chemistry 1.3
DESCRIPTION
Chemistry 1.3. Thinking Like a Scientist. 1.3. In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Slide 1 of 25
Chemistry 1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 2 of 25
Thinking Like a Scientist
In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin.
1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Slide 3 of 25
Alchemy
Alchemy
How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry?
1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 4 of 25
Thinking Like a Scientist > Alchemy
Alchemy: A medieval chemical science and philosophy aiming to transform base metals into gold, cure disease, and prolong life.
Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.
1.3
Slide 5 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > Alchemy
Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle.
Mortar and Pestle
1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Slide 6 of 25
An Experimental Approach to Science
An Experimental Approach to Science
How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Slide 7 of 25
An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.
1.3
Slide 8 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > An Experimental Approach to Science
Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn.
Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory
1.3
Slide 9 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Problem solving approaches:
Logic
Guess and check
Flower pot problem, Name the number, cricket
Scientific method
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Slide 10 of 25
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
What are the steps in the scientific method?
1.3
Slide 11 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories.
1.3
Slide 12 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method
Making Observations
When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation.
Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?
1.3
Slide 13 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.
You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true.
1.3
Slide 14 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method
An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change.
• The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable.
• The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable.
1.3
Slide 15 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Scientific Method
Controlled factors: Factors that are kept constant during the experiment.
Slide 16 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method
Developing Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory.
• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
• A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results.
1.3
Slide 17 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.
A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory.
1.3
Slide 18 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Steps in the Scientific Method
The Scientific Method1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist >
Slide 19 of 25
Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration and Communication
What role do collaboration and communication play in science?
1.3
Slide 20 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication
No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team.
When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.
1.3
Slide 21 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration
Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons.
• Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem.
• Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research.
1.3
Slide 22 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication
Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration.
1.3
Slide 23 of 25
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Thinking Like a Scientist > Collaboration and Communication
Communication
Scientists communicate face to face, by e-mail, by phone, and at international conferences.
Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field.
1.3
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 24 of 25
Section Quiz
-or-Continue to: Launch:
Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section
1.3 Section Quiz.
1.3.
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 25 of 25
1.3 Section Quiz.
1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of
a. speculation.
b. measurement.
c. hypotheses.
d. theories.
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 26 of 25
1.3 Section Quiz.
2. A hypothesis is
a. information obtained from an experiment.
b. a proposed explanation for observations.
c. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments.
d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a broad set of observations.
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 27 of 25
1.3 Section Quiz.
3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries?
a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the author's field.
b. Any article that is submitted is published.
c. Everyone has access to the information.
d. The articles are short and easy to read.
END OF SHOW