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TRANSCRIPT
CHArl'ER VI
The Ija~a System
An important development uhich took plane in the land revenue
system of the state of Jatpur during the 18th centuey uas the grant
of khalisa lands in i.iara to the various categories of the riay~ -
the maha.1ans, Jgirdars, zamindars, pate ls, chaudhary, qanunggs, rich 1
peasants and the village community on a fairly large scale. The
practice of _L1ara uas already knwn to the state but for the khalisa
lands its grant uas limited and restricted only to certain classes
of the r~ra such as ;eatels, maha;J.!_!!!, zamf.ndars and sometimes even 2 the more prosperous paasantso From the official point of view
,_,lara uas not regarded as a sound revenue arrangement. HoTtever, the
practice becam3 quite common particularly from the beginning of the
18th cc:mtueyo The state initially resorted to !..jara only in order
to rehabilitate the old ruill13d and desolated villages and with a
Arhsettas of pargan~ Chatsu, Suai Jaipurp L~larna, Bahatri, Lalsot and Dausao Muuazana Kalan pargana Chatsu, Swat Jaipul'", Malal'"nap Bl:iliat:s:-1, Lalsot and Dausa. H 0 So
Chi thi to the Gumashta of Ajmati !than and Nawal Singh Sultanote P
dt. K.!l(l Asaxh Vadi 10, V0 S. 1800/1743, DoDoHo The original documant reads as follout} s "- - - {.:.., rl t;T ~ 1-il[\fl ~q,:r 2~ '·~ :f' -;) ~-..if d ~ •I<Tf <j(:;r ffi ciT q ~~;"j.:, E,•\~(;T (,9"'0-cr..T \JOT 2ft r.~ ~"iHJ lt~GfP:r ";f'qfRi<- \it Tffcr ~ W ~ ;:.-~ ~ - - - " .... "''-'1 •i \II
The doouurent raads as follow 8:
" - - - ~ <T. o::r.nfr lt"C!Fi Ci.10~ mrrr '?r mer TJrrt cr~-1 ·.-;tr ~T( ~4 'rr ~ ~ ....,_~ ...,._..,.-r~ ~- ~--D.. ~-:T :rr-=r::-r j., - ~ . • ~r -..-'~.F. ~"rT ~ ~.--r' •&~c., ,.~it\ Gl .,ril ~'41{1 lG'--:1 \-1•1'41 t"1l ~ '•'\' -," til•,•o-. "'I \,I (~1<-:t,
.:)
257
1 vieu to incraasing the jama of unlucrative villages. The doou-
W3nts uhich illustrate the administrative practices of the time
clearly sst out the manner in uhich the D.9\Jly founded, old deserted
and unlucrative villages r.are developsd by the reven1m officials
through the practice of i.jara.., such villages were given in !.Jaro.
on a sliding scale of revenue d3mand ni th an annual increase in
the .. 1a12a up to five years till it reached the normal demand.2 In 3
normal conditions lucrative villages r.are not granted in i lara..A.
The zamindal"S ordinarily took the .. 1agir !antis of the othsr assignees (,
:tn their neighboumood in !Ja~.,. Houaver, relevant evidenne from
2.
Chithi to the Amil J!ff:m,ana Toda Rai Singh, dt. ~.£.ll'!r Posh Vad:! 9, V .s. 1822/1765. hfthi to the ~ pargana LB.lsot, dt. ~ AsoJ Sudi 3, v.s. 1826/1769, Chithi to the Amil lmrgana Chatsu dt. Asarh Sudi 2, v.s. 1815/i158. Chithi to the mil pa;gana Bahatri, dt, K~M. Asarh Sudi 15, v.s. 1817/1760. Yaddashti Pradakhti Gaon _pargana Malarna, dt. V .s. 17 83/1726. 'Mnwazana Kalan parg~n~ Uhatsu, Bahatri, H,S.
Chithi to the!!!!!...! pargana Lalsot, dt. K,U., l~sarh SUdi 14, y,.s. 1815/1758. .. _ . . ~ _ _ . - - - ~rr -;i~ ·:r :ncr \4 c, ... ; ... ;.() n r;;r ~-q ..... itrTI-1 m ~.7iir "~ d t;iT
t" - - - - 7Tfcr ~ -~~ r; f.r~ '~I'\.:: -._if~· rrr{ ~m:i ';;fliT ~ -ro:rr~1 ~m lj.-j h( c::J
-;:-nufr \fi o ~ '-I ~ crr.r-~1 - - - "
Chithi to the~ pa;gana Chatsu, dt, K2 M, Asarh Sudi 2, v.s. 1815/1758, D,D.H, "- - - r.1- iT ·.w;, 7: Tifcr ~i '-i...; %ff ~ Gl Qui I 'G iJ ·U ... , s c> ;,_.mt D' "<I G ~rtr t> fr 31~ t~T - - - TffcT ~IT ~ ifr~ tn"'=<:r c, '- ;.T rriT c,••i ~ q.:rr tl TI Ufff ~"itt;.;\\ ~.-lff\:icf vnuiT ~ ~ c;.~ -41- m- - - -"
The ,ljara of village Ram Singh Pura in pargana Bahatri was granted to Sukh Ram Brahman for a period of five years. He was required to pay the foll<ming amount 1
Year 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769
~. ~o.oo 8o.oo 125.oo 175.oo 25o.oo ~r.azana :Ialan pargana Bahat rt •
3. Amber Reco:rds - Chi thi. from Narottam Das to Dinan Shiv Nath, dt. K .. :z .. Sar.an Vadi 11 f v .s. 1812/1755. Chithi from Si ta Ram and Ram S:tngh to Binghi Sunder Das, dt. IG.l l:ag_ishri Sudi 10, v.s, 1808/ 1751. Jhatut Abal Karan dt, !C.! Chaitra Vadi 8, v.s. 1821/1764,BS.
iJ:~ ScP. Gupta, "Pattern of I.iara Syste!!l in Eas·tern Raiasthan"
258
the dcnum9nts shoos that after Swai Jai Singh's d9ath kbalisa land
uas given in !.Jara t1ide ly and it became a dominant feature of the 1
land revenue system. of the state. The significant developmant in
the ijaradari system during the period unde~ study was the grants
of istama.rari i,ja,ra and tankhuah ijara.
~ !r1aradar was required to pay a certain amount in seasonal
2 instalmsnts as stipulated in the terms of the patta, The documents
sh<r.l that the i,iara 11as not contracted for a fixed sum and the
amount could go on changing from year to year. The contracted
amount could bs decreased or iooreased in keeping with the produce .V The following examples are given belao to highlight the point:
3.
Name of the village
Radha GoVind Pura
Year
1755 1758
1761
1762
1765
Amount of the !._jara
271.00 30.00
38.40 61.00
17.34
Arhe.atta and J.Juwazana s of )2_argana Chatsu, M.alarna, Swai Jaipur, Dausa, Lalsot and Bahatri. Amber Records - Chi thi from Ehoob Ram to Tek Chand, dt • .!f:.M, Chaitra Sudi 12, v.s. 1811/1754, H.s. Arhsattas of pa;gana Chatsu, Malarna, Swai Jaipur, Dausa, Lalsot and Bahatri. Amber Records, ld.khtapg from Ajab Ram Pura Ram Sodhu ka of Suai Jaipur, dt. If.~~I. Ua.gishri Sudi 5, v.s. 1811/1754. Chithi to the A!!'!l: J?argar.a Jobner, dt. K.:.I. Kati Vadi s, V0 S o !S:i.1/ 175-Go ,L:qmtang by Vyas Ti lok Chand and Dalu Ram Godha, dt. K.,M., .lso.1 ~ 13r v.s. 1811/1754.
Arhsattas pargana Mn.larna for "the years of A.D. 1756, 1758,1762, 1775 and 1778. Also S3e :.:uuazana Pargana Chatsu, Lalsot and l1alarna, H0 S.
259
Year Amount of the !Ja~ Nama of the village
1760 121 .oo 1763 237.00
Man Pur Gate 1764 231 .oo 1768 111.69
1769 94.00
1778 1000.00 f
1779 1200.00
1780 1360.00 Vilas Pura 1781 1360.00
1782 1360.00
1783 400.00
17~ son.oo 1785 680.00
1752 aa::.s£ Kalauas 1760 210//2
1763 408.72 1764 271.25
1752 239.56
1756 68.81 Bh3riwas 1759 139.62
1760 207 0LOO
1761 72.94
i'l67 41.25 Shri Har Narayan Pur 1768 53.50
:1769 64 0 00
Hor.averp in certain cases the !._.1ara uas contracted for a fixed
sum and the contract c<T&.~ld continue for a number of years tti thout
260
any decrease or iooreass in the amounto This was so in casas ulte~
the !Jara grant uas madG in istamu:ar to a certain category of
_z~a_mi_n_,d-.a...,r::.os_,,._ The pattern. can be seen from the following examples:
Na.m3 of the village
Nalsar Dalsar
Kharla Rahimp-&~r
Nivod Vohra
Bhanoli
Ratanpur etc. 3 villages.
