charles pierrot-deseilligny dan milea rené m. müri eun h. kim february 21, 2008 eye movement...
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Charles Pierrot-DeseillignyCharles Pierrot-DeseillignyDan MileaDan Milea
René M. MüriRené M. Müri
Eun H. KimFebruary 21, 2008
Eye Movement Control by Eye Movement Control by the Cerebral Cortexthe Cerebral Cortex
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Outline• Purpose• Introduction• Frontal Lobe• Parietal Lobe• Cingulate cortex• Summary• Conclusion
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Purpose
To better understand the eye movement control by the cerebral cortex using recent techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/637
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Why study eye movement?
“It gives new meaning to the distinction between 'quantitative' and'qualitative' techniques for evaluating brain-behavior
relationships.” William B. Barr, Chief of Neuropsychology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center,
New York University School of Medicine
Quantify relatively complex neuropsychological processes 1. attention2. spatial memory 3. motivation4. decisional processes
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Introduction• Classic Methods
– Lesion– Electrical Stimulation
• Two recent methods to study eye movement– Transcranial magnetic stimulation– Functional magnetic resonance imaging
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New Methods vs. Old Methods
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation• Temporarily disrupts the functioning of
a specific region of the brain.
– Magnetic field is applied to a subject’s head which crosses the scalp and skull
– Electric current from Magnetic field disrupts the neural activity
– Inactivation lasts <1 sec• Advantage: increased temporal resolution
www.psych.mcgill.ca/.../Techniques.htm
intra.ninds.nih.gov/Lab.asp?Org_ID=104
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging• Non-invasive method• MRI scanner exploits the natural magnetic
properties present in our bodies to obtain image of blood flow in the brain.
• Advantage: increased spatial resolution
http://www.hku.hk/cogsci/media/neuro/1-imaging.jpg
flickr.com/photos/macronin47/85007177/
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Control of Human Eye Movement in Cerebral Cortex
• Frontal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Cingulate Cortex
http://www.gpc.edu/~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/lobes2.jpg
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Frontal Lobe
• Three main areas involved in eye movement control– Frontal Eye Field (FEF) [BA 8]– Supplementary Eye Field (SEF) – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPF
C)[BA9 and BA46]
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Frontal Eye Field• Controls Pursuit Eye Movements (PEMs)
– Smooth tracking of an object
• Preparation and triggering of Intentional saccades– Visually guided saccades– Predictive saccades– Memory guided saccades– Antisaccades
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FEF and PEMs• Control two type of PEMs
• Ipsilateral PEMs (main control) • contralateral PEMs (superficial)
• Controls optokinetic nystagmus• Involuntary eye movement to foveate a moving t
arget to maintain the perception of self-motion
– In the monkey, FEF neurons controlling PEMs are also involved in vergence. However, no literature shows vergence FEF activation in humans.
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FEF and Saccades• Antisaccades: intentional saccades to a target
located in the opposite direction.• Two different Mechanisms
– 1. Inhibition of an unwanted reflexive misdirected saccade
• PEF triggers towards the target. DLPFC inhibits and the error between the PEF and DLPFC reflect the inhibition function
– 2.Simultaneous triggering of an intentional correct antisaccade, made in the direction opposite to the target by FEF
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Supplementary Eye Field (SMA)
• SEF: connected with FEF, the DLPFC, the anterior cigulate cortex and posterior parietal cortex
• Location: Medial surface of the superior frontal gyrus, in the upper part of the paracentral sulcus.
• Function: involved in motor programmes comprising of saccade with a body movement or successive saccades.
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Supplementary Eye Field Cont.• TMS and fMRI studies show that p
re-SEF is involved in motor learning
• SEF is involved in the execution of motor sequence.
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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex• Involved in
– saccade inhibition– short-term spatial memory
• TMS support that DLPFC is exerted during delay period when spatial memory is involved.
• fMRI show activity up to 24 second.
– decisional processes • lesion studies show that percentage of predictiv
e saccades decreased significantly.
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Parietal Lobe• Posterior Parietal Cortex
• Involved in the control of saccades and attention
• Parietal Eye Field– Corresponds to lateral intraparietal area – Involved in control of saccades and attentional proc
esses.– Projects to both FEF and the superior colliculus
• Parieto-FEF projection: visual fixation• Parieto-superior colliculus projection: saccadic involve
ment
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Cingulate Cortex• Divided into the anterior cingulate
cortex (ACC) [BA 24] and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) [BA 23].
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Cingulate Cortex• ACC: involved in intentional saccade control• Cingulate Eye Field: located between BA 23 a
nd 24, prepare all the frontal ocular motor areas involved in intentional saccade control to act in the forthcoming motor behaviour.
• PCC: reflexive saccade control (?)– fMRI study shows that the PCC is active during refl
exive saccades.– Activation during PEM
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Summary
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Conclusion
• Recent data have summarized some of the cortical pathways and mechanisms involved in saccade control.
• TMS and fMRI are currently used to understand new information and interpret cortical control of eye movements in humans.
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Reference• http://www.neuropsychologyarena.com/books/The-Quantified-Process-A
pproach-to-Neuropsychological-Assessment• www.psych.mcgill.ca/.../Techniques.htm• Intra.ninds.nih.gov/Lab.asp?Org_ID=104• http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e180/handouts/figures/brainbrodmannareas.gif• www.schoppik.com/data/articles/jneurosci2006.html• http://www.gpc.edu/~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/lobes2.jpg
I
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Questions?
www.schoppik.com/data/articles/jneurosci2006.html