticalchemistry, and physical chemistry.

• Pure research can lead directly to an appli-cation, but an application can exist beforeresearch is done to explain how it works.

• Chemistry can be useful in explainingthe natural world, preparing people forcareer opportunities, and producinginformed citizens.

1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide

• Chemists design materials to fit specificneeds. Chemists play an essential role infinding ways to conserve energy, produceenergy, and store energy.

• Chemists supply the medicines, materials,and technology that doctors use to treatpatients. Chemists help to develop moreproductive crops and safer, more effective

ways to protect crops.

• Chemists help to identify pollutants andprevent pollution.

• To study the universe, chemists gather datafrom afar and analyze matter that is broughtback to Earth.

1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist

• Alchemists developed tools and techniquesfor working with chemicals.

• Lavoisier helped to transform chemistryfrom a science of observation to the scienceof measurement that it is today.

• Steps in the scientific method includemaking observations, testing hypotheses,and developing theories.

• When scientists collaborate and commu-nicate, they increase the likelihood of asuccessful outcome.

1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

• Effective problem solving always involvesdeveloping a plan and then implementingthe plan.

• The steps for solving a numeric word prob-lem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. Thesteps for solving a conceptual problem areanalyze and solve.

Use these terms to construct a

concept map that organizes themajor ideas of this chapter.

http://chpp1.pdf/

http://chvr1.pdf/

http://ctqu1.pdf/

http://chcta1.pdf/

http://chctb1.pdf/

http://chctb1.pdf/

http://chcta1.pdf/

http://ctqu1.pdf/

http://chvr1.pdf/

http://chpp1.pdf/



34 Chapter 1

ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER

1

34. Although air is “invisible,” it has

mass and occupies space.35. Chemistry is concerned with the

changes that matter undergoes.

36. Organic chemistry is the study ofchemicals that contain carbon; inor-ganic chemistry is the study of chem-

icals that do not contain carbon.

37. pure chemistry; His experimentstested a hypothesis of anotherchemist. His results led to appliedchemistry—the large-scale pro-

duction of nylon.38. The group of chemicals in the

body that produce pain are also

involved in the formation of bloodclots. Aspirin blocks the produc-

tion of these chemicals.39. A firefighter needs to know which

chemicals to use to fight different

types of fires; knowledge of chem-istry will help a reporter gather

information during an interviewwith a chemist.

40. In a macroscopic view you can see

an object like a burr with the un-aided eye; to observe the tiny hooks

on a burr’s surface requires magnifi-cation (a microscopic view).41. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat

flow. If heat flow is reduced,energy is conserved.

42. to understand the structure of

matter found in cells and chemicalchanges that occur in cells

43. gene therapy and production ofchemicals such as insulin

44. Testing reveals if soil contains theright chemicals to grow a crop andsuggests way to improve soil.

45. A pollutant is a material found in

air, soil, or water that is harmful toliving organisms.

46. Lead poisoning can cause nervoussystem damage, especially ingrowing children.

47. by analyzing the light they transmitto Earth

48. They based their conclusions on experi-

mental evidence.49. the scientific method50. to test a hypothesis

51. c52. The manipulated variable is changed dur-

ing an experiment; the responding variable

is observed during an experiment.53. Repeat the experiment. If you get the same

result, you must propose a new hypothesis.54. A scientific law summarizes the results of

many experiments; a theory explains them.

55. to share knowledge across disciplines and

resources between industry and academia56. b, c, and d57. developing a plan and implementing that

plan58. Step 1, analyze

59. 54 games (one third of 163)

60. 4320 times an hour, 103,680 times a day61. 12 days

34 Chapter 1

CHAPTER

1 Assessment

Reviewing Content

1.1 Chemistry

34. Explain why air is classified as matter.35. The Japanese characters for chemistry literally

mean “change study.” Why are these appropriate

characters to represent chemistry?

36. Describe the main difference between inorganic

chemistry and organic chemistry.

37. Was Wallace Carothers doing pure chemistry or

applied chemistry when he discovered nylon?

Explain your answer.

38. Explain how chemists were able to connect the

ability of aspirin to relieve pain to its ability to

reduce the risk of a heart attack.

39. Why would a firefighter or a reporter need to

understand chemistry?