Name of th0 U aradar mount
Laxman Singh Rajauat 1852.00
Raja Gopal Singh Jadam 2930 0 00
Ajit Singh Rajauat of Isarda 1762 050
Suraj Mal Rajauat 900 .oo
Vikrama Ditya Rajauat 6000000
Period
1760 to 1771
1750 to 1758
1751 to 1770
1756 OllVlSl"dS
1765 onuards
The 1,1aradal" uas requirad to give a gabuliyat or likhtapg for the 1
said contract.. He l7as entitled to make represantations for reduc-
tion of the amount payable to the state only in accordance with the
terms and conditions mentio112d in the agraemant. Reduction could
be claimed in the case of natural ~alami ty and inroads made by an
invading army. In thess circumstances reduction uas granted after
verification by the !!!:1:..!! 11 the chaudhary and qanul1&2 of the actual
less suffered by the .!..1&l"adar, 2 In normal circumstances the ijara-:
~ uas practically left to bear all the risk involved in the col
lection of rewnt!.3.v
1. Numerous original Likhtangs and q.abuliyats are preserved in the documents partaining to pargana, Chatsu, Dausa, Kot, Fagi, !Jalarna, Hindaun, Mauzabad etc., D.D.H·.
2. Chithi to the Amil Pargana Chatsu, dt. KM Vaisakh Sudi 1, VS 1808/1751. Chi thi to the Amils pa;;:ogana Bahatrl., dt. KH Vaise.1th Vadi 9, VS 1808]1751. Chithi to Shah Salig Ram 1-Iahajan, dt,:CJ Mfiih V,adj. 9p VS 1816/1759. Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan, dto ~cr Bdadon Sudi 11, VS 1810/1753. .. ~-..,.... ,.~. _ _,_.c... ,c,.. "('"'"!""'-~~ .-0\- -.,.. ~ ~.,...,... -,.~ .,>- ~ ... . -;-"!"
- - - -:..i 1.. ,.j)~;\fll ,.,~·ilol '••I , ''i~'-1' '-'II ... 1 •,•\ .:., ' ~,;vW'-1 t>l<-1 \II ',!,r.-\,\'"1 <,•1
IT-iT •·.l'f;.f-.• ~T:Tf .. i ~,~ •. H. ¢!' :-;r: \,(~ ::;~ •:--'J- 2;~ riT f.'r --j:.:r?ti;:.: ;~v!"{T
tfT~~ - - -"
261
I.iara could be granted of a Ramana or of mora than one R_argana,
or of a village (darobast) or part of it (sarikatD or of more than 1
one village and e-van of a field or of a particular cropo Ijara
could bs contracted for the ~ or land l"3venus (such ijara being
knG't'1n as mal i.jara) or for the ent:lra :re-venue including .!!!t sayar
aml other taxes (Kul Habubayati). It could also be made for one or
more of the various taxes such as .!!R!P rahdari, sadari, ~shkash,
bhom.i. etc.2 (See Appendix I). Gemrally the contract was made for
an amount less than that of the assessed revenue or ,jama of the area
farmed out by the ~1aradar on the basis of the basil of the preceed-3 ing five or seven years. A comparison between the figures of the
amount of 1.1ara and the basil figures of the preceeding and subsequent --Contd •••• f.n. 2. Chithi from Iiuan Raja Har Govind Kanhi Ram to
Arti Ram, the Aidl of pargana Swai Jaipur, dt. K11 M. Magh Sudt 6, v.s. 1810/1753, n.n.n.
1. Chithi to Shah Harikesh, dt. K.u. Sauan Sudi 8, v.s. 1811/1754, D.D.H. Muwazana Kalan pargayta Chatsu. .Arhsattas of pargana Chatsu, Suai Jaipur, Malarna, Dausa, Lalsot, and Bahatri, H.s.
2. Amber Records, letter to the ~irnil pargana Jobner from Diwan 1J7arlidhor Nand Lal, dt. Kati Vadi 8, v.s. 1811/1754. Amber Records, Likhtang by Vyas Ti lok Chand and Dalu Ram Godha, dt • A~oj Vadi 13, v.s. 1811/1754. Amber Records, Li.khta~ by iJohan nam-~ada Nand etc. ijaradars, dt. Phalgun Vadi 4, v.~ 1811/1754, H.S. Chi thi to Shah Harike sh from "Diwan Shiv N'ath, dt. Sawan $pdi 14, V0 S. 1810/1751, D.D.H·0
3. Chithi to the Amils pargana Toda Rai Singh, dt. Posh Vadi 9, v.s. 1822/1765.
The dooument reads as follGWe: '' - - - cy ~ fu\ff 1.-T ~ ~~ tf~ ( c:"'fil) q ~-~d<;f mq-~ trrr t.iT cy
~"~~- tcr.:-m-~- :-r::r nrrr q ~ ~ m m ~; i.\-l q ::r:rr tit 1liCr (cm.rs) . . ~
~"'I lt ?:rz:iT -~~ '·) "{ "G'TJ:rr - - - ''
262
years uould shor.r that the amount contracted by an bjaradar seldom
exceeded the average basil figure s.1 ~ &1aradar had an opportunity
to earn mora profit through efficient management and vigilaiiDe. The
1.1aradar's sou:roe of incoma lay in extending cultivation of the
cultivable wasteland. \.i th a viet! to inf!raasing the jama, the !_:1ara
~ made efforts to bring the cultivable uaste and fallol"l land of
the village under plough. In many casas ue find the ~jaradar.~ in
ducing tbe pahi s and the palti s from other villages tq Oome and
settle in the village and offering them coneessions. ~ The widespread practice of ijara opened up good prospects to
those parsons uho possessed investible money and had a good kna::rledge
of the agrarian condition and revenue paying capacity of the area.
Gem rally the i.1aradaz: uas required to furnish surety (malzamin!) of
a sahukar, preferential treatment being accorded to those who could 2 produce tp§.lZam:f.~ of a good _sahRQ:::. to the state. Even the big and
1. The !_Jara of ,P-argana Chatsu was g:r3nted to Shah Harikesh for a psrlod o:f 3 years 1.e. from 1754: to i756 for the following amount.
Year Amount 1754 74562.94 1755 81741.94 1756 85331.53
The .1ama of parg!lna Cbatsu in the praceeding and subsequent years uas as follow~:
Year 1751 1752 1753 1757 1~158
1760
Jama 91594..61
110978.62 93427.12
1e9259.28 102952.90
67316.03 Sa11an Sudi 1~, V .s. 2.
1810/1753. Also see -;;able
Chithi fi'"om Dil7an ~.:U.rli Dhar to the AID!! pargana Jobnsr~ dt. ~.tJ .. Rati Vadi 8, V .s. 1811/i'l54.
263
influential zmindaro and .~iMirdar! uex-e not exceptions to this rule,
and r.ara asked by the state to furnish malzamini of the sahuh:ar at 1
the time of bidding for ;1, • .1.!.~~- The zamin in that casa had th9 full
responsibility to make good the loss in case the ijaradar failed to
clear off the state dues. In return, the guarantor got a share in
the profit of the ijaradar, Although the documents do not provide
any information on tha share of the Zamint, it may have been substan
tial considering the risk involved on the other hand it may have
been basad on customary rates. Thel."'a are instances uh.en the Zamins
threatened or actually committed suicide when the i,jaradar failed
to deposit the state dues and the zamin nas called to make good the
amount. For instaooe it \78.S reported by the amil of _pargana Lalsot
to the 1!aharaja in 1756 that many of the Brahmans of ~asba Lalsot
uho stood sursty on behalf of jLjaraoars had committed suicide as a 2
result of the failure of ! . .1aradarf! to deposit the state dues.
A darobast or sarikat khalisa village could be given in ijara
to a single .i.1aradar or in a group of them, 3 The follouing table
illustrates tb pattern.
2.
3,
Parne.na from }laharaJ.! Ishr.ari Singh to Dalel Singh Rajal'7at, dt. K, '!.I, l!!)gh Sudi 1, V .s. 1800/17 4:3, Amber Records, }Jih:htang dt. K.J.l., Sauan Sudi 7, V ,S. 1811/1754.
Chithi to the~ J?!rn.ana Lalsot, dt. K,Me sauan Vadi 11, V 0 S, 1813/1756,
Arhsatia~. pargann Bahatrt V,S. 1812/1755, pamana 1.1alarna YeS. 18:32/1775 and J!rgana Dausa v.so 1825/1758 0
Te.bls I
Tan Name 0~ the --- Tan
of ~1..!.31:1: vl.llage
~argana Year the village
Kupauas Bahatri 1755 1oooo; .... o•
Babatrt 1755 0 • 0 •
Name of .Amoun·(; Tan tha O:l -'Khalisaijaradar 1.1ara
Bso 1000/- Faki rdas '"/33
• •
Kalyanot
Seva, Dava 1025 Mali Duda
' Pa tvrarl and Himmat ;?atel
264
Natu~ o;l !.jara gre.nt
c,. 6 Daro-~
0 Daro-~
Pipaluara · liadi Malarna 1775 1300/~ 350/- 950/- Indar Raj 335 0 Serikat
B~~n Khalisa
Naua Gaon DRusa 1768 14:00/--4.200/- 200/- ~ateL 12 0 Sarikat Patwari and Khalisa _.1agirdar of the village
I.1are o:r the darobast and sarlkat khali sa mauzas uas usually
given to the local ~aha,jans, ~tels, zamindars, .:iagirdars, a single
peasant or even to the entire riaya of a village including tb2 suparior 1
sections of the contm:Jnity. A feu examples are given belon to illus-
trate the pattern.
