chem 111 fall 2012: owlbook chapter 2 owl assignments coming due this weekend!! be sure to review...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHEM 111 Fall 2012: OWLBook Chapter 2
OWL Assignments Coming Due this Weekend!! Be sure to review units and pre-fixes on your own. This should
be material you covered in high school science.
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Accuracy and Precision• Accuracy = how close you are to the known value• Precision = how reproducible (similar to each other)
your results are
X
XXX
XX
X
X
X
X XX
X XXX
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Chapter 2: Elements and Compounds
• Atomic Structure• Elements and Isotopes• The Periodic Table
• Covalent Compounds– Naming
• Ions and Ionic Compounds– Naming
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Atomic Structure• Protons:
– Determine the identity of the element
• Neutrons– With protons in the nucleus– Stabilize the nucleus (or make it
unstable-radioactive)– Result in different isotopes
• Electrons– Exist outside of the nucleus– Alter the overall charge on an
atom• Adding or subtracting them makes
ions
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Alpha Particle Scattering-helped determine the structure of the atom
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Subatomic Particles (for CHEM 111)
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Cathode Ray (electron beam) Tube
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Mass Spectrometer
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Atomic Symbols
How many protons, neutrons, electrons are in:
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Isotopes & Atomic Weight• Every form of a unique element
is one of its isotopes– Some elements only have one
isotope.
• Remember-protons are what make an element
• Isotopes are forms of an element with different masses
• Adding or subtracting neutrons from the nucleus makes isotopes
• Some isotopes are stable– Some are unstable
• Radioactive
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Let’s look at some isotopes…Isotope Symbol # of Neutrons Fractional
(isotopic) Abundance
Property/Use
Hydrogen 0 “normal” hydrogen-stable isotope
Deuterium___________
1 Used to make “heavy water”
Tritium___________
2 Radioactive. Used to make “glow in the dark” sights for firearms and other items (not cheap stuff)
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Atomic Weight
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What is the atomic weight of H ?Isotope Symbol # of
NeutronsFractional (isotopic) Abundance
Hydrogen 0
Deuterium 1
Tritium 2
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The Periodic Table
Groups, Periods, Main Group (A), Lanthanide & Actinide Elements, Metals, Non-Metals, Metaloids (semi-metals), Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Elements (B), Halogens, Noble (“inert”) gases.
What is an allotrope?
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Covalent Compounds• Compounds are formed when two or
more elements join in a defined ratio• Covalent compounds consist of
elements held together by covalent bonds– Covalent bonds are bonds where
electrons are shared between atoms– The atoms don’t have a positive of
negative charge on them
• Some are named systematically, some have long used “historical” names.
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Empirical and Molecular Formula
• Empirical formula has the ratio of atoms correct, but not necessarily the absolute number of each
• HO• CF2
• Molecular formula has the absolute number of each atom in the molecule
• H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
• C2F4 (Teflon monomer)
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Types of Molecular Models
Butanol
• C4H10O1
– Formula
• Structural Formula
• Wedge and Dash
• Ball and Stick
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Naming Covalent Compounds• Binary, non-metal compounds
– Name first element (use prefix if needed)
– Name second element, using a prefix if needed
• Some have historical names that are more commonly used
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• H2O
• CO
• CO2
• UF6
• SiO2
• PF5
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Naming Inorganic Acids (see trends?)(think about other names you may know for these)
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Ions and Ionic Compounds• Atoms normally have zero net charge– # of electrons = # protons
• Ions have gained or lost electrons– Ions can form from any isotope– Ions have nothing to do with the nucleus, only the electrons.
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Some Monoatomic Ions
What do the numbers mean?What is a cation? What is an anion?What trends or patterns do we see?Are these all the monoatomic ions there are?
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Polyatomic Ions (covalently bonded atoms that carry a charge amongst the whole group)
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Excuse me, Sir, but how many of these things are we going to have to know? My brain’s turning to Jell-O here!
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Formulas and Naming Ionic Compounds
• Ions can have charge, but ionic compounds should have a net neutral charge
• One can have Empirical and Molecular Formulas for ionic compounds
• Instead of pre-fixes, IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) conventions are used.
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• Naming…….• The name of the cation (+)
comes first.– If it has more than one
possible charge, that number comes next
• The name of the anion comes second.
• CaF2
• LiF
• Fe2O3
• Formulas– Remember, the charges
MUST balance.
• Use subscripts to make the charge balance.
• Calcium Chloride
• Zinc Sulfate
• Calcium Nitrate
• Magnesium Phosphate