1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide40. George de Mestral used burrs as a model for

his hook-and-loop tapes. Using burrs as an

example, explain the difference between

a macroscopic and a microscopic view

of matter.

41. How does the use of insulation help to

conserve energy?

42. What is the overall goal of scientists who work

with biotechnology?

43. Describe two ways that biotechnology can be

used to treat diseases.

44. How can testing soil help to increase the

productivity of farmland?

45. What is a pollutant?

46. Why is it important that young children not be

exposed to lead-based paint?

47. How can scientists study the composition of

distant stars?

1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist

48. What did the scientists who founded the RoyalSociety of London share with Lavoisier?

49. What is the most powerful tool that any scientist

can have?

50. What is the purpose of an experiment?

51. Which of the following is not a part of the

scientific method?

a. hypothesis b. experiment

c. guess d. theory

52. How do a manipulated variable and a

responding variable differ?

53. You perform an experiment and get unexpectedresults. According to the scientific method, what

should you do next?

54. Explain how the results of many exper iments can

lead to both a scientific law and a theory.

55. List two general reasons why scientists are likely

to collaborate.

1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

56. Identify the statements that correctly describe

good problem solvers.

a. Read a problem only once.

b. Check their work.

c. Look up missing facts.

d. Look for relationships among the data.

57. What do effective problem-solving strategies

have in common?

58. In which step of the three-step problem-solving

approach for numeric problems is a problem-

solving strategy developed?

59. On the average, a baseball team wins two out of

every three games it plays. How many games will

this team lose in a 162-game season?

60. If your heart beats at an average rate of 72 times

per minute, how many times will your heart beat

in an hour? In a day?

61. How many days would it take you to count a

million pennies if you could count one penny

each second?




62. Answers will vary, but possible

answers are 1c, 2d, 3e, 4b, and 5a.63. Answers will vary but should dem-

onstrate an understanding that

chemistry is the study of matterand the changes it undergoes.

64. One possible answer is develop-

ment of the materials to producean artificial limb.

65. Students are likely to choose bio-chemist because biochemistry is thestudy of processes that take place in

organisms. However, a studentmight choose physical chemist

because physical chemistry includesthe study of energy transfer as mat-ter undergoes a change.

66. The doctor’s hypothesis is that thesore throat is the result of bacteriathat cause strep throat. She tests

the hypothesis by testing a samplefor the presence of the bacteria.

67. Your experiment may be correct, butyour hypothesis may be wrong. Youshould reexamine your hypothesis

and repeat the experiment.68. a. The manipulated variable is the

temperature of the basketball. The

responding variable is the heightof the basketball’s bounce.

b. The method for dropping thebasketball before it bounces; themethod for measuring the height

of the bounce69. Answers will vary but should

reflect knowledge of the steps ina scientific method includingmaking observations and testing

hypotheses.70. a. amount of salt added b. freez-

ing point c. Changing the volume

of the water would also changethe concentration of the salt solu-

tion and affect the results. d. Yes,to a point. The freezing pointappears to be leveling off at about

15°C.71. 300 miles

Understanding Concepts

Assessment 35

62. Match each area of chemistry with a numbered

statement.

a. physical chemistry b. organic chemistry

c. analytical chemistry d. inorganic chemistry

e. biochemistry

(1) Measure the level of lead in blood.

(2) Study non-carbon-based chemicals in rocks.

(3) Investigate changes that occur as food is

digested in the stomach.

(4) Study carbon-based chemicals in coal.

(5) Explain the energy transfer that occurs when

ice melts.

63. Explain why chemistry might be useful in a

career you are thinking of pursuing.

Use this photograph of a javelin thrower to answer

Questions 64 and 65.

64. Explain how chemistry has affected the ability

of this athlete to compete.

65. What type of chemist might study how an

athlete uses energy during a competition?

Give a reason for your answer.

66. A doctor examines a patient’s sore throat and

suggests that the patient has strep throat. She

takes a sample to test for the bacteria that cause

strep throat. What parts of the scientific method

is the doctor applying?

67. You perform an experiment and find that the

results do not agree with an accepted theory.

Should you conclude that you made an error

in your procedure? Explain.

68. A student is planning a science fair project

called Does Temperature Affect How High a

Basketball Can Bounce?

a. Based on the project title, identify the

manipulated variable and the respondingvariable.

b. Name at least two factors that would need to

be kept constant during the experiment.

