Chartwell International, Inc.

“Adhesion Promotion for Waterborne and Solventborne Inks, Coatings, Adhesives &

Powder Coatings”

Presented by:

Adrian Thomas

Chemicalia Pty Ltd

2

Definition:

Wa = F ∆ x

The energy or work required when an external stress is applied to two, separate joined materials.

Adhesion

3

Wc1: cohesive strength of adherend (substrate) 1

Wc2: cohesive strength of adherend (substrate) 2

Wa1: adhesive strength (energy required to separate the adhesive from adherend (substrate) 1)

Wa2: adhesive strength (energy required to separate the adhesive from adherend (substrate) 2)

Wa1 > Wc1

and

Wa2 > Wc2

The Importance of Adhesion

4

Adhesive and Cohesive Failure

5

Physical Adsorption Theory

Chemical Bonding Theory

Diffusion Theory

Electrostatic Theory

Mechanical Interlocking Theory

Weak Boundary Layer Theory

Theories of Adhesion

6

E + - = z1z2e2

4πε0εrrwhere:

E + - = Potential Energy of two ions of charge z1e and z2e separated by distance r

ε r = Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of the medium

ε r air = 1.00054

ε r water = 80.1 at 20°C

Chemical Bonding Theory

7

Studied the specific phenomena of corrosion on coated metals.

Concluded that wet adhesion is the most important factor for corrosion

protection of metal surfaces.

Although the coating film serves as a barrier, retarding access of water and oxygen to the metal surface, all

films have capillaries and pores through which water, oxygen, and

salts will pass, driven by a concentration gradient.

WJ Funke (Stuttgart University)

8

Flexural Strength (Mpa) Retention with Selected Silane Coupling Agents

(Adhesion Promoters) on Glass FibreReinforced Polyester

Treatment Dry Wet % Retention

None 386 240 62.2

Ethyltrichlorosilane 238 179 75.2

Allyltriethoxysilane 399 402 100.7

Methyacryalto chrome 502 427 85.1

9

Effect of Silane Coupling Agents (Adhesion Promoters) on the Adhesion of

Glass Fibres to an Epoxide Resin

Silane Change (%) in interfacial shear strength

Silane 1% solution

5% solution

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AAMS)

62 -14

3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APMS) 17 -20

10

1. Primer

2. Incorporated into binding polymer

Use of Coupling Agents or Adhesion Promoters

11

Reaction of APMS with the Surface of Glass

1. Hydrolysis of –Si(OCH3)3 (Trimethoxy) to –Si(OH)3 (Trisilanol) – fast. 2. Condensation polymerization of Trisilanol and surface –OH groups to produce polysiloxane network covalently bonded to surface - slow.

12

Aqueous Stability of Chartwell B-515.4W

v. Dow Corning Z-6020

Upper left: Fresh 2% aqueoussolution of B-515.4W

Upper right: Fresh 2% aqueoussolution of DC Z-6020

Lower left: 2% aqueous solution of B-515.4W aged 8 months

Lower right: 2% aqueous solution of DC Z-6020 aged 8 months

CONCLUSION: Chartwell B-515.4W is indefinitely stable.

Silane monomer has polymerized, resulting in opacity of the water solution. Performance depends on concentration of silane monomer.

13

Chemical DescriptionUnique compositions based upon proprietary organofunctional metal organics supplied as solutions in water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, or dipropyleneglycol. Compatible and stable in water-borne and solvent-borne systems.

ApplicationsCOATINGS

Commercially used in all industrial solvent-borne, water-borne andpowder coatings

Improves wet adhesion to metals, concrete, plastics, wood, etc.

