chemical nomenclature
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Chemical Nomenclature. How to write and say chemical formulas General Chemistry 10-11. Elements. Elements are said with just their name Mg = magnesium Ca = calcium Some elements never exist by themselves These are called diatomic molecules - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chemical NomenclatureChemical Nomenclature
How to write and say chemical How to write and say chemical formulasformulas
General Chemistry 10-11General Chemistry 10-11
ElementsElements Elements are said with Elements are said with
just their namejust their name Mg = magnesiumMg = magnesium Ca = calciumCa = calcium
Some elements never Some elements never exist by themselvesexist by themselves
These are called diatomic These are called diatomic moleculesmolecules There are seven of them There are seven of them
and they make a seven on and they make a seven on the periodic tablethe periodic table
The Diatomic MoleculesThe Diatomic Molecules These would still be said These would still be said
by their elemental name by their elemental name but would be written with but would be written with a subscript of 2a subscript of 2
NN22
OO22
FF22
ClCl22 BrBr22
II22
HH22
CompoundsCompoundsMost elements are not found separately Most elements are not found separately
but combined in a compound with but combined in a compound with something elsesomething else
The reason for this is the octet ruleThe reason for this is the octet rule
We want 8…eight is great!
Octet RuleOctet Rule Noble gases are what Noble gases are what
all elements aspire to all elements aspire to be like electronicallybe like electronically
These elements have These elements have 8 electrons in highest 8 electrons in highest energy levelenergy level
Ionic BondIonic BondAtoms will either give up or take electrons Atoms will either give up or take electrons
to get to have eight in their highest energy to get to have eight in their highest energy levellevel
Hey, can you help me out
and gimme an electron?
Why certainly, I have one I don’t want anyway.
Give up/take away electronsGive up/take away electrons
ChargesChargesSodium now has a +1 charge since it has Sodium now has a +1 charge since it has
lost an electronlost an electronChlorine a minus charge since it gained an Chlorine a minus charge since it gained an
electronelectron
Ionic BondIonic BondOpposites attract, so a bond is formed Opposites attract, so a bond is formed
between the two of them.between the two of them.
(or until water breaks us apart)
Ionic CompoundIonic Compound The combination of NaThe combination of Na++ and Cl and Cl-- form the form the
compound NaClcompound NaCl An ionic compound will always consist of:An ionic compound will always consist of:
A metal ion (also called a cation, the + one)A metal ion (also called a cation, the + one)A non-metal ion (also called an anion, the - one)A non-metal ion (also called an anion, the - one)
CATION ALWAYS COMES BEFORE THE CATION ALWAYS COMES BEFORE THE ANION; both in the name and the formulaANION; both in the name and the formula
Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds When naming ionic When naming ionic
compoundscompounds Just say the name of Just say the name of
the metalthe metal For the non-metal, For the non-metal,
drop the ending and drop the ending and add -ide to it.add -ide to it.
NaCl = sodium NaCl = sodium chloridechloride
Practice Problem #1Practice Problem #1 Name the following Name the following
ionic compoundsionic compounds1.1. ZnOZnO2.2. LiBrLiBr3.3. MgMg33NN22
4.4. BaSBaS5.5. KK33PP
Zinc oxideZinc oxideLithium bromideLithium bromideMagnesium nitrideMagnesium nitrideBarium sulfideBarium sulfidePotassium phosphidePotassium phosphide
Determining metal and non-metal Determining metal and non-metal chargecharge
Where are the metals on the periodic Where are the metals on the periodic table?table?Metals always have what charge?Metals always have what charge?
Where are the nonmetals?Where are the nonmetals?Nonmetals always have what charge?Nonmetals always have what charge?
We’ll see the charges of the different families on
the following slide.
Using the periodic Table to find an Using the periodic Table to find an ion’s chargeion’s charge
We’re going to forget all about the middle of the table for now.
+1+2
-1-2
-3-4
Combining metals and nonmetalsCombining metals and nonmetals
When combining a metal and a non-metal, the When combining a metal and a non-metal, the overall charge of the compound must be zero. overall charge of the compound must be zero.
You must balance out the overall
charge!
Combining metals and nonmetalsCombining metals and nonmetals
Take for instance calcium nitride.Take for instance calcium nitride.What is the charge of the calcium ion?What is the charge of the calcium ion?What is the charge of the nitride ion?What is the charge of the nitride ion?
Combining metals and nonmetalsCombining metals and nonmetals
CaCa+2+2 means each calcium ion has 2 more means each calcium ion has 2 more electrons than it wantselectrons than it wants
NN-3-3 means each nitride ion needs 3 more means each nitride ion needs 3 more electrons.electrons.
Hey buddy, can you spare 3 electrons?
Sorry, I only have two.
Maybe I can help!
YEAH!YEAH!
HEY, What about me?
Hang loose, man. I’ll get one of my
buddies.
YO, YO, YO. Your hero has
arrived.
YEAH!
I still need two more.
I need to get rid of two more.
The ions found they were still attracted to one another due to their opposing charges. And they all
lived happily ever after.
Practice Problem #2Practice Problem #2 Give the formulas for the following Give the formulas for the following
compoundscompounds1.1. Beryllium iodideBeryllium iodide2.2. Potassium sulfidePotassium sulfide3.3. Magnesium oxideMagnesium oxide4.4. Strontium fluorideStrontium fluoride
BeIBeI22
KK22SS
MgOMgOSrFSrF22
Now is the time to learn “SWITCHY SWITCHY”
and reduce!