1. Arhsattas o:t .P.argana Malarna, Ialsot, Chatsu, Bahatri, ]}ausa and Suai Jaipur.
265 Tab:l3 2
Name of the village
Pargana Year
Tan -of the
village
Nama of Amount Tan Tan the of
1.8if. r Khallsa !Jaradar !_jara
Natur0 of i.jara grant
Sri Govind- Rs2 ~.
pura Lalsot 1770 • • 0 • •• The raiyat 112 8 Darobast of the village.
Ram Sar Lalsot 1770 •• • • •• Chauhan & 174: 12 Darobast Meena ~iyat of .the village
ICalya Vas h~larna 1775 • • • • •• Jagirdar 50 0 Darobast zamindar & the rai~at of the village
Hm7ever, the grants involving larger terri tortes were made to
the local ponarful zamindars, .!1agirdars and sahukars who had local 1 connections as uell as strength to be able to collect the rewnue.
Thus ths .!,1ara of _Pargana Bairath was granted to sahukars Tilok Chand
and Dalu Ram Godha for a sum of Rs. 21 ,3001.f- for a period of three
years. The i.1aradars undertook the responsibility of realizing basil
2 from the zortalab Ra.iput zamindars,. They also maintained an armad
contingent. Similarly pargana Gaori and Vavai uere gfanted in i,jara
3 to Dalal Singh Rajauat uho uas a leading noble of the Jaipur !fahru;aja,
1.
3.
Amber Records, Likhteng from Rawal Sher Singh Nathawat and Bakhshi Ram Shekha't7at, dt. K.11. Sauan Sudi 7, v.s. 1811/1753. Likhtang fr c:n Ajab Ram Rura Ram Sodhuka, dt. K,M. Magi shri Sudi 5, v.s. 1811/1754, Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan, dt. K~M~ Bhadon Sudi 11, v.s. 1810/1753.
Likhtapg_, dt. K.M, Asoj Vadi 13, v.s. 1811/1754.
Chi this dt, K .. ::r .. M'agh Sudi 1, V .s. 1800/1743; dt. X.,:-1 .. Jeth Vadi 14~ v.s. 18cnr/1750, Thikana Records, Dhoola.
266
The !.,1ara could also be taken by persons from neighbouring
villages. Thus we find mahajans, patels, zamindars, jagirdars and 1
the peasants from a neighbouring village bidding for 1.1ara0 Gene-
rally the raiyat and patels were given i.iara on modarate terms,
this type of i.Jara being known as i,iara gun.jaishi ka .. 2 The assump-uero
tion hitherto made that most of the ijaradarsjspeculators from out-
side is not supported by the available relevant data. A majority
of i.jaradars be longed to the same village of which they took i,iara
and were well acquainted with the ~ocal conditions and customs etc.
The i.iaradars coming from neighbouring villages can not basically
be considered as outsiders as there was often a link among neigh-
bouring villages uhich "r.'are grouped together for their common needs.
~Ioreover, the ,t.jaradars from the neighbouring villages were also
familiar Tlith the agrarian conditions and customary practices of the
village which they held in Uara.., The number of i.iaradars coming
from other parganas and touns was quite msagre. It would appaar
from the following table that 74.68~ among Ljaradars were local
parsons whgreas 1.1aradars from outside and neighbouring areas formed
about 25.32%. J~ong them 36.27% were zamindars, 3 0 23% J!&irdars,
21.27% mahajans, 8.17~ peasants, 11.14% patels, and 4.8% chaudharis
and ganungos., The rest was constituted by persons of various other
categories. 89.06% of the ijara was held by individuals and 10.94% 3 collectively.
1. Arhsattas _pa:rga~ Chatsu, S\78.i Jaipur, Malarna etc. 2. !.::.tuazana Kalan J?arga~a. Chatsu.
3. These figures are based on the information contained in the .Arhsattas of J?argana Suai Jaipur, Bahatri, Dausa, Chatsu, Halarna and La.l sot •
A.
B.
c.
Table
!.1aradars: 14:98
Local •• 1120
From outside the village 376
Joint i j aradars 160
Single ijaradars 1338
Peasants • • 124
Patels •• 169
:Jaha.jans • • 321 614
Q!laudha;a ann Qanungos 63
Zamindars 550
J~irdars 41
111 seQ llaneous 230
8M
267
Broadly ijara grants were of three typss. In the first category
uas garar i,jara of a ,Pargal'!,~ or of a mauza or of a part of it or of
nol"3 than or.e nmuza, granted for a single season or for ona year.1
There are of courS3 cases of grants for more than ons year, evan for 2 a pariod of five years; but garar i.lara l7as ral'3ly granted for such
a long period. Hcmaver, it could be renewed for a further term after
the expiry of the contract. The qarar i.1ara of sarikat khalisa mauza
2.
Arhsattas and Muwazana Kalan .PRmana Chatsu, Lalsot, Bahatri etc.
Chithi to the.&!!! pargana Laloot, dt. K,.M,. SaTJan Vadi 2, v.s. 1822/1765.
268
uas praferably granted to the ~iaairdar of the same village on
1 month aarars..., Such grant uas made on administrative grounds to
enable the ,_jagirdar to create a homogenous revenue unit for the
managenrent of the village and to avoid dual administrative control
i.e. of the Jagirdar and the khalisa officials over the village.
The pattern can be seen by the follo-r.ring examples:
Nan:2 of the village
Pargana Year
Table 3
Nams of Amount Tan Tan !!!!! the of
ofthe jagir Kh.a- !.jara- !_.jara village lisa~
ns. A.
Nature of i,jara grant
Daulatpura Lalsot 1767 2875/- 2100/- 775/- Jagirdar 387 6 6 months
Rall\7ali
Har Ram Pur
Sirsali
of the nP~ village
Chatsu 1760 12700/- 10000/- 2700/- Bhopal 1800 0 Singh Chatrabhujot Ja$irdar of the village
Jaipur 1756 3000/- 2750/- 250/- Dalel 125 0 6 months Singh .£ara:i:" Chat rabbu jot Jagirdar of the village
Ualarna 1756 6000/- 5720/- 280/- Jagirdar 140 0 6 months of the Qarar village
t. Arhsattas of pargana Lalsot, v.s. 1824/1767 ar ana Chatsu, x.s. 1817/1760, 12argana S'Jai Jaipur v.s. 1813 1755 and pargena ~larna V .s. 1813/1755.
269
The main feature of garar i.1ara was its short tenure, ThiS
type of i,jara grant uas made by the revenue officials l7i th a vier.
to increasing the jama of the villages (Hasil-i Kamil). The grant
did not carry vrith it any adninistrati"tre functions. It v:as the
policy of the state to resume garar i.1ara after two or three years
as soon as the jama reached the normal demand.
The second type of iJara uas ijara istamarari which was granted
for a longer term.Yrn some cases it could become permanent, 2 al-
though it uas not so in the majority of cases. Ijara istamara~i
was contracted for a period ranging from four to fifteen years and 3
it could be rener.ed for a further term. The pattern can be seen
from the following examples:
Name of the village Name of the ijaradar
Bhariuas
Vaghar etc. ~,rauzas 3
Samrath Singh Surtanot
112gb Singh Raj au at
Amount !'eriod
lls.
1727 to 1732
5000.00 1730 to 1733 per year
Xherla Rahimpur Raja Uanik Pal and 2930.00 1750 to 1765 Tulas 2al Jadam per year
Chi tori Udai Singh Kumbhani 17 .oo Four years. for the current
kharif
Pilori Nihal Singh Kilyanot 1882.31 • 1751 to 1758 }l2r year
Achal Pura Jhujhar Singh Rajawat 136.81 1745 to 1759 per year
"Iamcl. •. na Khushal Singh Chela 1764 1765 1766 1767 300.00 450100 500.00 701., 00
1. ArhSattas 12argana Chatsu, Swai Jaipur, Bahatri etc.
2. Arhsattes pargana Bahatri, v.s. 1812/1755,V.s. 1818/1761,v.s. 1822/1765 and VS 1829/1772, pa2;ana 1mlarna VS 1808/1751:V.s. 1813/1756~ VS 1815/1758,VS 1832 1775, VS 1~5/1788.