69. Describe a situation in which you used at

least two steps in the scientific method to

solve a problem.

70. Pure water freezes at 0°C. A student wanted to

test the effect of adding salt to the water. The

table shows the data that was collected.

a. What was the manipulated variable?

b. What was the responding variable?

c. Why must the volume of water be the same

for each test?

d. Based on the data, the student hypothesized,

“As more salt is added to water, the tempera-ture of the water decreases.” Is this hypothesis

supported by the data? Explain.

71. In the time a person on a bicycle travels 4 miles,

a person in a car travels 30 miles. Assuming a

constant speed, how far will the car travel while

the bicycle travels 40 miles?

Effect of Salt on Freezing Point of Water

Salt Added Freezing Point

5 g 4.8°C

10 g 9.7°C

15 g 15.1°C

20 g 15.0°C



36 Chapter 1

ASSESSMENTcontinued

CHAPTER

1

72. One possible answer is that withboth areas of study, students

slowly build up a vocabulary and aset of concepts that relate the newterms. Both areas rely on a system-

atic approach—grammar versusthe scientific method. Chemistry

deals with matter and words do

not qualify as matter. Science isindependent of a specific culture;

language varies from culture toculture.

73. A possible answer is that scientists

accept hypotheses that are sup-ported by experimental results

and reject hypotheses that are notsupported by experimental results.

74. a. the brand of paper towel

b. Possible answers include stron-gest, most absorbent, strongest

when wet, largest area per sheet,and easiest to tear from roll.c. Sample answer: The best towel

will absorb the most liquid.d. Possible answers include size ofpaper towel sample, type of liquid,

amount of liquid, method for mea-

suring absorbency, method formeasuring strength.

75. A person who is educated in thetheories and practice of chemistry

would be more likely to recognizethe significance of an accidental

discovery and have the means andmotivation to develop that acci-dental discovery into an important

scientific contribution.

76. Divide the weight of 4 beakers by 2or multiply the weight of 1 beaker

by 2 (2.0 lb/2 or 0.5 lb x 2 = 1 lb).77. A theory can never be proven. It is a

well-tested explanation of a broadset of observations. A theory mayneed to be changed in the future to

explain new observations.78. b

79. Students’ diagrams should show one stringthat is threaded through both holes A andC. The string at hole B is a separate thread

from the string passing through holes Aand C.

80. 150 in.81. 144,000 eggs82. the number of gallons in a barrel

83. a. $1.00 per package b. number ofenvelopes in a package

36 Chapter 1

CHAPTER

1 Assessment continued

Concept ChallengeCritical Thinking

72. Compare and contrast the study of chemistry

with the study of a language.

73. Comment on the idea that science accepts what

works and rejects what does not work.

74. You are asked to design an experiment to answer

the question: “Which paper towel is the best?”

a. What is the manipulated variable in your

experiment?

b. List three possible responding variables that

could be used to define “best”?

c. Pick one of the responding variables and

rewrite the question as a hypothesis.

d. List at least five factors that must be kept

constant when you test the hypothesis.75. Important discoveries in science are sometimes

the result of an accident. Louis Pasteur said,

“Chance favors the prepared mind.” Explain

how both of these statements can be true.

76. Four beakers have a total weight of 2.0 lb. Each

beaker when full holds 0.5 lb of water. Describe

two different methods you could use to calculate

the weight of two full beakers of water. Then try

both methods and compare the answers.

77. Explain what is wrong with the statement,

“Theories are proven by experiments.”78. The air you breathe is composed of about 20%

oxygen and 80% nitrogen. Use your problem

solving skills to decide which drawing best rep-

resents a sample of air. Explain your choice.

Oxygen

a. b.

c. d.

Nitrogen

79. You find a sealed box with strings protruding

from three holes, as shown in the diagram. When

you tug string A, it becomes longer and string Cbecomes shorter. When you tug string B, it

becomes longer, but strings A and C are not

affected. Make a diagram showing the arrange-

ment of the strings inside the box.

80. A certain ball when dropped from any height,

bounces one-half the original height. If the ball

was dropped from a height of 60 in. and allowed

to bounce freely, what is the total distance the

ball has traveled when it hits the ground for the

third time? Assume the ball bounces straight up

and down.

