Chemical analysis of MPM containing Chemical analysis of MPM containing essential oils. Herbs and MPM that essential oils. Herbs and MPM that

contain monoterpenes and contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenessesquiterpenes

Volatile oils (VO) are miscellaneous Volatile oils (VO) are miscellaneous volatile organic compounds which are volatile organic compounds which are

produced in plants and cause their produced in plants and cause their

specific odourspecific odour They differ entirely in both chemical and physical They differ entirely in both chemical and physical

properties from fixed oils. VO can be distilled from properties from fixed oils. VO can be distilled from their natural sources; they do not consist of their natural sources; they do not consist of glyceryl esters of fatty acids. Henceglyceryl esters of fatty acids. Hence,, they do not they do not leave a permanent grease spot on paper. VO do leave a permanent grease spot on paper. VO do not become rancid as do the fixed oils, but not become rancid as do the fixed oils, but instead, on exposure to light and air, they oxidize instead, on exposure to light and air, they oxidize and resinify. and resinify.

VO can be divided into 3 main groups:VO can be divided into 3 main groups:

monoterpenoids (acyclic, monocyclic monoterpenoids (acyclic, monocyclic

and bicyclic);and bicyclic); sesquiterpenoids (acyclic, sesquiterpenoids (acyclic,

monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic);monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic); aromatic compounds (derivatives of aromatic compounds (derivatives of

n-cimen, benzol and phenilpropan).n-cimen, benzol and phenilpropan).

Terpene hydrocarbonsMonoterpene hydrocarbonsSesquiterpenes

Oxygenated compoundsPhenolsAlcohols

Monoterpene alcoholsSesquiterpene alcohols

AldehydesKetonesEstersLactonesCoumarinsEthersOxides

МоМоnoterpenoids noterpenoids (C10H16)(C10H16)

ААcycliccyclic

Linalool2,6-Dimethyloctan

Citronellal

•Monocyclic monoterpenoidsMonocyclic monoterpenoids

Menthol N-menthan 1 methyl,4-Isopropilhexan

Carvone 1,4-Cineol 1,8-Cineol

•Bicyclic monoterpenesBicyclic monoterpenes ( (types of types of caranecarane, , pinanepinane, , camphanecamphane, , thujanethujane))

Thujane Sabinen Thujol Thujone

Thujane typeCamphane Camphene Borneol (-) Camphor

Camphane type

Pinane α-pinane β-pinane

Pinane typeCarane Carane Carane

Carane type

Bornil isovalerianate

Sesquiterpenoids (C15H24)Sesquiterpenoids (C15H24) ААcyclic cyclic

MonocyclicMonocyclic

Farnesane Farnesene Farnesol

Bisabolane Bisabolone Bisabolol

•BicyclicBicyclic1. 1. Alkilnaphthalene typeAlkilnaphthalene type

2. 2. Alkilazulene typeAlkilazulene type

Cadinane Cadinene Cadinol

Selinane (evdesmane) α-Selinene β-Selinene

Guaiane type

Guaiane S-Guaiazylene Se-Guaiazylene

Chamazulene type

Chamazulane Chamazulene

3. Bicyclic sesquiterpenoids of other structure

Azulane

Akorane

Tricyclic sesquiterpenoidsTricyclic sesquiterpenoids

Sesquiterpene lactoneSesquiterpene lactone

Eudesmanolide typeEudesmanolide type

Guaianolide typeGuaianolide type

Aromadendrane

Alantolactone Santonine

Mathrycyne

Aromatic compoundsAromatic compoundsp-Cymene type

p-Cymene Thymol Carvacrol

Phenylpropan type

Anetole Evgenole Azarone

Benzene type

Anise aldehyde Vanillin Phenylehylic alcohol

Occurrence Occurrence

Essential oils are of wide occurrence in Essential oils are of wide occurrence in Nature. More than 2500 of plants can Nature. More than 2500 of plants can accumulate them. Tropical plants are rich in accumulate them. Tropical plants are rich in VO. Usually they occur in such families as VO. Usually they occur in such families as Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae and Rosaceae. The content may rich up to 20% Rosaceae. The content may rich up to 20% (Citrus fruits). Ether oils are produced by (Citrus fruits). Ether oils are produced by special exo- and endogenic organs. special exo- and endogenic organs.