3. Arhsat tas and ;.itr.azana klan .Parga.na Chat su, ~larna, Sl:ai Jaipur, De.usa~ Bahatri and Lalsot.
270
Houever, it could be resun:od at any tim2 even before the expiry of 1
the contract. Istamurari ijara could be granted of a village or
of more than one village, of a~ or of paz:gana, However, in
most of the cases the grant r.as made of a single village or a group
of villages. The grant of a~ or pargana in istamarari i.iara
nas rather restricted and r.as made only in extren:a case So
Ijara istamarari was granted for different considerations. The
rulers of the time were facing serious financial problems as a result
of continuous war with the :-tarathas and i,jara istamarari enabled
them to raise ft:nds to be paid to the ~.Iarathaso In many cases it
uas granted for purely administrative purposes such as the protec-
tion of the raiyat of an area from thieves and robbers and for tha
2 maintenance of 18:1 and order in a disturbed area. Thus the villages
of Hadhogarh and ~·iamana in pargana Bahatri wera granted in istamara!"i
1. Thus the village Raliya ta in .~mana Bahatri \'78.S granted in istam.arari ijara to Suraj J.Ial · lyanot in 1758 for a sum of Rs. 1294o25. Rouever, the grant '\"laS resunred in the follouing year (1759). Muwazana Rargana Bahatri. Tha village of :Jadhogarh uas granted in istamarari ijara to Khushal Chela. The amount of ijara uas fixed as foll0\'78 1
1765 750,00
1766 1000,00
1767 1300,00
17 6 8 and onwards 1600000
Houever, in the next year (1769) the i!iara uas resumed and granted to Bhom Singh Ka.chhawa Jogi in istamarari for a period of five years. The amount of ijara was as follows:
1769 400.00
1770 600.00
1771 soo.oo
1772 900,00
C}li th.i to the AI!lil EJr~ana Toda Rai Singh dt. K:M Posh Sudi 9, Vs 1~22/1765. cliito 'the .t\m:ll RirganS; liindaun, dt. l.Cl Jeth Sudi Bs V .s. 1821/1764 o :.:uuazana lan Par.gana Bahatri.
271
i,jara on concessional rates to one :OlUshal Chela for a period of
five years. The said villages TTere deserted on account of the dis
turbance caused by thieves and robbers, The i.iaradar uas entrusted
uith the charge of constructing a fortress in the village and protec-1
tion of the .z:aiyat from thieves and ro'.Jbers. In another case the
grant of tIre village of Varoda and another five villages uas made in
i stamarari i jara to one Nadir lilian in order to protect the said vi 1-
lages from the incursion of Gu,jars of the neighbouring areas, The
~ also undertook to subdue the Gujai"Me2 The i,jarad&rs uere
3 in such cases asked to retain an armed contingent. Such re sponsi-
bilit$-res \",'ere usually given to a big zamindar or sahukar with requi
site resources, Thus the bjara of pargana· Kot uas given to Ranal
Sher Singh Nathawat, the zamindar and jagirdar of Samod for a sum of
~. 1,25,001/- yearly. The istamarari ijaradar was required to produce
a bond from the sahukar. J;.ccording to the terms of the agreement,
the Liaradar could not leave the _pargana uithout obtaining prior per
mission from the ~.Iaharaja, It uas also his task to subdue the recal
citrant zamindars of the pargana. The ijaradar also undertook to
supply troopers in the case of any war. Steps to prevent thefts and
crima in the ,nargana were also to be taken by the i,jaradar, He uas
also entrusted uith the responsibility of resettling and rehabilitating
1 e Mu\7aZana Kalan Pa;rgana; Bahatri.
2, Chithi to the .1\mil pargana Hindaun, dt, KnM. Jeth Sudi s, V_.S 0
1821/1•164!
3, Amber Records, Likhtang by Ra"hal Sher Singh }Iathanat and Bakhshi Ram !:ihekhauat, dt, 14ll .. Sar.an Sudi 7, v.s. 1811/1754,
272
the raiyat of too ~ana,. lie r.as instructed by the 1laharaja to 1
appropriate the llasil on the basis of customary rates, although to
tibat extent such instructions v.are followed can only be a matter of
conjecture. However, the istamarari i.iara grants seem to have served
the state in a number of ways. Firstly, it ensured the remittance
of a fixed amount to the state exchequer. Secondly9 the responsibi
lity of running the administration ami the maintenance of lau and
order was shifted on to the shoulders of the ,L1aradars 9 LastJ.y~ the
ruler could also secure military assistance from the i.iaradar at the
t im.a of vrar.
In soJit9 cases ijara. istamarari was granted to tulers of the
neighbouring states. Such grants consisted of villages which vrere
contiguous to the territories of neighbouring rulers. The rulers of
Bharatpur and Karoli states a.cqui red some villages in i stamarari 2
i.1ara from the !Ja.haraja of Jaipur. The reasons why such grants YTera
made are ho~verJ not kn<mno
In many cases the grant of j_stamarari i,jara was made in psrpe
tuity by the ruler as a mark of spacial favour.to his kith and
1. Amber Records - Likhtang by Raual Sher Singh Nathawat and Bakhshi Ram Shekhawat, dt. Krhl, Sauan Sudi 7, v.s. 1811/1754.
Chithi to 1754.
Chithi to 1759.
Shah Harikesh, dt. K.M. Sawan Sudi 8, V .s. 1811/
Shah Salig Ram, dt. K,M. 1Iagh Vadi 9, V ,S. 1816/
2. J .. r11sattas pargana Bahatri and pargana Malarna.
273
1 kins nho rendered meritorious services to the state. These grants
uere in the form of natan zamindari ua i stamarari ijara,. This uas
the highest kind of superior land tenure ever conferred by the
rulers. Such grants were accompanied by administrativo functions
of the faujdari and the right to collect the revenue in a definite
2 area. The revenue payable by the grantee to the state was a fixed
lump sum not based on the actual produce and technically the grantees
uere as good as a j>eshkashi zamindar, The most significant feature
of such grants was that they were immune from transfer and could
not be assigned in ,1agir. The grantees were allowed to exercise
permanent zamindari and faujdari rights over the area under their
jurisdiction.
The superiority of the rights in such grants is established
by the very large sums of money paid by the grantees as peshkashe 3
Tne grantees' hereditary right over the area l~d to the establish-
1.
2.
3.
Chithi to the Amils Rargana ~~larna, dt. Asarh Vadi 5, v.s. 1821/1764, dt. Kati Vadi 10, v.s. 1824/1767. Sanad to Dalel Singh Rajawat, dt. Ke~L. Chaitra Vadi 1, V.S. 1797/1740. Pa~1ana to Rao Vikramaditya Rajauat, dt. V.S. 1817/1760. Va~7ana to Rao Vikramaditya Rajmvat, dt. K.M. Chaitra Sudi 9, V.S. 1821/1764. Chithi to Ratan Singh Rajawat, dt. Chaitra .§.!!.!!!. 4, V .s. 1802/1745. Pa:rwana Khas to Ratan Singh Rajauat dt. K.M. Kati Sudi 5, v.s. 1809/1752. Chithi from Diuan Jai Chand Amarchand to the Amil pargana Udehi, dt. K.M. Posh Sudi 14, v.s. 1830/1773. r?arr.rana to Magh Singh Rajawat, dt. K.M. Magishri Vadi 1, v.s. 1830/1773. ----
Ibid.
Paruana Khas to Awaj Singh Rajawat, dt. K.M. Magishri Vadi 6, v.s. 1855/1798. i?arwana to Rao Vikramaditya Rajawat, dt. K.li. Chaitra Sudi 9, v.s. 1821/1764. Parw~~ to Rao Vikramaditya-aaja~at, dt. K,M. Sawan Vadi 11, V,S. 1834/1777, Parwana to Hathi Singh Rajauat~ dt. K,1l • .t:.soj Sudi 15, v.s. 1812/1755.
274
nrent of many neu thikanas, The creation of the thikanas of Bart7ara,
Dhoola etc. can be traced back to such grants. The main purpose
behind the grant of istamarari ijara wa uatan zamindari uas the
creation and expansion of the Xachhauaha zamindaris in the ;>arganas
rreuly acquired from the liughal territories by the rulers of Jaipur.
The zamindari grant 't7as combined uith istamarari ijara grant in
order to keep the neu zamindars in the position of intermediaries,
though in due course of tit1!'3 the grantees rose to the position o1
pa shkashi zami ndars 11 given
JJara istamarari could be/out of the khalisa mauza in full or
1 part thereof and could be held by one or more than one ijaradar.
Thera are many instances uhere the i,iara istamarari 't7as jointly held
by the patel, zamindar, and entire raiyat of a village. 2 There
are also instances of raiyat collectively holding i,jara istamaruri
of villages other than their residential villages. 3 Sometimes old,
ruined and desolated villages lYere also granted in istamarari i,iara 4
on a sliding scale of revenue demand.
1. Arhsatta pargana Chatsu, Sr.ai Jaipur, !dalarna, Bahatri, Dausa and LiiSot. llillwazana Kalan pargana Chatsup Dausa, S"::'ai Jaipur, Bahatrt, ~alsot, Malarna. Chithi to the Amil pargana Baha·trl, dt. K:l Vaisakh Vadi 9, v.s. 1808/1751. Amber Records -,Xdkhtang by Jait Singh Rajal7at, dt. KM Bhadon Vadi 9, VS 1819/1762.
2. Arhsatta pargana SUai Jaipur, Chatsu, Dausas Malarna, Lalsot and Bahatri.
3. Arhsatta pargana Malarna, Dausa, Bahatri, Swai Jaipur, and Lalsot.
4. Arhsattas and :7uuazana Kalan Pargana Bahatri, Chat su, Lalso·;; etc.
275
The third type of i,jara uas tan!dmah i,jaras It 11as granted to 1
state officials in lieu of their salary. Generally it was granted
foi" a short term t bough in sO'!!a cases it could be granted for a
longer term. 2
Naure of the vill:Ige
Pilaro
Sri Jaijagpura
Vilaspur
Visanpur
Kanhesar
The pattern can be seen from the following examples:
Tan Amount of Nama Of the Year tankh\:ah !._J.aradar
3750.00 1500.00 Daulat Ram l.Iaha.1an 1766
8000.00 ~Iaha Ram Kayastba 1784 to 1788
1360.00 1580.00 Jeeuan Ram Mahajan 1783 to 1785 uasuli f
f
1783 17~ 1786
400.00 500.00 680.00
500.00 p5r year
Man sa etc • IDlasb ar- 17 83 to 17 86 dar of Huzuri
Re kh Raj Khuas Istamarari . 1777 to 1'"188
The mauzas given in tankhwah i.1ara were not regarded as .1agir but
remained a part of lmalisa land though its income did not coma to the
state treasury directly.