81. Eggs are shipped from the farm to market bytruck. They are packed 12 eggs to a carton and

20 cartons to a box. Four boxes are placed in

each crate. Crates are stacked on a truck 5 crates

wide, 6 crates deep, and 5 crates high. How many

eggs are on a truck?

82. An oil tanker containing 4,000,000 barrels is

emptied at the rate of 5000 gallons per minute.

What information do you need to figure out how

long it would take to empty the tanker?

83. A crate of envelopes sells for $576.00. A package

of envelopes contains 250 envelopes. Six pack-

ages are packed inside a carton. Twelve cartons

are packed in a box. Eight boxes are packed in

a crate.

a. What does a package of envelopes cost?

b. What fact given in the problem was not

needed to calculate the answer?

AB

C




Standardized Test Prep

1. d2. c

3. c4. Contact lenses increase the possi-

bility of eye damage becausechemicals can become trappedbehind a lens. Safety goggles also

protect the eyes from flying debris.5. No food should be eaten in the

laboratory because food maybecome contaminated with atoxic substance.

6. The teacher may modify theinstructions to suit available

equipment or chemicals. Theteacher will stress any safety pre-cautions. Accidents are more likely

to happen when instructions orwarnings are ignored.

7. Analyze the question and the

given information; evaluate theanswer against a reasonable esti-

mate and check the units.8. 1 and 4

9. 2 and 510. 311. true, true, correct explanation12. true, true

13. true, false14. false, true

15. false, false

Standardized Test Prep 37

Test-Taking Tip

Standardized Test Prep

a. physicalb. inorganic

c. analyticald. organic

True-False Questions When the word because is

placed between two statements that may or may

not be true, you need to decide two things. First,

are the statements both true, are they both false,

or is one statement true and the other false. If

both statements are true, you must then decide

if the second statement is a correct explanation

for the first statement.

Select the choice that best answers each question or

completes each statement.

1. The branch of chemistry that studies chemicals

containing carbon is ____ chemistry.

2. An analytical chemist is most likely to

a. explain why paint is stirred before it is used.

b. explain what keeps paint attached to the steel

frame of an automobile.

c. identify the type of paint chips found at the

scene of a hit-and-run accident.

d. investigate the effect of leaded paint on the

development of a young child.

3. Chemists who work in the biotechnology field

are most likely to work witha. X-ray technicians.

b. geologists.

c. physicians.

d. physicists.

Respond to each statement in Questions 4–6.

4. Someone who wears contact lenses does not

have to wear safety goggles in the lab.

5. Eating food that is left over from an experiment

is an alternative to discarding the food.

6. For a student who has read the procedure, the

teacher’s pre-lab instructions are unnecessary.

Use the flowchart to answer Question 7.

7. What should you do before you calculate an

answer to a numeric problem and what should

you do after you calculate the answer?

Use this paragraph to answer Questions 8–10.

(1) On a cold morning, your car does not start.

(2) You say, “Oh no! The battery is dead!”. (3) Your

friend who works on cars uses a battery tester and

finds that the battery has a full charge. (4) Your

friend notices a lot of corrosion on the battery termi-

nals. (5) Your friend says, “Maybe corrosion is caus-

ing a bad connection in the electrical circuit,

preventing the car from starting.” (6) Your friend

cleans the terminals and the car starts.

8. Which statements are observations?

9. Which statements are hypotheses?

10. Which statement describes an experiment?

For each question there are two statements. Decide whether each statement is true

or false. Then decide whether Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I.

Statement I Statement II

11. A hypothesis may be rejected after an

experiment.

BECAUSE Experiments are used to test hypotheses.

12. The supply of fossil fuels is limited. BECAUSE Scientists are always looking for newsources of energy.

13. Theories help you make mental models of

objects that cannot be seen.

BECAUSE Theories summarize the results of many

observations and experiments.

14. Ideally, chemicals used to attack insect

pests should be nonspecific.

BECAUSE Scientists are looking for safer, more effective

ways to protect crops.

15. All Internet sites that provide scientific

information are equally reliable.

BECAUSE All information on these sites is reviewed by

qualified scientists.

Analyze EvaluateCalculate

1 32

chemistry chapter 1 assesment

Documents