Glands (fam. Lamiaceae)

Essential oil reservoir (Eucalyptus globulus)

Essential oil cells (Acoruc calamus)

Glands (fam. Asteraceae)

Essential oil tubes (ducts) (Foeniculum vulgare)

Methods of obtaining of Methods of obtaining of volatile oilsvolatile oils

1.1. Distillation in water and steamDistillation in water and steam

2.2. Scarification and expression Scarification and expression (pressing)(pressing)

3.3. Extraction with solvents Extraction with solvents (Extraction with volatile solvents (Extraction with volatile solvents and the enfleurage)and the enfleurage)

4.4. Enzymatic hydrolysis Enzymatic hydrolysis

Clavenger apparatus(according to Sovet pharmacopeia XI)1.A round bottom pyrex distillation2.A receiver (trap)3.A cork4.A condenser

(according to WHO, EuPh\Xylen

ESSENTIAL OILS

AllspiceAniseedBasilBayBenzoinBergamotBlack pepperCajuputCamomileCamphorCarawayCarrot seedCassiaCedarwoodChamomileCinnamonCitronellaClary sageClove

CorianderCypressDillEucalyptus

FennelFrankincense

GeraniumGingerGrapefruit

HelichrysumHyssopJasmine

JuniperLavandinLavenderLemon

LemongrassLemon verbena

Lime

Mandarin SandalwoodMarjoram SageMelissa SpearmintMyrrh TagetesNeroli TangerineNiaouli ThymeNutmeg Tea treeOrange VetiverPalma rosa Ylang-ylangPatchouliPeppermintPetitgrainPimentoPineRoseRose geraniumRosemaryRosewood

ESSENTIAL OILS NOT SOLD BY US

AngelicaBirchBitter almondBoldo

BuchuCalamusCardamomCumin

ElemiMugwortMustardOregano

PennyroyalRose ottoRueSassafras

SpikenardTansyTarragonSavinThuja

TuberoseVanillaWintergreenWormseedWormwoodYarrow

PRE-BLENDED FORMULAS

Muscle & JointRelaxationSensualAnti-celluliteCirculationHair & ScalpDry & Mature SkinInsomniaBabyVein & ArterySunburn

OTHER OILSRosehip oil

Baobab oilMarula oilNeem oil

CARRIER OILSAlmond oil

Aloe vera oilApricot kernel oil

Avocado oilCalendula oil

Evening primrose oil

Grape seed oilHazelnut oil

Jojoba oilMacadamia oil

Sesame oilWalnut oil

Wheatgerm oil CARRIER OILS

NOT SOLD BY USOlive oilPumpkin seed oilSafflower oilSunflower

MP and MPM containing MP and MPM containing monoterpenoidsmonoterpenoids

Menthae piperitae folia Menthae piperitae folia Mentha piperita- Peppermint, Lamb Mentha piperita- Peppermint, Lamb mint, American mint, Brandy mintmint, American mint, Brandy mintLamiaceaeLamiaceae

Constituents. Leaves contain up to 3.5% of ether oil and menthol is the main part- up to 80%; resin, tannins, acetic acid, etc.

Uses. Infusion stimulates the secretion of digestive glands, has sedative, spasmolitic, cholagogue and light pain-killing action. Volatile oil is part of Inhalipt, Corvaldin, Mint tablets, Tooth drops, Urolesan, Pinosol. Menthol is applied externally in solutions for the relief of neuralgic pains, and as antiseptic and cooling agent in certain skin diseases. Internally it is an antiseptic. It is part of Alorom, Boromentol, Gevkamen, Cameton, Camphomen, Zelenin’s Drops, Menovasin, Pectussin.