The practice of granting tankln1ah i.1ara out of khalisa land
suggests that the rulers of the tims uere facing serious financial
problems and uere not in a position to pay all the state servants
(naqdi officials) in cash. The state did not uant that the remaining
revenue of the khalisa should be further alienated to the assignees
or the jagirdars and as such did not want to transfer khalisa revenue
1. lJuuazar.a Kalan Pargana Cbatsu and Bahatri. (
Az-hsattas pamana Ballatrl, Dausa, i.Ialarna, Lalsot etc. ~:U'::'e.:;;at:o. P-lan ,Pargana \;hatsu.
276
to the category of assigned revenues in the official recordso But
in order to meet the financial crisis, it resorted to the tankbr.ah
ijara system to the nagdi officials. It may be conceeded that in
actual practice the xevenue assigned in .iagir to a state official
(.jagirdar) and those given in tankhvrah ijara to tankhuah i,jaradars
amounted to the same thing. Hol'JSve r, the technical differenoe re
mained as the revenue of th9 tuo were entered under two distinct ca-
tegories in the records. It seems that it was not possible to increase
further the xevenues of the lands (!.!!!) given in .iagir and as an
interim administrative-cum-financial arrangement, the state institu
ted the tankhwah ijar&; system. The grant of tank1mah i,jara is an
index of the breakd<mn of the Bm_ system on the basis of uhich the
.. jag~ignments Tiere made.
Apart from the right of the collection of revenue, certain
other rights and responsibilities were also vested in the :!_.iaradar.
He had the responsibility of realizing state arrears outstanding
against the raiyat of the area given in i.1ara and certain other dues
belonging to the state such as 1!3shkash, and of remitting them safely 1
to the pargana tahuaU He uas required to prepare and maintain some
revenue records such as a"t,?ari.jah on behalf of the state and send them
2 to the office of Diuan Huzuri.. He was entitled to charge the state
the amount incurred on account of maintaining and preparing the revenue
records 3 Big ijaradars were required to retain an armed contingent
1. Chithi to Shah Sa:ig Ram, dt. KM Uagh Vadi 9, VS 1816/1759. Chi·~hi from Dir.an Sbi v Nath to Shah Harikesh, dt. IC1 Sauan Vad1 14, V .s. 1810/1753. Chithi to Shah I!am Xishan, dt. :c1 Bhadon Sud1 11~V.s. 1810/1~/53.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.,
277
\/ 1 in order to maintain 1au ami order ui thin the area granted in i,iara.
The ijaradar had the right to reneu J>atta to the rai~t stating 2
the land revenue demand settled upon each cultivator. Houever~ he
could not increase the customary rates and had to realize the revenue
on the basis of such rates. In depopulated villages \1lnd villages
where cultivable uaste ~d uas available~ he had the right to settle
pahis and paltis for the extension of cultivation.3
In many cases
ue find the ijaradar advancing tagai loans to the peasants uith a 4
vieu to expanding and improving agriculture. He was assisted by tha
5 state officials in realizing the basil from the recalcitrant raiyat,
t"hen an ijaradar uas expected to rehabilitate ruitred villages he uas
left undisturbed by the state in the task of managing and settling
the affairs of the villages according to his discretion, 6 The state
officials could only interfere in cases of theft and disturbanne of 7
la\7 and order.
1,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6,
7,
Amber Records, Likhtang by Vyas Tilok Chand and Dalu Ram Godha, dt. K:I .Aso,j Vadi 13 f YS 1811/1754. Chi thi to the Ami 1 J?argana Hindaun, dt, IC.I Jeth Sudi 8, V .s. 1821/1764,
Cbithi to the .. '..mil pargana Bahatri, dt, rr.~r. 1-.sarh Sudi 15, V,S. 1817/1760,
Chithi to the :!m!,! pargana Chatsu, dt, K,He Vaisa!rh Vadi 12, v .s. 1821/1764 0
Chi thi to Shall Salig Ram dt. K,~.I. ~Iagh Vadi 9, V ,S. 1816/1759. Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan dt. ~c.~.~. Bhadon Sudi 11, V,S.1810/1753.
Chithi to the Amil £axgana Bahatri, dt, K.~. Vaisakh Vadi 6, V.s. 1818/1761, Cbithi to the Amil pargana IChohri dt. K.~.l, Sauan Vadi 7, V .s. 1801/1744.
Chitlli to the~ pargana Chatsu, dt, IOI Jeth Sudi 7 ,vs 1826/1769
Ibid 2
278
~ could be tahen auay from an ija:radar and granted to i
another in case the nar. bidder uas prepared to pay a larger amount.
In that case the former !.;Jare.dar l78s entitled to receive compensa-2 tion for his labour. According to the docum.ants the compensation
r.as paid at the rate of 1/8th of the total amount of ijara agreed
upon.3 However, this was not applicable in cases where an !.:1aradar
had rehabilitated a village after securing it in :tJara...4
( The village
Vaskho Raj uas granted in _!)ara to one Sada Ram in 1760 for a sum of
ns. 211/-. It was reported by the amil to the huzuri that another
~1are.dai" uas prepared to offer ns. 400/- for the same village. The
offer ue.s turnsd d<mn by the huzuri on the ground that the old
ijaradar (Sada Ram) had rehabilitated the village, and he r.as ~r-
mi tted to continue ijara :for a psriod of three years. lif the ijare - -- ~ ..
uas to be granted to a new ijaradar, he had to make good the loss
caussd to th2 state by a former defaulting ijaradar, \ It uas also
the responsibility of the n.ar. .!_jaradar to pay the amount advanced
1.
3.
Chithi to the Amils pargana Chatsu, dt. K.ll, Asarh Sudi 2, v.s. 1815/1758. Chi thi to the A mil pargana Bah at ri , dt. K.~l. .Asarh Sudi 15, vs. 1817/1760.
Chithi to the ~ pargana Chatsu, dt. K.:M. Asarh Sudi ·2, v.s. 1815/1758. Chithi to the Amil pargana. Lalsot, 1815/1758.
dt. rc.:~I. Asarh Sudi 14, v .s.
Chithi to the !!!~!! pargan~ Bahatri, dt. K.M. As arb Sudi 15, v .s. 1817/1760.
4. Muuazana Kalan pargana Chatsu.
279
1\/ as ta~ ai to the rai yat by the f orn:2 r i ja radar. The !.1 a ra c c-..tld be
2 :rasmod in cases tha ijaradar failed to deposit the state dues. It
ccald be taken ar.ray in case of his highhandedness against the raiyat
or if there uere strong protest from the raiyat. against the grant of
The grant 'I'Hts usua1 ly made in abnormal conditions such as
decline in produce, depopulation and devastation due to i.'ar etc., etc~
disturbance in lau and order, financial crisis/ As soon as normal
conditions ...are restored the areas given in i,iara uere resumed by
the state./
The state policy of granting ijara on a large scale attracted
b f h k ..... ..:~ ah . 3 a num er o sa u ars auu m a.1ans.., The sahukars and mahajans
entered the field in dueal cape:ni ty. Firstly they fUrnished surety
to the state on behalf of the .!.Jaradars uho uere usually the zamindars,
.. 1agirdars, pate ls, and chaudharis, The importance of the role of
1. Chithi to the Amil pargana Cbatsu, dt. ~.it-1. Asarh Sudi 2, V .s. 1815/1758. Chitiii to the ~ pargana Lalsot, dt. K;:.r. hsarh Sudi 14, V .s. 1815/1758.
2. Chithi to Dalel Singh Rajawaf, dt. K.;.r. Bhadon Vadi 5, v.s. 1800/ 1743.
3. Amber Records, Likhtang by Shambhu Ram Aggar\lal and Shri Chand Vijay Vargi, dt. K:1 Bhadon Sudi 3, VS 1811/1754. Khatut J.J:lal Karan- letter from :laban Ran Inder Chand to Singhi Jiv fiaj, dt. illd Sa'r.'an Vadi 10, VS 1824/1767. Chi thi to Shah Salig Ram dt. KH Maha Vadi 9, VS 1811/1754. Amber Records - Likhtang by Ajab Ram Sadhu }{a, dt. Kl.f 1.1agishr! Sudl 5, v.s. 1811/1754. Amber necords - Chithi from Diuan !:Urli Dhar Nand Lal to the Amil pargana Jobner, dt. !C.I Kati Vadi 8, V .s. 1811/1754. 'Aiib'er Itecords, Likhtan,g by .ilalu Ram Godha, dt. K:.I Aso.1 Vadi ::.3~ v .s. 1811/1754. Chi thi from Diwan Shiv Nath to Shah Harike sh, dt. IC.I Sauan Sudi 14f v .s. 1810/1753. Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan, dt. IC.l Bhadon Sudi 11, v.s. 1810/:1.753.
