chemistry 161 chapter 2 compounds and chemical reactions
DESCRIPTION
CHEMISTRY 161 Chapter 2 Compounds and Chemical Reactions. 1. Structure of an Atom. subatomic particles. electrons (‘cloud’). neutrons (nucleus). protons (nucleus). m(n) / m(e) ≈ 2000 . m(n) > m(p) . 2. Atomic & Mass Number. mass number (number of protons plus neutrons). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHEMISTRY 161
Chapter 2
Compounds and Chemical Reactions
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1. Structure of an Atom
subatomic particles
electrons(‘cloud’)
protons(nucleus)
neutrons(nucleus)
m(n) / m(e) ≈ 2000 m(n) > m(p)
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2. Atomic & Mass Number
AZ Xatomic number
(number of protons)
(number of electrons)
mass number
(number of protons plus neutrons)
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Compounds & Chemical Reactions
1. Compounds
2. The Chemical Formula
3. The Chemical Equation
4. Energy in Chemical Reactions
5. The Name of Chemicals
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1. Compounds
molecular compounds ionic compoundsEXP1
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Molecular Compounds
1. consist of electrically neutral particles called molecules
2. each molecule consists of atoms
3. atoms are connected via electrons
4. connections are called bonds(‘springs’)
EXP2
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Molecular Compounds
Group Period IVA VA VIA VIIA Noble Gas 2 CH4 NH3 H2O HF Ne 3 SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl Ar 4 GeH4 AsH3 H2Se HBr Kr 5 SbH3 H2Te HI Xe
lots of molecules contain hydrogen
EXP3
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H2, He
Jupiter
PH3
CH4
EXP4
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H2, He
Saturn
NH3/PH3
CH4
H2O (s)
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atom(neutral)
add electron(s)
(reduction)
anion(Cl-)(negative charge)
take electron(s)
(oxidation)
cation(Na+)(positive charge)
Ionic Compounds I1. consist of charged particles
2. charged particles are called ions
3. ions are formed by electron transfers from atoms
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Ionic Compounds II
4. ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces
Cl-Na+metal non-metal
NaCl MgO EXP5
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2. The Chemical Formulacollection of chemical symbols used to describe
the composition of elements and compounds
HeEXP6
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F F
F2
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O2
O O
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S8
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N2
N N
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P4
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H2
H H
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2. The Chemical Formulacollection of chemical symbols used to describe
the composition of elements and compounds
NaCl
H2O Fe2O3
CaSO4 2 H2O
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Compounds & Chemical Reactions
1. Compounds
2. The Chemical Formula
3. The Chemical Equation
4. Energy in Chemical Reactions
5. The Name of Chemicals
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3. The Chemical Equation
chemical equation describes what happens in a chemical reaction
chemical reaction is combination of elements and/or compounds
H2 + O2 H2O
balancing & mass conservation
2 2
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3. The Chemical Equation
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
s = solid l = liquid g = gas aq = aqueous solution
2 H2(g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (l)
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1.phosphor with oxygen
2. sulfur with oxygen
Examples
3. methane with oxygen EXP7
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Compounds & Chemical Reactions
1. Compounds
2. The Chemical Formula
3. The Chemical Equation
4. Energy in Chemical Reactions
5. The Name of Chemicals
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4. Energy in Chemical Reactions
a chemical reaction either absorbs or releases
energy(heat or light)
releasing energy (heat) exothermic
absorb energy (heat) endothermic
EXP1/2
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY
energy of an object due to its motion
Ekin = ½ m v2
energy of an object due to its position
Epot = m g h
Etotal = Epot + Ekin = constant
chemical energy is a form of potential energy
EXP3
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Compounds & Chemical Reactions
1. Compounds
2. The Chemical Formula
3. The Chemical Equation
4. Energy in Chemical Reactions
5. The Name of Chemicals
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Organic Compoundscompounds containing mostly hydrogen and carbon
minor amount other elements (N, O, S, P…)
hydrocarbons
H C
alkanes CnH2n+2
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CO2
CO H2O
H2COC4H10
Organic Compounds?
C4H10 combustion
EXP4
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Titan – Saturn’s Largest Moon
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Cassini-Huygens Mission
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Cassini-Huygens Mission
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Inorganic Compounds
binary compounds
compounds consisting of ONLY TWO different elements
NaCl CO2 CaSO4
nomenclature naming compounds
nomen (Latin) = name
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symbol stem first element second element O ox- oxygen oxide S sulf- sulfur sulfide N nitr- nitrogen nitride P phosph- phosphorus phosphide F fluor- fluorine fluoride Cl chlor- chlorine chloride Br brom- bromine bromide I iod- iodine iodide
part one (metal)
part two
English name ofelement
stem + ide
NaCl MgO BeS
Metal (Main Group) + Non-Metal
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ionic compounds
(metal + non-metal)
stem + ide
Nomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain group
metal metal +
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Greek Prefixes mono- = 1 (often omitted) hexa- = 6 di- = 2 hepta- = 7 tri- = 3 octa- = 8 tetra- = 4 nona- = 9 penta- = 5 deca- = 10
PF3 PF5
CO CO2
HCl
NO NO2N2O5
Molecular Compounds
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ionic compounds
(metal + non-metal)
stem + ide
Nomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain group
metal element +
molecular compounds prefix + element + prefix + stem + ide
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ionic compounds
(metal + non-metal)
stem + ide
Nomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain group
metal
trans. group
metal
element +
molecular compounds prefix + element + prefix + stem + ide
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ionic compounds
cations & anions
Mn+ Em-
metalstransition metals
nonmetals
compounds must be electrically neutral
charge state of ions
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-/+3/5 -2 -1 0+1 +2 +3
-/+2/4
K2S CaCl2
main group metals – always start with cation
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Chromium Cr2+, Cr3+ Zinc Zn2+ Manganese Mn2+, Mn3+ Silver Ag+ Iron Fe2+, Fe3+ Cadmium Cd2+
Cobalt Co2+, Co3+ Gold Au+, Au3+ Nickel Ni2+ Mercury Hg2
2+, Hg2+ Copper Cu+, Cu2+
NiCl2 CuO CuCl
transition metals – always start with anions
include oxidation state in name – no prefixes
Mn2O3 B2O3
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ionic compounds
(metal + non-metal)
stem + ide
Nomenclature Inorganic Compoundsmain group
metal
trans. group
metal
element +
molecular compounds prefix + element + prefix + stem + ide
stem + idemetal + oxstate +
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molecular compounds
ionic compounds
polyatomic ionic compounds
ion name ion name NH4
+ ammonium ion CO32- carbonate ion
OH- hydroxide ion H3O+ hydronium ion NO2
- nitrite ion SO32- sulfite ion
NO3- nitrate ion SO4
2- sulfate ion ClO2
- chlorite ion CrO42- chromate ion
ClO3- chlorate ion Cr2O7
2- dichromate ion PO4
3- phosphate ion
ammonium chloride sodium dichromate magnesium carbonate
rubidium sulfate calcium phosphate
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molecular & ionic compoundsproperties
melting pointmolecular compounds – weak interactions (gases, liquids) – low melting point
ionic compounds – strong interactions (solids) – high melting point
electrical conductivity
molecular – do not conduct electricity in solid or liquid state
ionic – do not conduct electricity in solid state
ionic – conduct electricity in liquid and aqueous state
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Compounds & Chemical Reactions
1. Compounds
2. The Chemical Formula
3. The Chemical Equation
4. Energy in Chemical Reactions
5. The Name of Chemicals