Use on metals increases corrosion resistance and salt fog resistance; generally by two fold

Reduces creep at the scribe

Easy post add to water-borne coatings

Competition: Silanes (and other adhesion promoters)

INKSCommercially used to markedly improve adhesion of WB inks (acrylic &

PUD)to plastic films

Competition: Silanes

ADHESIVESCommercially used in all water-borne and 2K epoxy or 2K urethane

adhesives

Substantial increase in adhesion to metals, plastics and elastomers

Major competition: OSi A-1100, Dow Corning Z-6020, Z-6040

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters:

An Overview

14

RUBBERExcellent adhesion of formed rubber articles to metal, rubber andsynthetics, i.e. PVC, etc.

Improved abrasion resistance

Improved tensile and tear strengths

Commercially used in SBR, EPDM, nitrile rubbers

Major competition: Degussa Si-69*, A-189

OTHERMetal Pretreats: Treating metals with dilute aqueous solutions providemarked increase in adhesion of varied coatings

Abrasives: Improves wear resistance and durability

Plastics: Improved physical strength properties of both thermosets andthermoplastics

Competition: Silanes, chromates (metal pretreats)

Chartwell Advantages:Cost is less than 50% of a competitive silane and is used as a 1:1 replacement

Products are hydrolytically stable. Improvements in adhesionmeasured at time of coating, ink or adhesive preparation DO NOTdecrease after 60 days or more of aging

Customer-oriented and dedicated supplier. All sample requests and orders shipped promptly.

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters: An Overview

15

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters

Recommended for Improved Adhesion to:

CRS, Galvanized Steel, Phosphated Steel, Aluminum, Copper, Brass

SBR, Nitrile, Natural Rubbers

ABS, PVC, Polyester Film

Concrete, wood, ceramics

Treated PP, PE (>35 dynes/ cm)

Not Recommended for Adhesion to:

Untreated PP/ PE

Fiberglass (or glass substrates)

Recommended for Improved Dispersion of:

Carbon black, phthalo blue/ green

Magnetic ferrites

Zinc anti-corrosive pigments

All mineral fillers (including calcium carbonate)

Alumina and other abrasives

16

Silanes in Water

(i) (RO)3 SiR’X + 3H20 (HO)3 SiR’X + 3 ROH

OR OR

(ii) (H0)3 SiR’X XR’ Si -O-Si R’X + H20

OR OR

X= amine, epoxy, mercapto, methacryloxy, etc.

(i) Rapid hydrolysis of silane in the presence of any moisture to form silanol with release of alcohol

(ii) Condensation of silanol groups to siloxane linkages

Performance α[silane monomer]

17

Product Definition

All products are defined by three variables:

1. Single metal type or combination of two different metals [M]

2. Organofunctional group {X}

3. Solvent carrier (see below)

[M] = proprietary metal(s); simplified representation

{HO} - [M] - (CH2)n - {X}*

{substrate reactive} Organoreactive group

Ethylene Glycol Products (B-)

B-505.1, B-505.6, B-515.1, B-515.1/ 2H, B-515.4, B-515.4HR, B-515.71 (HR, 1.5H), B-516.5, B-517.4, B-525.1, B-545.1

Dipropylene Glycol Products (D-) Propylene Glycol Products (C-)

D-525.3, D-531.1, D-535.1 C-505.1/ 2H, C-515.71HR, C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-523.2, C-523.2H, C-531.1

Ethylene Glycol/ Butyl Ether Water Products (B-XXX.W)

of Ethylene Glycol (B-)