Salviae Folia Salviae Folia Salvia officinalis- SageSalvia officinalis- SageLamiaceaeLamiaceae

Constituents.Constituents. Up to 2.5% of a Up to 2.5% of a greyish-yellow volatile oil greyish-yellow volatile oil containing borneol, pinene, containing borneol, pinene, thujone and cineol, bitter thujone and cineol, bitter principles, resin and tannins.principles, resin and tannins.

Uses. Uses. Sage is used chiefly as a Sage is used chiefly as a condiment but is also employed condiment but is also employed as a carminative in dyspepsia, as a carminative in dyspepsia, also has antiseptic, astringent also has antiseptic, astringent action. action. Salvin Salvin works as plant works as plant antibiotic due to the content of antibiotic due to the content of diterpenes; is used in treatment diterpenes; is used in treatment of gingivitis and stomatitis.of gingivitis and stomatitis.

Eucalypti Folia Eucalypti Folia Folia Eucalypti viminalisFolia Eucalypti viminalisOleum EucalyptiOleum EucalyptiEucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus cinerea, Eucalyptus viminalisEucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus cinerea, Eucalyptus viminalisEnglish names: Eucalyptus, Blue Gum leaves, Australian Fever English names: Eucalyptus, Blue Gum leaves, Australian Fever Tree, Iron Bark TreeTree, Iron Bark TreeMyrtaceaeMyrtaceae

Coriandri Fructus Coriandri Fructus Coriandrum sativum- CorianderCoriandrum sativum- CorianderApiaceaeApiaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Up to 1% of volatile Up to 1% of volatile oil containing coriandrol (d-linalool) oil containing coriandrol (d-linalool) and d-pinene, etc.; fixed oil, calcium and d-pinene, etc.; fixed oil, calcium oxalate, tannins.oxalate, tannins.

Uses. Uses. Aromatic stimulant, has Aromatic stimulant, has spasmolitic and antibacterial spasmolitic and antibacterial properties. It is part of appetising, properties. It is part of appetising, cholagogue, expectorant and anti-cholagogue, expectorant and anti-haemorrhoidal species, infusion- haemorrhoidal species, infusion- part of part of FloraFlora, ether oil is part of , ether oil is part of EspolEspol (anti-inflammation and pain- (anti-inflammation and pain-killing drug).killing drug).

Carvi Fructus Carvi Fructus Carum carvi L. Carum carvi L. CarawayCarawayApiaceaeApiaceae Constituents. Constituents. Volatile oil (5-Volatile oil (5-

7%), fixed oils, tannins, etc. 7%), fixed oils, tannins, etc. The volatile oil contains The volatile oil contains carvone, limonene, carvone, limonene, dihydrocarvone, caryeol, and a dihydrocarvone, caryeol, and a small quantity of a base having small quantity of a base having a narcotic odour.a narcotic odour.

Uses. Uses. Stimulant, carminative, Stimulant, carminative, condiment, diuretic, diaphoretic condiment, diuretic, diaphoretic and flavouring agent; source of and flavouring agent; source of oil of carawayoil of caraway. It is used in the . It is used in the food industry for flavouring food industry for flavouring bread, cheese and candy.bread, cheese and candy.

Juniperi Fructus Juniperi Fructus Juniperus communis- Juniperus communis- Juniper, Horse Savin BerriesJuniper, Horse Savin BerriesCupressaceaeCupressaceae

Constituents. Constituents. From 0.3 to 1.5% of a From 0.3 to 1.5% of a VO containing the terpenes camphene VO containing the terpenes camphene and x-pinene, a sesquiterpene called and x-pinene, a sesquiterpene called cadinene; terpene alcohols borneol, cadinene; terpene alcohols borneol, one of which is terpineol; resin, fixed one of which is terpineol; resin, fixed oils, up to 30% of dextrose, etc. A oils, up to 30% of dextrose, etc. A crystalline substance deposits in the crystalline substance deposits in the oil at low temperatures known as oil at low temperatures known as juniper camphor.juniper camphor.