Transition MetalsTransition Metals The middle block of The middle block of
elementselements All cationsAll cations Most can take on Most can take on
multiple chargesmultiple charges Some ExceptionsSome Exceptions
Zn = +2Zn = +2Ag = +1Ag = +1
Transition metal compoundsTransition metal compounds In order to tell what charge a transition In order to tell what charge a transition
metal has, put its charge in parenthesismetal has, put its charge in parenthesis
For instance Copper (II) Oxide means… For instance Copper (II) Oxide means… the copper ion here has a +2 chargethe copper ion here has a +2 charge
For instance Copper (I) Oxide means… For instance Copper (I) Oxide means… the copper ion here has a +1 chargethe copper ion here has a +1 charge
What are the formulas of What are the formulas of these two ionic these two ionic compounds?compounds?
Practice Problem #3Practice Problem #3 Give the formula of the following Give the formula of the following
compounds:compounds:1.1. Tungsten (IV) ChlorideTungsten (IV) Chloride
2.2. Gold (III) phosphideGold (III) phosphide
3.3. Tin (II) fluorideTin (II) fluoride
4.4. Zinc sulfideZinc sulfide
WClWCl44
AuPAuP
SnFSnF22
ZnSZnS
Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions Sometimes, atoms get together but Sometimes, atoms get together but
can’t quite get to an overall zero can’t quite get to an overall zero charge.charge.
This is where they become a This is where they become a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion
They’re still a charged particle They’re still a charged particle (mostly anions) so they can combine (mostly anions) so they can combine with an opposing charged ion to with an opposing charged ion to produce a compoundproduce a compound
Naming is easy, we just say the Naming is easy, we just say the name of the polyatomic ionname of the polyatomic ion
With polyatomic ions we don’t have to
change the ending
Ionic Compounds involving a Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion
Ionic Compounds involving a Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion
Ionic Compounds involving a Ionic Compounds involving a polyatomic ionpolyatomic ion
Practice Problem #4Practice Problem #4 Name the following compoundsName the following compounds
1.1. (NH(NH44))22SS
2.2. CaSOCaSO44
3.3. Ba(NOBa(NO33))22
4.4. KK22COCO33
5.5. MgMg33(PO(PO44))22
Ammonium sulfideAmmonium sulfideCalcium sulfateCalcium sulfateBarium nitrateBarium nitratePotassium carbonatePotassium carbonateMagnesium phosphateMagnesium phosphate
Practice Problem #5Practice Problem #5Write formulas for the following Write formulas for the following
compounds compounds Aluminum nitrateAluminum nitrateBeryllium sulfateBeryllium sulfateCalcium phosphiteCalcium phosphiteAmmonium sulfiteAmmonium sulfiteStrontium nitriteStrontium nitrite
Al(NOAl(NO33))33
BeSOBeSO44
CaCa33(PO(PO33))22
(NH(NH44))22SOSO33
Sr(NOSr(NO22))22
Covalent BondsCovalent BondsCompounds formed by two non-metalsCompounds formed by two non-metalsMore of a sharing of electrons rather than More of a sharing of electrons rather than
a give-take relationshipa give-take relationship
Can you spare an electron?
JINX!
Why don’t you share an electron? You know
sharing is caring!
Co=togetherValent=valence electrons…
therefore, covalent is sharing electrons!
Naming Covalent BondsNaming Covalent BondsPrefixes on back of periodic tablePrefixes on back of periodic table If there is only one of the first element, no If there is only one of the first element, no
prefix. Otherwise attach prefixprefix. Otherwise attach prefixSecond always gets prefix and -ide ending Second always gets prefix and -ide ending
(just like ionic anion)(just like ionic anion)Name theseName these
IClICl55NN22OO
Practice Problem #7Practice Problem #7 Name the following covalent compoundsName the following covalent compounds
1.1. COCO22
2.2. PClPCl553.3. COCO4.4. PP33FF66
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxidePhosphorous pentachloridePhosphorous pentachlorideCarbon monoxideCarbon monoxideTriphosphorous hexaflourideTriphosphorous hexaflouride
Practice Problem #8Practice Problem #8 Give the formula for the following Give the formula for the following
compoundscompounds Sodium acetateSodium acetate Nickel (II) chlorideNickel (II) chloride Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide Sulfur trioxideSulfur trioxide Triphosphorous tetrachlorideTriphosphorous tetrachloride
NaCNaC22HH33OO22
NiClNiCl22COCO22
SOSO33
PP33ClCl44
One more thing…One more thing… If the ionic compound begins with a hydrogen If the ionic compound begins with a hydrogen
ion, it’s an acidion, it’s an acid We name binary acids by adding hydro as a We name binary acids by adding hydro as a
prefix to the root of the anion and add ic, then prefix to the root of the anion and add ic, then add the word acidadd the word acid
Name these:Name these: HClHCl HIHI HFHF HBrHBr
Acids involving polyatomic anionsAcids involving polyatomic anions
These are even easier,These are even easier,They’ll always involve oxygenThey’ll always involve oxygen If an -ate ion, use root of If an -ate ion, use root of
polyatomic and add -icpolyatomic and add -ic If an -ite ion, use root of If an -ite ion, use root of
polyatomic and add -ouspolyatomic and add -ousThen just add the word acidThen just add the word acid
If I ATE it I would say IC!
Practice Problem #6Practice Problem #6 Write the formulas for these acidsWrite the formulas for these acids
1.1. Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid2.2. Sulfurous acidSulfurous acid3.3. Carbonic acidCarbonic acid4.4. Nitric acidNitric acid5.5. Nitrous acidNitrous acid6.6. Phosphoric acidPhosphoric acid7.7. Phosphorous acidPhosphorous acid
HH22SOSO44
HH22SOSO33
HH22COCO33
HNOHNO33
HNOHNO22
HH33POPO44
HH33POPO33