B-535.1, B-600B-515.1W, B-515.4W, B-515.5W, B-

515.71W, B-516.5W, B-523.2W, B-523.6W, B-523.6WH

18

OrganoreactiveGroups

-(CH2)XSH, x < 6 B-505.1, B-505.6, C-505.2, E-505.2

-CH(NH2) – (CH2)xSH, x= 1-2 B-511.1

-(CH2)XNH2, x < 4 B-515.1, B-515.4, B-515.4W, B-515.5W,E-515.2, B-515.71, B-515.71W

-CH(NH2) – (CH2)x – NH2, x-4-6 B-516.5, B-516.5W

-(CH2)X B-517.4, B-517.4W

-CH(OH) – CH(OH) – COOH C-523.2, B-523.2W, B-523.6W

-(CH2)XCOOH, x = 4-6 B-525.1, B-525.3, D-525.3

-(CH2)XCOOH, x >10 B-531.1, C-531.1, D-531.1

-(CH2)X, x > 13 B-535.1, C-535.1, D-535.1

-C(CH3) – CH2 B-545.1

-(CH2)X – S – S – (CH2)Y COOH B-600

NH

19

1. “W” Products Supplied as water solutions – ZERO VOC

2. Solvent Carriers (B, C, D Types)All non-water Chartwell products are supplied as adhesionpromoter solutions in:

B = Ethylene Glycol D = Dipropylene Glycol

C = Propylene Glycol

3. “H”, “1.5H”, and “2H” ProductsHigher active matter versions of the non- “H” analogs; more cost effective.

H = 1.38x non-H solids

1.5H = 1.5x non-H solids

2H = 2x non-H solids

4. HR ProductsProducts in which the organoreactive portion of the moleculehas been increased 2x (higher reactivity at the polymer reactive end)

5. Chartsil Solid Adhesion PromotersFor use in powder coating and rubber only

Understanding ChartwellAdhesion Promoter Choices

20

Chartwell B-515.71 Family ofAminofunctional Products

Variables:

1. Solvent Carrier B = Ethylene GlycolC = Propylene GlycolW = Water

2. Active Matter content

non-H: Standard solids1.5H: Has 1.5x solids of non-H. Use level is 0.7x non-H use level

3. Organofunctionality content

non-HR: Equivalent weight of 1500 based upon amine contentHR: 2x amine. Equivalent weight of 750

4. Heat Activated Amine “M”

5. Product options:

• B-515.71 Ethylene Glycol, standard solids, standard amine

• B-515.71/ 1.5H Ethylene Glycol, 1.5x solids, standard amine

• C-515.71/ 1.5H Propylene Glycol, 1.5x solids, standard amine

• B-515.71W Water, conventional solids

• B-515.71HR Ethylene Glycol, standard solids, 2x amine

• C-515.71HR Propylene Glycol, standard solids, 2x amine

• B-515.71M Amine weakly complexed with Zinc (for 1K epoxy)

21

Silane Cross Reference Guide

Revised 8/01

ORGANOGROUP Osi (UCC) DOW

CORNING HULS CHARTWELL PRODUCT

Amino A-1100 - - - AMEO C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HRAlso, B-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.4HR

Diamino A-1120 Z-6020 DAMO C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HRAlso, B-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.4HR

Carboxy - - - - - - - - - D-525.3, C-531.1*, D-531.1

Carboxy/ Hydroxy - - - - - - - - - C-523.2H*

Epoxy A-187A-186

Z-6040Z-6052

GLYMOCE 6250

C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HRAlso, B-515.4HR, E-515.2H

Mercapto A-189 Z-6062 MTMO B-505.1*, B-505.6, C-505.1/ 2H

Methacrylato A-174 Z-6030 MEMO B-545.1, C-515.71HR

Vinyl A-172 - - - - - - C-515.71HR

Sulfido - - - - - - - - - B-600*, B-600.6(Degussa Si69)

* Available in both liquid and solid (Chartsil) forms

Many products also available as water solutions - See Chartwell Adhesion Promoters: General Properties

22

Recommendations by PolymerALKYDSolvent-borne: C-515.4HR, C-523.2H,C-515.71HR; D-525.3, D-531.1Uses: Coatings for various metals.Water-Borne: B-523.6WH, B-515.71/1.5H;B-515.4, B-515.5W, B-516.5, B-516.5W

ACRYLICSolvent-borne: C-523.2H, D-531.1Water-Borne: B-515.71/1.5H, B-515.71HR, B-523.6WH; B-515.5W, B-515.71W, B-516.5W, B-515.4HRUses: Coatings for various metals.INKS: B-515.71W for applications to metallized film. ADHESIVES: tape manuf. etc.