Uses. Uses. Juniper berries are used for the Juniper berries are used for the preparation of juniper oil. The juniper preparation of juniper oil. The juniper oil has diuretic, antireumatic and oil has diuretic, antireumatic and antiseptic properties. Used as antiseptic properties. Used as stimulating diuretic in chronic genito-stimulating diuretic in chronic genito-urinary disorders.urinary disorders.

Valerianae radix Valerianae radix Valeriana officinalis- Valerian, Valeriana officinalis- Valerian, Wild, Great Wild, Cat’s ValerianWild, Great Wild, Cat’s ValerianValerianaceaeValerianaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Volatile oil (up to Volatile oil (up to 2%) containing bornyl 2%) containing bornyl isovalerianate, bornyl formiate, isovalerianate, bornyl formiate, bornyl acetate and bornyl bornyl acetate and bornyl butyrate, camphene, borneol and butyrate, camphene, borneol and pinene; two alkaloids- chatinine pinene; two alkaloids- chatinine and valerianine, a glucoside, and valerianine, a glucoside, resin, α-methylpyrryl ketone, resin, α-methylpyrryl ketone, stated to be narcotic, valeric, stated to be narcotic, valeric, formic and acetic acids, tannins, formic and acetic acids, tannins, sugar, etc.sugar, etc.

Uses. Uses. Valerian is used as a Valerian is used as a calmative in nervousness and calmative in nervousness and hysteria and as a carminative. hysteria and as a carminative. Preparations- Preparations- Valerian fluid Valerian fluid extract, Valerian tincture, extract, Valerian tincture, Valocordinum, Corvalolum, Valocordinum, Corvalolum, as as ingredient ofingredient of Species Sedativae. Species Sedativae.

Lavandulae Flores Lavandulae Flores Lavandula angustifolia L. Lavandula angustifolia L. LamiaceaeLamiaceae

Constituents. Constituents. Up to 3% Up to 3% of VO containing esters, of VO containing esters, also linalool, geraniol, also linalool, geraniol, limonene and limonene and sesquiterpene; resin, sesquiterpene; resin, tannins, etc.tannins, etc.

Uses. Uses. Lavender flowers Lavender flowers are chiefly used as a are chiefly used as a perfume. perfume. LivianLivian has anti- has anti-inflammatory and pain-inflammatory and pain-killing action and used to killing action and used to treat burns.treat burns.

MP and MPM containing MP and MPM containing sesquiterpenoidssesquiterpenoids

Calami Rhizomata Calami Rhizomata Acorus calamus- Sweet Acorus calamus- Sweet Flag, Sweet RootFlag, Sweet RootAraceaeAraceae

Constituents. Constituents. Vo (1.5to Vo (1.5to 3.5%) containing asaryl 3.5%) containing asaryl aldehyde, eugenol and aldehyde, eugenol and asarone; a bitter glucoside asarone; a bitter glucoside called acorin; soft resin, called acorin; soft resin, starch, inulin, etc.starch, inulin, etc.

Uses. Uses. Carminative, aromatic Carminative, aromatic bitter and stimulant; bitter and stimulant; flavouring agent. Used in flavouring agent. Used in atonic dyspepsia and colic. atonic dyspepsia and colic. Vicalin, VicairVicalin, Vicair and and HerbogastrinHerbogastrin are used for the are used for the treatment of ulcers.treatment of ulcers.

Betulae Gemmae Betulae Gemmae Betulae Folia Betulae Folia Betula pendula, Betula pubescensBetula pendula, Betula pubescensEnglish name- BirchEnglish name- BirchBetulaceaeBetulaceae

Constituents. Constituents. VO 5-8% with VO 5-8% with balsamic odour, contained balsamic odour, contained bicyclical sesquiterpenoid bicyclical sesquiterpenoid betulen and alcohol betulenol.betulen and alcohol betulenol.

Uses. Uses. Medicines have diuretic, Medicines have diuretic, diaphoretic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, cholagogue, spasmolytic, anti-inflammation, spasmolytic, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, wound-heeling and anti-viral, wound-heeling and antihelmintic actions. antihelmintic actions. Medicines- Medicines- infusion, tincture, infusion, tincture, Propobesan.Propobesan.