chemical bonding covalent bonding. how to play my game? be respectfulbe punctualto give your very...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEMICAL BONDING Covalent Bonding
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How to play my game?
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Some queries..
Physical Properties of Ionic compounds Solubility
How it happens? Electrical conductivity
Why do ionic compounds only conduct electricity in the molten or aqueous state?
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Overview
Bonding Ionic Covalent MetallicStructure Giant
ionicSimple
molecularGiant
covalentGiant
MetallicExample Sodium
chlorideWater Diamond Iron
Bonding and structure explains the properties of a substance!
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Compare and Contrast
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Ionic VS Covalent
Similarities Octet Rule: Electronic configuration of a noble gas
(PS: Everybody wants to be noble!!)
Differences
Ionic Bond Covalent BondBetween positive ions of metals and negative ions of non-metals
Between non-metal atoms
Electrons are transferred Electrons are shared
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What to do??
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Covalent Bonding
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Covalent Bond: The Definition
A covalent bond is…
a bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons.
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More about COVALENT BONDING
Each atom acquires a stable octet structure Electronic configuration of noble gas (Full shell) =
Energetically stable
Formed between atoms of non-metals (but there are exceptions!) “Spectrum” of bonds
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Covalent Compounds of ELEMENTS Hydrogen, H2 (Single covalent bond)
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Covalent Compounds of ELEMENTS Chlorine, Cl2 (Single covalent bond)
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Covalent Compounds of ELEMENTS Oxygen, O2 (Double covalent bond)
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Covalent Compounds of ELEMENTS Nitrogen, N2 (Triple covalent bond)
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Covalent Compounds of COMPOUNDS
Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for each of the following covalent compounds.
1. Hydrogen chloride2. Ammonia
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Covalent Compounds of COMPOUNDS Water, H2O
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Covalent Compounds of COMPOUNDS Carbon dioxide, CO2
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Simple Molecular Substances
Consists of small molecules, e.g. bromine
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Simple Molecular Substances
Within the moleculeAtoms are held together by strong covalent bonds
Between moleculesWeak van der Waals’ forces (intermolecular forces)
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Iodine, I2
Within each iodine molecule, the iodine atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds.
Between the iodine molecules, there are only weak van der Waals’ forces holding the molecules together.
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Methane, CH4
In a molecule of methane, CH4, the four C–H covalent bonds are strong.
However, weak van der Waals’ forces between methane molecules hold them together loosely. Therefore, methane exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure.
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Physical Properties
Physical state Most substances are liquids or gases at
room temperature. Forces between molecules are weak,
allowing molecules to move freely.
Low M.P. & B.P. Little energy required
to overcome the (weak) intermolecular forces
(Usually <200°C)
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Melting & Boiling Points
Covalent substance Melting point (C) Boiling point (C)
Carbon dioxide -56 -79
Chlorine -101 -35
Hydrogen -259 -253
Methane -183 -161
Oxygen -214 -183
Water 0 100
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Physical Properties
Volatility Low B.P. = Volatile Evaporate easily (to give a smell)
Electrical conductivity Do not conduct electricity. (Some exceptions, e.g. graphite) No free-moving ions or electrons to conduct electricity
Solubility Most molecular substances are insoluble in water, but
dissolve in organic solvents. (Some exceptions, e.g. alcohol and sugar, hydrogen chloride)
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So, what have you learnt?
Covalent bonding The definition of a covalent bond
A covalent bond is a bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons.
Formed between atoms of non-metals (with exceptions!)
Atoms share electrons so that a octet structure can be obtained
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Steps to take…
1. Ionic or covalent?2. Determine the electronic configuration of the
atoms involved3. How many electrons needed to achieve stable
electronic structure?4. Now, transfer/share the electrons!
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So, what have you learnt?
Simple molecular structure Small covalent molecules Strong covalent bonds between the atoms in the
molecule Weak intermolecular forces 5 physical properties
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Giant Covalent Structures
Graphite Diamond
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Giant Covalent Structures
Diamond Each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon
atoms by strong covalent bonds. (Draw!)
Graphite Each carbon atom is joined to three other carbon
atoms by strong covalent bonds. (Draw!)