Arhsattas parganas Chatsu 9 SUai Jaipur, Ualarna, Bahatri, ~ausa# Lalsot.
280
sahukars as guarantors (Zamin) can be visualized from the fact that
in granting ijara preference uas given to those uho uere able to 1
the furnish mal zamini of the sahukars, It must be mentioned hera that/
role of a guarantor was not a neu one for the mahajan, as he uas
involved in the !Jara system in tha·t capac! ty from an earlier ps riocl,
llat:'aver, there uas a shift in his role which becam:e especially marked
from the second half of the 18th century, In the context of the
':eakening of administration and the growing financial problems
arising out of the constant Llaratha inroads, the agrarian policy
of the state underwent a change so as to secure as much money as it
could by granting Khali sa lands ill ijara. 2 The sahukars also started
investing their money for bidding !,jaras for themselves, The grm:
ing practice of ijara opened up good prospects for inve stmant and
proved lucrative for the sahukars uho had a close knowledge of the 3
revenue paying capacity of the areas. There uas a keen competition
2.
.~h~ thi from Dir.an l.lurli Dbar to the !!!!!,! pargana Jobner, dt. X,d, Kati Vadi 8, V. s. 1811/1754.
Cbithi to the Amil pargana Lalsot, dt. K.1J. Jeth Sudi 14, v.s. 1823/1766 • .. - - - ~ .,..~...,....::.,...,1 "'~:'\ ~ -tJr,m 7j1ff !frn'1:ri::; ~~ vn-~-· onrfr t-~ 1 8 2 3 ~ ~.;T ~ ~--11~ c7(r "fr~ ri· ~ ~trrr 1 8 2 4 ~ ~ ~ I 8 2 5 Tr ~ ~'· I 8 2 6 ·:'j ~T.-;urr ~~;rr I 8 2 7 ~ :"~Tr£urr - - -" r-AT •··~ II '- ·lT s:r ~--:-:TU ~ ~ ~Tf U ~\~1<1 \1N ~Jq; ~'1\i I 8 I 0 q $ - .'::-~ rilf.;.ll ~·• '-'i~• I
\ft:rf 18 I 0 ~ ~ ... ;Jt;\) ~;,ltll ~m q t~~<i>T zf*; 18 I I ·:; ~R:f.l ~ sw:T ;:fj\f'ci'tf I 8 I 2 ·:{ 2.1m]" '-ti, 31FIT T~. H: ~ - - -
Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan, dt. K,1,I. Bhadon Sudi 11, V,S, 1810/ 1753. Chithi to the Amil pargana Bahatri, dt, K,M. 4~sarh Sudi 15, v.s. 1817/1760.
3. Khatut .Lhal Karan, Chi thi dt. K.:.r. Sar.an Vadi 10, VS 1824/1767.
281 among the sahukars to a.cqui re large tracts of land on i,jara. They
even pleaded for the resumption of ijara from persons already hold-1
ing it on the promise of paying larger amount. Some of the
sahukars tried to secure lucrative tracts on ~jara through their
influence over the state revenue officials. Thus Mohan Ram Inder
Chand secured the ~ of tno taaluqas of pargana Khande la through
~ Jiv Raj for a sum of Rs. 69,000/-. He had estimated the jama
of these taaluqas to be about~. 1,oo,ooo;-. 2 This also suggests
that the sahukars were not entering the field merely as speculators
but were already sure of a handsome profit. The growing eagerness
of the sahukars and mahaJans to take ijara appears to be a neu
feature. Its causes and background, however, need to be further
investigated. There is some evidence to indicate that trade and
commerce were in a state of decline during this period due to the
disturbed conditions created by the Marathas3 and that the sahukars
and mahajans turned to ijara as an alternative for investment.
Notwithstanding this, it would be hazardous to conclude anything
positive unless the conditions of trade and commerce during this
period are looked into rno re carefully.
1. Amber Records, Likhtang by Shambhu Ram Aggarwal and Sri Chand Vijay Vargi, dt. K.M. Bhadon Sudi 3, v.s. 1811/1754. "- - - tf"tTRT m~:ffi ~ ~JtH.~ :rm tiT<TI" ~I t1clrq-Flf ~ ~ 21"171Tif
~ "i I <t. 4 I ot. i!'; bt \IT * )t,qr - - - ~T1."" 'iTclrY ~'JI I ~I ltc;r.:.T ;~wrr ~ ~ 2o,ooo 2ft-{~ tm--- -"
2. Khatut Ahal Karan, dt. K.M. Sawan Vadi 10, v.s. 1824/1767.
3. Chi thi to the Ami 1 pargana Mauzabad, dt. K.:.I. Ka.ti Vadi 6, v.s. 1811/1754.
282
~aradarl system as an institution functioned broadly uith
in the administrative set up of the state~~The available documen
tary evidence no=uhere suggests that the revenue officials of an ~ ijara
area given in ijara uere removed from the office. In g_ar$r/ on the
other hand l'le find positive evidence to r>rove that they continued 1 in the office as before. !vloreover, the assessment uork uas invarlo.F>
bly dong by the state revenue officials uhereas the ijaradar uas
entitled to collect the assessed revenue on the basis of customary
rates.2/The presence of the state officials served as a check on
the exactions made by the i,jaradars. The documents containing comp
laints lodged by the raiyat to the revenue officials against i,jara
~ also confirm the presence of these officials. Further, the
ijara docum3nts reveal that the i,jaradar uas entitled to charge the
state the amount incurred on account of the remunerations of the
pargana officials such as~' faujdar etc. The ijaradar uas paid
by the state the amount incurred on account of the salaries of the
revenue officials and maintenance of revenue records at the follow
ing rates:~
2.
3.
I,jara of tap;pa Shahpura, pargana Swai Jaipur, dt. VS 1811/1754.
Tankln7ah ~
Ami 1' s salary
Choukayat khazana
Rs.
Rs.
Rs •
325.00
300.00
55.00
.i\..mbe r r..ec ords, Likhtang_ from Ajab P..am Ruru Ram, dt. IC 11I. :Iagishri Sudi 5, v.s. 1811/1754.
Chi thi to the .. ~ 1 pargana Thohri, dt. x.::. Sar.an Vadi 7, 1806/1749.
Amber !tecords, Likhtang by Ajab E.at:tl:ura r..am !:;odhuka, dt. :-=asishrl Sudi 5, V .s. 1811/1754.
v .s.
283
Stationary etc. Bs. 100.00
A,jurdars Rs. 50.00
Fau,jdar's salary Rs. 300.00
Ghora Nagara Rs. 200.00
lv!eena chol1kayat's salary Rs. 220.00
Uhen an entire J!argana was given in ijara, the revenue
assignments and grants made by the state in that pargana were
not resumed. The position of the various assignees and grantees
was unaffected except that now they had to pay the state dues,
if any, to the jagirdar.1 Certain conditions stipulated in the
agreement came into force uhen the villages were transferred
from khalisa to jagir and vice versa. In the case of transfer
of the villages from ,jagir to khalisa, the ijaradar was required
to rea lise the revenue (.jama) of these villages as assessed by
the tappadar and other revenue officials rather than on the basis
of the specified tan~ On the other hand in the case of the
transfer of villages from khalisa to jagir, the ijaradar was
required to assign the revenue to the ,1agirdars on month ratio 2 based on six months, eight months, and ten months garars 0
Thus there is sufficient evidence to prove that the ijaradari
system did not alter basically the working of the land ·revenue
1. Chi thi from Diwan Shiv Nath to Shah Harikesh, dt. K.M. Sawan Sudi 15, v.s. 1810/1753.
2. Ibid. Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan, dt. K.M. Bhadon Sudi 11, v .s. 1810/1753.
284
administration particularly in those cases uhere the qarar
ijara was granted and the ijaradars were not given administra
tive rights.
Houever, the grant of istamarari ijara along with admini
strative functions is an index of the breakdown of administra-
tion. The right of revenue collection and faujdari were two
separate rights. But they were combined in one in the istama
rari ijara system. Theoretically the faujdar continued to be
in the parganaas a separate state official but his jurisdiction
did not extend over the areas granted in i stamarari ijara. The
real pouer in these areas nOl"! vested in the ijaradar. The
breakdoun of the office of faujdari uas a significant develop
ment in the administration of the state. Theoretically the
i.1aradar uas required and was instructed by the state to
realize land revenue and other taxes on the basis of customary
rates. He uas also e:x:pscted to be the protector of the raiyat
of that area. But after the assumption of power by the
ijaradar, there was no effective mechanism to check to what
extent he was following the instructions of the state.
It is difficult to say uhether the effects of the ijaradari
285
system on the peasantry r.era altogether ruinous and led to their
intensive exploitation, t"e have seen earlier that the contracted
amount of i.tjara seldom exceeded the average jama of the proceeding
years and it was usually not made for an amount higher than the jama.