EPDMSulfur-Cured: B-505.1; B-505.6Uses: Roof membranes, general automotiveMetal Oxide Cured: B-515.1/ 2H,

C-515.71/ 1.5H; B-516.5

EPOXY2K: C-515.71HR*, C-515.71/ 1.5H*,

B-515.1/ 2H; B-517.4 *Preferred recommendationWater-Borne: B-515.5W, B-515.71/ 1.5H,

B-515.71HR; B-516.5WUses: Metal primers, adhesives, electronicencapsulants, flooring

METHACRYLATEB-515.4HR, B-545.1; B-515.1/ 2H,B-516.5

NATURAL RUBBERB-505.1, C-505.1/ 2H; B-505.6Uses: Shoe Soles

NEOPRENERubber: B-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71/ 1.5HB-516.5, C-515.71HRUses: Adhesives, molded rubber articlesSolvent-Borne: C-515.71/ 1.5H, B-516.5 B-515.1/ 2H, Water-Borne: B-600.6, B-515.71/ 1.5H

NITRILE RUBBERB-505.1, B-505.6, C-505.1/ 2H;B-600, B-600.6Uses: Industrial process rolls, shoe soles

PHENOLICB-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71HR, C-515.71/ 1.5HUses: Industrial abrasive wheels

POLYESTER/ MELAMINED-525.3, D-525.31, D-531.1Uses: Coil coatings, general metal finishing

Highly recommended / Also recommended

23

Recommendations by Polymer (2)

POLYESTERUnsaturated: B-545.1, C-515.71HR;D-531.1, D-535.1Pigment dispersions: B-535.1, D-535.1SMC/ BMC: D-531.1, B-545.1 for improved physical properties

POLYOLEFINSB-535.1, D-535.1 For pigment dispersions & mineral filler treatment

POLYURETHANE2K: D-525.3, C-515.71HR, C-515.71/1.5H;B-515.4HR, B-516.5Add to polyol side (B) at 1-2 phr based upon total Side A + Side BWB: B-515.71W, C-515.71/ 1.5H, C-515.71HR, B-516.5W; B-515.4W, B-515.5W, B-516.5Uses: Metal primers

POLYVINYL ACETATEB-515.1W, B-523.2W, B-515.71W; B-523.2WXUses: Adhesives, sealants, WB coatings

POLYVINYLIDENE ChlorideB-515.1W, B-523.2W; B-523.2WXAnti-corrosive primers

SBRRubber: B-505.1, C-505.1/ 2H;B-505.6, B-600Uses: Shoe soles, rubber adhesivesLatex: C-515.71HR, B-505.6, B-600.6

STYRENATED ACRYLICB-515.71/ 1.5H, B-515.4HR, B-523.6WH;B-515.5W, B-516.5; B-516.5WUses: Primers, DTM coatings. B-515.71W useful for adhesion to EPDM roof membrane

