chemical bonds
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CHEMICAL BONDS. CHAP 9. For Science Fair Judges Write a 1 – 2 page word-processed report evaluating 2 projects. If you are not a judge, you may submit this assignment for 15 extra- credit points or as a lab make-up. Composition of Ionic Compounds. Common names : “salt” → sodium chloride - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHEMICAL BONDSCHEMICAL BONDS
CHAP 9CHAP 9
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For Science Fair Judges
Write a 1 – 2 page word-processed report evaluating 2 projects. If you are not a judge, you may submit this assignment for 15 extra-
credit points or as a lab make-up.
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Composition of Ionic Compounds
Common names:
“salt”→ sodium chloride
“lye” → sodium hydroxide
“rust” → iron oxide
“baking soda” → sodium bicarbonate
“chalk” → calcium carbonate
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Fig. 9.12 Three substances containing sodium and some form of the carbonate ion
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Names for Ionic Compounds containing only two different elements
• Metal (positive) ion is written and spoken first
• Negative element is written/spoken second
• Subscripts used to produce an electrically
neutral compound
e.g. NaCl, CaO, KI, Fe2O3, CaC2
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Fig 11.6 NaCl dissolving in water
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Box Fig. 9.1 Conductivity tester for determining if a solution contains ions
Fact: Dissolving an ionic compound in waterresults in ions being pulled apart from the crystallattice to form free ions
+ −
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Chapter 10
Chemical Reactions
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Homework for Chap 10Homework for Chap 10
Read p 253 – 257; 261 - 271
Applying the Concepts # 1 – 17
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A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance
H2OH2O
molecular empirical
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas
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Fig. 10.2 Several ways to express common molecules
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3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
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Fig. 10.4 The Combustion of Charcoal
C + O2 → CO2
“Carbon reacts with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide”
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Fig. 10.5 The meaning of subscripts and coefficients
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Fig. 10.6 Illustration of the Law of Conservation of Mass
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Fig. 10.8 Hydrocarbons and Carbohydrates
C8H18
C3H8
C12H22O11
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Types of Chemical ReactionsTypes of Chemical Reactions
1) Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
2) Combination
3) Decomposition
4) Replacement
5) Ion Exchange
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(electron transfer reactions)
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s)
Mg is the reducing agent (supplies electrons)
O2 is the oxidizing agent (takes electrons)
Oxidation – an atom loses electrons
Reduction – an atom gains electrons
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Fig. 10.9 Example of an oxidizing agent (“chlorine”)
Others:
1) Bleach
2) Hydrogen
peroxide
3) Oxygen
4) Ultraviolet
light
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Types of Chemical ReactionsTypes of Chemical Reactions
1) Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
2) Combination
3) Decomposition
4) Replacement
5) Ion Exchange
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Fig. 10.10 Iron combines with oxygen to form rust Fig. 10.10 Iron combines with oxygen to form rust (iron oxide)(iron oxide)
4 Fe (4 Fe (ss) + 3 O) + 3 O22 ( (gg) 2 Fe) 2 Fe22OO33 ( (ss))
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Types of Chemical ReactionsTypes of Chemical Reactions
1) Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
2) Combination
3) Decomposition
4) Replacement
5) Ion Exchange
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Fig. 10.11 Decomposition of Mercury Oxide
2 HgO (s) → 2 Hg (l) + O2 (g)heat