The basil figures of years after the wi thdraual of ijara shm1 that
there uas no decline in the average produce of the area hitherto
he ld in ;i.J ara • And in the majority of cases the i j aradars were
local persons uho had long term interest in the reverue paying
capacity of the area, ~~Ioreover, the ijaradars uere not permitted
to enhance the existing land revenue rates and the state instead of
the:!,jaradar1
bore the risk in the case of natural calamity, There
are, of course, instances uhere the J..jaradars did not follow the
the instructions of the state, exploited the raiyat and adversely
affected the revenue paying capacity of the area. But uhenever such
cases uere reported by the raiyat the grievances uere redressed and
the grants uere withdrawn.2
The consent of the raiyat \788 also
taken into account before granting an area in i.iara and in many cases
the proposed i.jara grants were not made due to the disapproval of
1e Chi thi from Diwan Raja Har GoVind Kallhi Ram to Arti Ram, the AmiJ ,Eargana S\7ai Jaipur, dt, Kn2,1, Magh Sudi 6, V,S. 1810/1753,
2o
Chithi to Shah Ram Kishan dt. K.~.I. Bhadon Sudi 11, V .s. 1810/ 1753, Chi thi from Diwan Shiv Nath to Shah Harike sh, dt, X .. M .. Sar.an Sudi 14, V,S, 1810/1753 0
Ch! th~. from Shah Ki shan Ram to the Ami 1 pargana Bahat ri dt o
K,d, .. l8.gh Sudi 11, V ,S, 1829/1772,
Chithi to the ~ pargana Lalsot, dt. !_L.H, Aso:i Sudi 13~ VoS• 1821/1764.
Chi thi to the Ami 1 ,Eargane. Pahari, 1817/17300
dt. I( • }!, Sauan Sudi 3, v .s.
286
1 the raiyat. Further, the ~atel, the zamindar or the village com-
munity may be expected to have kept a close uatch on the operations
of the i_.jaradar. So long as the village community was strong enough
it uas not possible for the !.Jaradar to exact more than what 't'las
due at customary rates. These factors may be considered to have
served as a check on the intensification of the exploitation of the
p3asantry. Howver, the possibility of exploitation cannot be ruled
out in those areas where the state had no check on the i.1aradars,
such as in the cases of ijara istamarari with faujdari rights •
. Before arriving at any co~lusion regarding th2 effects of ijaradari
system on the peasants, r.e must also bear in mind the fact that in
many cases the individual paasants as mll as the raiyat of the
village as a 't'Jhole uere also functioning as i.iaradars and there are
also instances of raiyat jointly holding ijara of villages other
than their residential villages. The peasants even jointly took
~ along ui th the zam.indar, .1agirdar, patel; and mahajal!,. The
evidence cited above tends to show the existence of strong village
cot:Imanities and mutual cooperation of the holders of varied inte-
rests in identical economic spheres.
Thus the .!,.1aradari system became an integral part of the
machinery of land revenue administration. The ijaradars played
different roles stuchsa the collection of land revenue, preparation
and maintenaooe of revenue records, the maintenance of lar. and
order, improvement and extension of cultivation including rehabil:t-
1. Chithi to the Amil _pargana Lalsot, dt. K,.:l .. Aso.1 Sudi 13, vs. rs21/l764:. /l.mbe r Records, Chi thi fzoom the ::.,c.te 1 and Pntt:ari _9esba ;~jab Garh to S'!lah .1':.rti nam, dt. :c.= Sar1an Vadi 3, V .s. 181771760.
287
tation of the ruined villages. From the functional point of vier.
hardly any distinction can be drawn between the i,jaradar and zamin-
It is also evident from the above that it was not mare ly the
sp2culators uho came to be interested in i,jaras,., The grants wera
made to the ~ahukars, mahajans, zamindars, jagirdars, yatels,
raiyat etc. on different considerations. There was thus a vast
variety in the types of people uho took i,jara and in the typss of
ijaras themselves.
Most of the remarks made against the ijara system do not perto
tain/tbe qarar i.1ara which l'JS.s granted :for a short term but relate
to !.,iara 1 stamarari, The qarar ijara was granted on different
considerations. These considerations were usually 1) solution of
the financial problems o:f the state, 2) increase in the jama of
unluerative vi~leges, and 3) rehabilitation of old ruined and
deserted villages. Tne !.:,1aradars were required to Pl\Y revenue on
sliding seale. The considerations mentiomd above led to the grants
being made for short terms. _Qarar ijara did not alter the lend
revenue system. On the. other band, the grant of ijara istamarari
had far reaching impact on the agrarian situation, and led to al
most a collapse of the entire land revenue system. As ue have al
ready seen, the holders of 1:1ara istamarar yielded considerable /
,'\,....,./,/
power. In the absence o:f any effective check :from the state ad--- -
ministration the possibility of the exploitation of peasants was
much greater under such grants. An overall increase in the practice
of i.1ara is an index of the weakness of the state and indicates
that it was facing severo finannie.l and administrative crises.
288
:?argana Chat su
Percentage of Year revenue from
iJara
175:i. 13.80
1752 55.29
1753 69.92
1754 1CO.OO
1756 73.58
1757 73.71
1758 67.79 1•/59 100.00
1760 50.69
1761 60.05
1762 75.14
1763 32.41
1764 24.63
1766 22.56 1767 13.82 1768 28.4.0 1771 65.24 17./3 78.28 1774 71.10 1779 80.79 1782 68.02 1787 83.24 1788 81.69
289
?argane. Bahatri
:'e rcen ~age o:f Year reven ua from
.; . .::..sJara
1752 59~09
1754 47 007
1755 50.38
1756 63.12
1758 76.39
1759 87.87
1761 82.88
1765 82.42
1766 89 0 21
1767 49.22
1768 93.06
1772 93.02
1775 97070
1783 90.81
Pargana S-r,rai Jail?!!!
1756 24.23
1757 18.99
1759 21.59
1760 19.03
1761 25.71
1762 20.09
1763 13.32
1764 25.50
1765 41.79
1766 32.13
1767 32.84
1769 50.66
1770 46.45
Year
1759
1760
1762
1764
1765
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1774
1775
1776
1780
1786
1789
Percentage of revenue from i.1ara
63.68
89.66
88.89
58.22
71.76
50.50
45 0 62
66.67
90.03
85.63
96.50
96.27
60.97
66.98
28.14
14.-19
290
Year
1751
1753
1754
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1781
1782
1784
1788
?argana :la.la:;:-na
Percentage of reve 'lue from ijo.ra
66.57
100.00
62.05
53.05
64.94
65.09
67.21
55.96
59.16
67.50
58.78
100.00
59.58
68.91
66.84
66.56
72.96
71.97
82.26
79.29
85.10
83.38
62.51
62.20
84.35
25.33
291
Year
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1767
1768
1769
1770
1774
1776
1784
1.3argc.na leal sot
Percentage of revenue from i,jara
36 .os 33.91
45.93
42.28
4'8.19
48.94
45.06
25.26
38.09
35.48
48.25
42.29
48.75
38.26
51 .3~
41.68
65.36
45.48
89.20
49.51
76.49
292
Pargana
Kot
Pari} ana 2 )airath and
Narain Pur
Village ( darobast) Korli Kaji
Village {Sarikat) Kanhawas
Nandgaon etc. 63 villages
Village Jawar and Alan Pur
~.Ial i jara of the village Raimal Pur
~{angal !:ad i .1ara of 1.::1afiq Janlibandi
Villa3e llamauas, ijara including ~ Sair, bhom, Virar, Pani, 'QaSUr, Vato etc. Kulhabubayati
Pargana Jobner i)tRra of Rahdari and ~
~endix I
Name of the ~jaradar
RaTia 1 She r Singh Nathauat
Tilok Chand Godha
SaTiant Singh Naruka a nl Nand a Pat\!ari
Raiyat of the village
Rekh Raj Palliwal
Jait Singh Uajawat
Chauhan and ~!aenas of the village
Rekh Raj
Prtthvi Ram
Arnar Chand :.Iaha,jan
Pargana :ITarai n Pur i__jara of Peshkash Tilok Chand Godha
Village Illiohra Bara i,jara of chhe li .Jhun;pari Patel of the ville6e
Villqge Sri Sarastipur ijara of Charai {grazing) Banjaras of Niuai
Village Jai Si ngL.pura ijara of Batai Jinsi ~ Patel ?alti
Village Pipal¥.·ara Koh :t.iara of indigo crop --
,!i 1J.age ?ipalr.ara !Coh i jara of a field
village o
~>Ti lgar (dyers) of Qasba ;,Ialarna
of the
293
Amount ns.