24

General PropertiesChartwell pH, 2% Wt % Active Sp. g Metals1 Organic group

B-505.1 4.15 25.6 1.23 2 mercapto

B-505.6 6.40* 31.5* 1.36* 2 mercapto

B-515.1 4.5 25.6 1.23 2 pri amine

B-515.1W 4.8 21.5 1.09 2 pri amine

B-515.4 7.2 39.6 1.23 1 pri amine

B-515.4HR 6.9 42 1.25 1 pri amine

B-515.4W 7.7 33.4 1.2 1 pri amine

B-515.5W 7.6 30.3 1.19 1 pri amine

B-516.5 6.8 41.6 1.26 1 2 pri amines

B-516.5W 7.3 36.6 1.2 1 2 pri amines

B-515.71 7.5 39 1.26 1 pri amine

B-515.71W 7.3 33 1.19 1 pri amine

B-517.4 6.6 39.6 1.25 1 cyclic amine

B-523.2W 5.3 31.2 1.19 1 hydroxy/ carboxy

B-523.6W 7.2 29.7 1.2 2 hydroxy/ carboxy

C-523.2 3.40* 22 1.15 2 hydroxy/ carboxy

B-525.1 4.3 27.4 1.23 2 carboxy

D-525.3 4.25 25.5 1.14 2 carboxy

C-531.1 4.3 25.1* 1.08 2 C-10 carboxy

D-531.1 4.00* 25.1* 1.24* 2 C-10 carboxy

B-535.1 4.05 24.2 1.06 2 C-14 hydrocarbon

D-535.1 4.00* 24.2* 1.10* 2 C-14 hydrocarbon

B-545.1 4.35 25.6 1.23 2 methacrylato

B-600 4.4 22.5 1.09 2 sulfido

1 Denotes number of different metals

* Specifications are tentative

25

Chartwell pH, 2% Wt % Active Sp. g Metals1 Organic group

B-505.1/ 2H 4.4 50.26 1.35 2 mercapto

B-515.1/ 2H 4.55 50.5 1.35 2 pri amine

B-515.1WH 4.6 31.5 1.22 2 pri amine

E-515.2H 4.85 33 1.27 2 pri amine

B-515.4WH 6.9 44 1.27 1 pri amine (1.5x)

C-515.71HR 7.80** 43.5 1.23 1 pri amine

C-515.71/ 1.5H 7.7 51.3 1.31 1 pri amine

B-515.5WH 6.9 41.1 1.26 1 pri amine

B-516.5WH 6.85 42.4 1.24 1 2 pri amines

B-523.6WH 7.35 40.5 1.3 2 hydroxy/ carboxy

C-523.2H 3.4 30.3 1.22 2 hydroxy/ carboxy

B-525.1H 4.3 36.9 1.29 2 carboxy

C-531.1H 3.9 38 1.17 2 C-10 carboxy

B-535.1H 4.16 32.9 1.11 2 C-14 hydrocarbon

C-535.1H 4.22 33.9 1.15 2 C-14 hydrocarbon

General Properties for Higher Solid “H” Products

All Chartsil products also available as “H” grades1 Denotes number of different metals

* Specifications are tentative

** Denotes pH 1%

26

Chartsil:Solid Performance

Chartsil functionality Application

B-505.1 (2H)** mercapto All sufur cured rubber (SBR, etc)*Epoxy, Urethane powder coating*

B-515.1 (2H)** amino Epoxy powder coating*C-515.71HR EPDM, Nylon, urethane

C-523.2 (H)** carboxy/ hydroxy TGIC Polyester powder coating*

B-525.1 carboxy Polyester powder coating

C-531.1 C-10 carboxy Acrylic, TGIC and Primid polyesterpowder

B-600 sulfido All sulfur cured rubberImproved abrasion resistance

Organoreactive groups

-(CH2)xSH2, X<6 B-505.1/ 2H

-(CH2)xNH2, x<4 B-515.1/ 2H, C-515.71HR

-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COOH C-523.2 (H)

-(CH2)xCOOH, X=4-6 B-525.1

-(CH2)xCOOH, X>10 C-531.1

CHARTWELL (liquid)/ 72% + HiSil ABS Precip Silica/ 28% = CHARTSIL (Solid)

*Improved corrosion resistance, reduced creep at the scribe

** Recommend increased active matter grades designated “H” or “2H”

27

Chartsil:Physical Structure

28

Water-Borne Solid Stain Applied to Exterior Deck

After 6 months exposure (1)

WB Acrylic stain

with 1.0 phr Chartwell B-515.71 (post added)

180 Days Exposure

WB Acrylic stain

180 days exposure

(1) Applied April 2001; Boston, Mass. area. Any peeling/ loose stain scraped and removed. Deck washed thoroughly and allowed to air dry 48 hours. Stain pad applied. Temperature varied from 28 F to 98 F during period of 180 day exposure.

