CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF

PETROLEUM AND FRACTIONAL PETROLEUM AND FRACTIONAL

CATEGORIZATIONCATEGORIZATION

Presented byMs. Sayanima KiskuMr. Veera ReddyMr. Anup RamachandranMr. Jitesh Kumar NathMr. Nabo Jyoti Modak

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OUTLINE

1. Introduction2. Classification of Hydrocarbons3. Chemical composition of

Petroleum4. Types of Crude Oil5. Fractional Distillation of

Crude Oil6. Other Derivative of Crude

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INTRODUCTION

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Petroleum is a form of bitumen composed principally of hydrocarbons and existing in the gaseous or liquid state in its natural reservoir.

The word petroleum originates from the Latin petra (rock) and oleum (oil)

The main forms of petroleum are natural gas, condensate (which is gaseous in the ground but condenses at the surface), and crude oil,

the liquid part of petroleum.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS

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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM

Composition of Elements in petroleum by weight

ElementElement PercentagePercentage

CarbonCarbon 83 to 87%83 to 87%

HydrogenHydrogen 10 to 14%10 to 14%

NitrogenNitrogen 0.1 to 2%0.1 to 2%

OxygenOxygen 0.05 to 1.5%0.05 to 1.5%

Sulphur Sulphur 0.05 to 6.0%0.05 to 6.0%

MetalsMetals < 0.1%< 0.1% 5

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM (CONTINUED…)

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Composition of Hydrocarbons by weight

Hydro carbonHydro carbon AverageAverage RangeRange

ParaffinsParaffins 30%30% 15 to 60%15 to 60%

NaphthenesNaphthenes 49%49% 30 to 60%30 to 60%

AromaticsAromatics 15%15% 3 to 30%3 to 30%

AsphalticsAsphaltics 6%6% remainderremainder

PARAFFINS

Structural formulae – Paraffins /Alkanes ( CnH2n + 2)

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NAPTHENES

Structural formulae – Napthenes/ Cycloparaffins( CnH2n )

Cyclopentane – C5H10

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Cyclohexane - C6H12

AROMATICS

Structural formulae – ( CnH2n-6 )

Benzene – C6H6

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Toluene - C7H8

NONHYDROCARBONS-NITROGEN, SULFUR AND OXYGEN COMPOUNDS (ASPHALTICS)

Napthol – C10H2OH

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Pyrrole-C4H4NH

TYPES OF CRUDE OIL

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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL

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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL (CONTD…)

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FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL (CONTD…)

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A visual illustrating the process of fractional distillation of crude oil

SUMMARIZING THE FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL

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OTHER DERIVATIVES

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