chemical composition
TRANSCRIPT
Inorganic elements
• State the name of elements
• State the function of each elements in animal and plant cell
Water molecules
List the importance of water in the cell:
1. Biochemical reaction2. Solvent3. Transport medium4. Maintaining osmotic balance5. Support6. Moisture – alveoli7. Lubrication – mucus8. Maintaining body tempt
Organic compound in the cell
Basic element:
C, H, O
• Always contain carbon and hydrogen
• Usually contain covalent bonds• Usually large, unique
molecules with complex functions
• Make up 40% of body mass
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates
• Substances formed from C, H, and O• Main function is source of energy for ATP
formation• Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight
– glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissue– sugar building blocks of DNA & RNA
(deoxyribose & ribose sugars)– Only plants produce starch for energy storage
Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Characteristic of the monosaccharide
• Water soluble
• Crystallization
• Colorless
• Sweet to taste
Food test:
Disaccharide
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Fatty acid
Glycerol
List the importance of lipids
List the importance of proteins:
Amino acid
• Essential – Need to take by food– Can be synthesized
by body– First class protein– Found in animals
• Non-essential – Almost found in plant– Can be synthesized by
our body
• Peptide bond can be broken by:– Heat– Dilute acids– Enzymes
• Denaturation:– Loss of three dimensional structure – By heat or chemical
Polypeptide chain
Various protein structures
e.g.: hormone insulin
e.g.: hormone, antibodies, enzyme
e.g.: hemoglobin
DNA Structure
• Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and P• A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides• Nucleotide
– nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), – a 5- carbon sugar,– and a phosphate group
Answer:Answer:
1.1. Proteins:Proteins: most enzymesenzymes are proteinsproteins, primarily tertiarytertiary and quaternary quaternary structuresstructures..
2.2. Catalyst:Catalyst: chemical agentchemical agent that acceleratesaccelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.
3.3. Selective:Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyzecatalyze (Specificity - (Specificity - depends depends upon 3D shape).upon 3D shape).
4.4. Recycled:Recycled: enzymes are reusable.
• Work rapidly
• Not destroyed after reaction
• Can work both direction
• Extremely specific
• Denatured by high temperature
• Sensitive to pH
““ase”ase” endings:
sucrasesucrase
maltasemaltase
lactaselactase
Name according to substrate it catalyst
A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin
Lock and key hypothesis
• Enzyme is specific to its substrate
• When pH change, the charge of active sites change,
• Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and phosphorus
• Each gene of our genetic material is a piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein
• A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides
• Nucleotide = nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions
pH [acidity and alkalinity]
• Enzymes are affected by changes in pH
• Most work best at pH 7
• A change of pH, will change the active site charge of enzyme molecules,
• not able to form enzyme – substrate complex
Rate of enzyme reaction
pH 71 14
Pepsin[stomach]
Amylase[mouth]
Amylase[duodenum]
Heat
• Most work best at optimum temperature
37 C
• Extreme heat (above) – denaturation of enzyme molecule
• Active site altered – not able to form enzyme – substrate complex
• In cold condition [below 20] – enzyme inactive
TEMPT [c]
Rate of enzyme reaction
37 600
Substrate concentration
• If the concentration of substrate increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .
• When all active sites filled with substrate, the rate remains constant.
Rate of enzyme reaction
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
• If the concentration of enzyme increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .
• When all substrate are used at one time, the rate remains constant.
Rate of enzyme reaction
Enzyme concentration
Design an experiment :
The effect of pH/ temperature
on enzymatic activities
Enzymes in daily life
• State the use of enzyme in:– Food production– Dairy industry– Biological detergent– Textile industry– Leather industry– Paper industry