29

Solid Color Acrylic Deck StainUse Level Calculation

Recommended range: 6.8 g – 13.6 g

Pigment content: TiO2, Iron oxide, unspecified organics, silica

Resin type: Acrylic copolymer

Wt./ litre 1.185 kg

Wt. % polymer solids 15.1%

Wt. polymer solids 0.676 kg

Wt. B-515.71 13.56 g

@ 2.0 phr

30

Benjamin Moore DTM Acrylic M29-08 on CRS

31

Waterborne DTM Acrylic on CRS

32

Adhesion of Polyester Baking Enamel on CRS

Reverse Impact TestConclusions:

1.Without adhesion promoter (control) >50% of coating removed in tape test.

2. Addition of ChartwellD-525.31 to the grind stage sharply reduces coating removal as follows:

Control 50%

2 phr <1%

3 phr 0%

3. Excellent humidity resistance and salt fog resistance

33

Anti-Corrosive Coating based onAlberdingk Boley AS 2688

Raw Materials Lbs/ 100 gal 100 Gal DescriptionGRIND:Alberdingk AS 2688 141.4 16.32 acrylic polymerWater 33.77 4.05 waterBYK 019 1.03 0.13 defoamerVXW-6208 30.11 3.43 polymeric sufactantBayferrox 120 ROX 60.81 1.46 red iron oxideVantalc 6H 47.53 2.07 TalcHuberbrite 1 40.61 1.12 barium sulfateHalox SZP 391 101.97 4.45 zinc phosphateBentone LT 2.03 0.1 bentonite clayWater 17.35 2.08 water

Grind with tooth disk to Hegman 3-4LETDOWN:Alberdingk AS 2688 451.61 52.13 acrylic polymer

Premix the following then add:Flash X 150 15.96 1.74 flash rust inhibitorButyl carbitol 62.66 7.78 solventWater 15.20 1.83 water

Add in the following order:BYK 024 2.53 0.29 defoamerChartwell B-515.71W 7.71 0.78 adhesion promoterDSX-1514 2.03 0.23 rheology modifier

TOTAL 1034.32 100

Paint Properties:

pH (1:10) =

Stormer Viscosity:

% solids (wt) = 46.43

% solids (vol) = 42.40

% PVC = 11.86

Pigment: Binder Ratio: 0.43/ 1

VOC (gr/ l) = 99.2

VOC (lb/ gal) = 0.83

Application technique: spray application

34

Adhesion of WB Urethane bonding Steel Substrates

Blank

Chartwell B-515.4W, 0.5%

Chartwell B-515.4W, 1.0%

2.0

1.0

0.0

Peel strength, kg

0.1

1.51.6 - 1.7

35

Chartwell Adhesion Promoters are Adhesion Promoters not Crosslinkers

36

WB Flexigraphic Inkon Metallized Film

WB Acrylic Ink w/ 2.5% Chartwell B-516.5W

WB Acrylic Ink w/o Chartwell B-516.5W

37

Metal Pretreat

Pull-Off Values for Epoxy Coating on Pretreated Metal(St2 panel preparation)

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0.10% 0.25% 1% 5%

wt % Adhesion Promoter in Aqueous Solution

Pull-

off v

alue

s, p

si

B-515.4HR

B-515.71

Z-6020

Control (no pretreat)

180 psi

38

Vinyl Butyral WashPrimer Adhesion

Adhesion % Coating RemovalPromoter Galvanized Al

E-515.2H 0 0

Other, 1% 25-50 <5

Other, 2% 10 >65

After 6 hrs soak at 160˚F in 10% NaCl

ASTM 3359 - 87 Tape Test

39

Bonding to Vinyl Flooring & Carpeting

40

Waterborne Acrylic Window Glazing Sealant

41

Success stories in Australia (so far)

Coil Coating:Chartwell B-525.3Chartwell D-525.3Chartwell C-515.71 HR

Adhesion on PVC:Chartwell C-515.71 HR(Styrene acrylate based texture

coating)

Hot Tyre Adhesion on concrete:Chartwell B-515.4W(Pure acrylate based coating)

42

Procedure and Use Level Recommendations

General CommentsGenerally 1.0 phr to 2.0 phr (0.5 - 1.4 phr for “H” products)* is recommended. The

presence of high surface area pigment (.ie. carbon black, fine organics, fumed silica) requires the use of 1.0 - 2.0% based upon combined resin solids plus pigment weight to achieve comparable results.