Year of the grant
125001.00 1751
213001.00 1754-1756
110.00 1762
50.00 1756
1767
2081.00 1762
174 0 75 1770
76.75 1771
159.72 1772
2100.00 1754
20000.00 1754
21.00 1755
12.28 1766
7.00 1763
27.00 1758
4.65 1758
294 A J2pe ndix I I
Pargana Lalsot
Village Year Amount Amount of Tiasil in .:lliali s::. of~ Year ~.mount
Kalawas 1752 261.69 1756 455.15
1760 371.25 1757 4:83.00
1763 408.72 1758 371.31
1764 382.50 1762 408.72
Kakarya 1760 93.00 1761 111.25
Kirori 1756 232.09 1757 312.00
1758 179.31 1759 257 .sa 1760 243.56
Ghato 1761 221.75 1762 204.75
1763 319.53
1765 457.84
Jai Singh Pura 1752 99.22 1756 102.94
1759 89.75 1757 51.84 1760 101.00 1758 64.91
1761 67.75
1762 112.59
Pataluas 1751 32.00 1757 109.84
1756 271.00 1758 187 .oo 1759 267.03
1760 328.00
Paloda 1757 159.69 1756 206.22 1759 169.09 1758 94.09
1760 128.28
1761 81 .~ 0
1762 160.50
1763 230.75 Ranoli 1757 513.00 1752 335.56
1756 542.00
1758 420 0 84
295
Contd ••• Pargana La.lsot
Village Year Amount Amount of Jiasi 1 in ~fuali sa of _!)ara Year Imount
Ram Singh Pura 1756 476.00 1752 206.28
1757 192.50 1755 366.00
1759 243.28 1758 141.53
Vijalwas 1752 161.00 1756 81 0 25
1763 89.50 1758 123.35
1759 149.37
1760 43.47
1761 87 .oo 1762 43.72
Shahjahan Pur 1763 119.81 1756 307 .oo 1759 381.00
1760 165.69
1761 133.81
1762 160.62
Sahas Pur 1756 39.81 1757 36.00
1758 57.62
1759 63 0 00
1763 116.88
296
l'argana :.Ialarna
Village Year Amount !..mount of Hasi 1 in :Olali sa
of i,jara Year }..mount
:.!adhu Sudan Pura 1761 216 .oo 1756 72.94
1762 301.00 1757 26.94
1758 73.04
1759 25.69
1760 251.03
Gaori 1757 55.00 1754 111.00
1758 81.00 1756 25.00
1761 111.00 1759 95.69
1760 42.50
1762 48.97
Avra 1759 51.00 1756 60.78
1760 61.00 1761 66.00
~othali 1758 196.00 1756 174.47
1762 145.00 1757 26.88 1763 205.00 1759 169.91
1760 112.78
1761 87.59
Kotri 1759 361.00 1756 361.78
1760 431.00 1762 361.00 1761 465.00 1763 423.37
Aniyala 1758 141.00 1760 335.00 1759 236.00 1761 154.97
1762 218.09
Raghubansi 1758 so.oo 1760 152.00
1759 131.00 1761 63.59 1763 172.00 1762 155.00
L'tcl Pur 1761 271.00 1756 188.91 1763 165 .oo 1757 154.88
1758 215 0 50
1759 271.59 1760 12 0 15 .. ,.,£.! ... ~ f"\r\ 1"\~
297
Pt: .. rgena Chat su
Village Year Amount of Amount of IIasi 1 in Xhali sa i.jara Year }.mount
Radha Govi nd Pur a 1755 271 .oo 1751 102.78
1758 30.00 1752 99.03
1761 38.40 1760 183.53
1762 61.00 1763 25.15
1765 17.34 1768 72.78
n.am }~agar Garhi 1762 25.00 1751 205.34
1752 201.97
1760 13.03
1761 24.78
1763 20.50
1764 27.97
1765 101.06
1766 253.47
Abhai Pura 1751 128.00 1752 112.75
1760 68.00 1755 61.94 1761 68.00 1757 56.15 1762 105 .oo 1758 40.78
1763 66.84
Aurang Pur 1768 215.00 1751 159.69
1769 137.47 1755 275.91
1760 126.59
1761 120.88
1765 167 .on 1767 152.56
Jai Singh Pura Vujrag 1763 725.00 1760 643.15
1764 828.00 1761 2C9 .~-9 1765 855.37 1762 41<.!,.94,
1766 932.03
1767 637 .9""(
••
298
Contd •••• Pargana Chatsu
Village Year ;,.,mount of Amount of Hasil in Khalisa !,.jara Year .rlmount
cr.u.aphri 1762 225 .oo 1760 180.37
1761 152.88
1763 255.65
1764 262.31
Chosila 1770 300.00 1764 239.78
1771 360.00 1765 106.81
1772 420.00 1766 200.40
1767 230.40
1769 224.31
Sri Govind Pur a 1760 121 .50 1761 218.65
1762 235.00 1763 181.59
Vijay Govind Pur 1760 112.62 1757 36.31
1762 45.00 1758 108.97 1763 90.00 1761 51.62
1764 38.34
1765 101.09
1767 132.69
Vichpuri 1762 561.00 1760 637.56
1761 192.88
1763 290.75
1764 656.78
1766 985.25 1767 1193.62
Sakat Pur 1760 154.50 1751 153.40 1762 159.62 1752 113.25
1755 185.06 1756 62.15
1761 137.03
299
Contd •••• ?ar,gana Chatsu
Village Year Amount of Amount of Hasil in Khalisa i.iara Year Amount
Sakat Pur 1763 198.75
1764 193.72
Sri Jairaj Pur 1761 31.00 1752 63.53
1763 47.00 1757 Uncultivated
1758 21.00
1764 67.00
1765 32.62
1766 87.94
List of the holders of :l.jara i stamarari
Name of the ijaradar
Purohit Seua Ram
Dhiraj Singh Naruka
Suraj Mal Jat
"
" Jbujhar Khan
Khushal Singh Chela
Re kh Raj IOlauas
Abhai Singh Khangarot
Chaudhary Ganga Dhar
Koju Chela
Nadir Khan
Village
Morat Huka
Kanohar
Jatoli
Cbhola\7as
Dogdhi
Di lauas Pur
Mamana and Madhogarh
PARGANA CHATSU
Nand Gaon etc • 63 villages.
PARGANA DAUSA
Gugolav etc. 4 mauzas
Visalwas
Vorai
PARGANA HI NDAUN
Varoda etc. 6 villages.
Amount of i,iara
500.00
364.00
90.00
161.00
75.00
7500.00
285 .vo
495.00
380
Year
1761
i765
1765
1765
1765
1761
1'169
1768
1780
1780
1764
. .
301
Cont 'd •••• List of the holders of ijara istamarari
PARGAN!\ IlJ.LSCT
Name of the Village Amount Of Year !.jaradar i,jara
Laxman Singh Rajawat Nalsardal Pur 931.00 1756
Jagirdar, zamindar Kalyawas etc • and raiyat 2 mauzas 50.00 1762
Jagirdar and zamindar Khatwo 98.37 1762
~irdar Talab Gaon 137.50 1768
Patel of the village Matlano 0.25 1762
PARGANA k'-IJ\RNA
Raja Gopal Singh Jadam Kherla Rahim Pur 2930.u0 1756
Ajit Singh Rajawat Niwod Vohra 1762.50 1756
n Jhunpara Kt:tera 1722.00 1756
n Vajroli 1041.00 1756
" Rat hod 1895 .uo 1756
Raja Gopal Singh Jadam Nf)vod Sarai 1500.00 1756
n Mahra 1600.00 1756
n Adil Pur 1460.00 1756
Bhairon Singh Rajawat Gudhla 1733.37 1756
n Pipalwasa Kah 2862.37 1756
" Bhanoli 1986.69 1756
n Manglor 1042.75 1756
Vikramaditya Rajawat Vahar 1500.00 1764
Man Swarup Brahman Pargana Nand pur 800.00 1784
Harchand Mahajan Sudri 111.50 1778
. .
Cont 'd •••• :d.st of the holders of i.jara istamarari
:? .tll!GANA S\.iU: JAI PUR
Name of the Village .t.\mount of !.,iaradar i,jara
Dale 1 Singh Sikamal Mal 2ur Dungar 301.00
Nihal Chela Govind i"ur
tt Udaipur Gilhara 263.00 since
Zami ndar Shekhauat Rahrauas 1062.25
Raj Singh Chauhan Salawas 1010.00
Hathi Singh Rajawat K:uwavo 506.12 since
Zaminda,t; of the village Sih Puro 139.50
" Kotri 1201.00
Sada Ram Mahajan Tala etc. 1778000
Gulab Singh Shekhawat Dhanaka 'Cas 1250.00
Ra't'lal Chhaju Ram Sarheti 438.97
Devi Ram Joshi G8l7ali 3320.50
Dhiraj Singh Hami rde ka Dehrl 200.00
" Bhurli 600.00
Raj Singh Hamirdeka tiara Hera 300.00
De vi Ram Jo Bhi Rajawas 395.00
Dhiraj Singh Hamirdeka Hariyano 167.00
Gaj Singh Chauhan Sa law as 505 .oo
Udai Singh Rbmbhani Chi tovi 17.00
Arjun Singh Kalyanot Pilort 941.12
Year
1770
1766
1770
1770
1770 long
1770
1756
1756
1756
1767
1767
1767
1767
1767
1767
1767
1767
1767
1767
••
Cont 'd •••• List of the holders of ijara istamarari
Name of the i,jaradar
Nanji Musalman
J~irdar
Dalel Singh Rajauat
Vikramaditya Rajawat
n
Raj Singh Rajanat
Tilok Chand Dalu Ram Godha
h~gh Singh Rajawat
P ARGANA Sl".:AI JAIPUR
Village
Dilawar Pur
Klloh
~ Patni
PARGANA Sr.:'Al MADHOPUR
Gagai etc.
Barwara
P ARGANA SHERPUR
Ja\7ar
Pargana Bairath
P ARGANA U13HI
Veghor -etc. 3 villages
Amount Of ijara
90.00
26.84
42946.00
aooo.oo
2801.00
71001.00
sooo.oo
303
Year
171'0
1770
1754
1752
1762
1754
1776