*For “2H” products, multiply use levels by 0.5

Coatings, Adhesives, Inks

SOLVENT BORNE PRODUCTS: Addition to the grind stage with high shear mixing is strongly recommended.

WATER BORNE: Water-borne formulations will generally require 1.0 - 2.0 wt per cent based upon binder solids and organic pigment weight, anti-corrosive pigment weight, and carbon black (0.7 - 2.1 wt. per cent for “H” products). Post add or add to grind.

Rubber Compounds and Powder Coatings

It is recommended that the Chartwell product be added directly upon the silica (or other min-eral), and thereafter, the mix compounded in a Banbury/ Henschel as would be conventionally done. Evaluation at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 phr (0.7, 1.4, 2.1 phr for “H” products) is recommended for Chartwell (liquid) products. Evaluation at 1.5 and 3.0 phr (1.0 - 2.1 phr for “H” products) is recommended for Chartsil (solid) products. Torque and shear should be maximized.

Thermoplastics, Mineral Surface Treatment, & Other Applications

Consult the manufacturer for technical assistance.

43

Understanding Use Level /Performance Relationship

44

Critical ProceduresFor successful use of Chartwell Adhesion

Promoters in Solvent-Borne Systems

PROCEDURE:

1. Add the Chartwell additive directly to the grind stage resin before adding any solvent, pigment or other additives.

2. High shear mix for 15 minutes. This specifically means the use of a Cowles high speed disperser or similar. THE USE OF A MEDIA MILL ALONE IS NOT ACCEPTABLE.

3. Then proceed to add other grind stage components as normally done.

BACKGROUND THEORY:

All additives will perform optimally when they are solubilized in the coating system. Solubilized means that the additive exists as individual discrete molecules within the coating system. This is the objective which we strive to achieve with Chartwell additives.

In practice, however, Chartwell products will most generally NOT fully dissolve in solvent-borne coating systems since they are highly polar molecules being introduced to considerably less polar environments (the coating). Most simply, oil and water do not mix. So, we try to devise a procedure which will result in the smallest possible molecular cluster within the coating media. The use of a high speed disperser achieves this objective.

45

When to add Chartwell Productsin Solvent-Borne Systems

for Optimum IncorporationOBJECTIVE: To maximize shear rate (energy input) usedto homogenously and finely disperse Chartwell Adhesion Promoters.

Preferred point of addition is to the resin alone prior to addition of any further solvent. This is the point of maximum viscosity and maximum shear rate.

SO LVEN T

RESIN SO LVEN T M IX

R E S IN

V isco sity, η η m ax

Shea

r Rat

e

46

The Finish Line

Improved adhesion of Water-Borne, Solvent-Borne,2K Epoxy/ PU, and Powder Coatings

Effective on:Metals: CRS, aluminum, galvanized-

phosphatized stainless steelPlastics: Polyester film, treated PP/PE, ABS,

PVC etc.Elastomers: SBR, NBR, EPDMOthers: Wood/ concrete

Benefits- Substantial increase in salt fog resistance- Improved durability on metals and wood- Most cost effective- Insurance for poor or marginal substrates

Ease of Use1-2 phr in Water-borne: POST ADD1-2 phr in Solvent-borne: HIGH SHEAR mix with

Cowles ONLY

Recommended by Major Resin Suppliers

CONCLUSIONS

47

Many thanks for your attention!

Any questions

This presentation is available at www.chemicalia.com