CHARGED ACTIVATED PRESSURE

FILTER

2

IndexNo Description Page

1. Charged Activated Pressure Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 032. What is CAFM & How it is made . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043. Charged Activated Surface & -ve Zeta Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 054. Bio fouling of Sand & CAFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 065. Bacteria Levels on Sand & CAFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 076. Filtration & Backwash Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 087. Surface Area Per Unit Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 098. Filtration Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109. Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110. CAFM – Performance Summery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211. Industry Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312. Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413. Cost Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514. Performance Comparison – For Tertiary Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615. Performance Comparison – CAPF v/s Sand v/s UF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Uses Charged Activated Glass Filter Media

for Fresh Water & Waste Water

CHARGED ACTIVATED PRESSURE FILTER

• CAFM is manufactured in Scotland from a specific type of glass.

• The glass is reduced to a precise particle size distribution and shape to maximise the hydraulic flow characteristics and mechanical filtration performance.

• The raw material is chemically processed [activated] to open up the aluminosilicate atomic lattice and activate the surface physio-chemistry.

• An activation process increase the surface area by 300 times over crushed glass or sand.

What is Charged Activated Filter Media [CAFM] & How it is made -

Net electronegative Potential on “Charged Activated Filter Media”

[CAFM]

Positively charged hydrated ions align over the surface of “CAFM”

Diffused layer, with a predominant negative charges

“ZETA POTENTIAL”

Bulk Water To be filteredEnlarged View Of “Charged Activated Filter Media”

[CAFM]

Charged Activated Surface & Zeta Potential

+vely charged coagulated, polar & dipolar dissolved

organics

+ve cationic flocculated solids

Bio-fouling of sand and CAFM

Electron micro graphs of sand and CAFM

Silica/Quartz Sand has 100% bacteria coverage after 3 days in a drinking water filter

CAFM stays free of biofilm, even after 5 years in sewage effluent

New sand Used sand

New CAFM Used CAFM

Wormhole Channeling

Alginates excreted by bacteria coagulate the sand and cause

wormhole channeling.

Coagulated Alginates of Bacteria Excreta

Channeling In Filter Bed

Bacteria

Sand Filter

Bacteria levels on sand and CAFM - transient worm holes

Sand filters are biological, bio-mechanical instability results in media coagulation, transient worm hole channel and discharge of solids into the product water

CAFM is electro-mechanical, media does not suffer from bacterial coagulation so no channeling of water through the filter bed.

MediaTotal colony count

(aerobic) at 37 deg C, on 5 grams of filter media

CAFM 18Silica Sand 3,600,000

Media samples were taken just prior to a back-wash at a depth of 200mm into the bed, and 500 mm from the side of the filter.

Bacterial levels on CAFM and sand after 3 months in a clean water filter. The Table is certified data showing total bacterial levels of 3.6 million with sand, and essentially zero with CAFM.

Filtration & Backwash Efficiency

CAFM v/s Quartz/Silica sand filtration

What goes into a filter must come out in the back-wash

The graph opposite is the back-wash profile for identical sand filter and Charged Activated filter after 10 weeks.

The profile shows that 30% more solids are back-washed out of the AFM. This means 30% more solids have there

been trapped & removed during the service phase

CAPF performance is maintained while sand filters continue deteriorate with time.

Trials conducted on parallel systems with CAFM and Quartz/Silica Sand

Surface Area Per unit volume -

SurfaceArea[m²]

Filtration Degree -

[ % ]

At velocity – 20 m/hr ; without any coagulant or flocculent

Specification

CAFM – Grain 1 :Specific Weight :

1’250 kg/m³

Effective Size :0.6 mmSpherizity :

> 0.8Roundness :

> 0.7Uniform Coefficient :< 1.3Cross section Ratio :< 2.4Specific Gravity :

2.5Purity :

99.95 %

Chemical Composition :Silica : 70Magnesium : 1Sodium : 8Aluminum : 1.5Antimony : < 0.001Arsenic : < 0.0001Barium : 0.02Cadmium : < 0.0001Chromium : 0.15

Calcium: 10Lanthanum : 2Cobalt : 0.016Lead : < 0.005Mercury: < 0.0005Titanium : 0.1Rubidium : 0.05Iridium : 0.05Platinum : 0.0001

“CAFM” - performance summary

Typically improves performance by 30% to 50% in terms of solids removed for both waste water and clean water applications.

CAFM does not need to be replaced, the media may be used for the life of the filter, and can be recycled and used again.

CAFM does not bio-coagulate or experience worm-hole channelling.

Performance is stable and predictable

CAFM® is  certified under Regulation 31 of the UK Drinking Water inspectorate, CAFM is compliance with European Water Directive (98/83/EC) & (80/778/EEC). 

Applications

Slow Gravity Filtration Pressure Media Filtration Pre-treatment to UF & RO Fresh Water Filtration Ion & Manganese Filtration Sewage & Effluent Filtration

Industry Coverage

Pharmaceutical Aquaculture Food & Beverage Dairy Package Drinking Water Cosmetic Chemical

Cooling Tower STP & ETP [Industrial Waste

Water] Swimming Pool Pre Treatment to RO Sea Water RO

Advantages No Bio fouling Filtration down to < 5.0 micron Filtration With coagulant or Ozone < 1.0 ppm ; Turbidity < 1 Highest Backwash efficiency No need to replace Media for life time Filters Iron & Manganese With Ozone extremely effective on Organics, Chlorine not required at all No Chlorine, so no need of de-chlorination & No Trihelo-methane With Ozone, no need of Activated Carbon Filter

Cost benefit analysis

CAFM is around 3 to 4 time, the cost of quartz/silica sand, however we are already dealing with a relatively low efficiency, low performance & low cost product.

AFM has been confirmed to work a great deal better than sand, and will give a return in capital out of revenue savings measured in months through savings in;

1. filter media; no need to replace AFM for the life of the filter

2. water; back wash water reduced by up to 50%

3. energy; increased run phase and reduced back-wash could give 15% savings

4. chemicals; reduced chemical consumption, chlorine, alum & flocculants

Performance Comparison - for the tertiary sewage treatment

TYPE OF FILTERSS. (mg/l)

Performance %

 Turbidity [ntu] Performance 

%

Bacteria cfuPerformance

%

Velocity

inlet outlet inlet  outlet inlet outlet m3/m2/h

RGF sand filter with sand 7.14 2.2 69 3.5 2.23 36 23,120 12,300 46 1.2

Pressure filter with sand 8.18 3.82 53 5.87 4.76 18 22,311 18,023 19 4.96

Moving bed sand filter with sand 7.08 3.82 46 2.13 1.79 16 14,067 10,307 26 5.4

Drum filter 10 micron 14.66 7.33 50 7.16 3.88 45 56,712 38,460 32 3.23

Disc Filter 10 micron 5.6 3.1 44 2.22 2.06 7 30,450 21,138 30 2.12

Ring Filter 10 micron 7.41 3.98 46 3.01 3.17 9,447 7,761 17 2.5

Charged Activated Pressure filter 10.60 0.89 96% 2.98 0.24 92 % 23,000 10,000 58 % 3.59

CAPF media in a pressure filter out-performed all other technologies, some of which were 10 times the costIndependent tests conducted by Spanish Water Company and reported in Technology del Agua , December 2009, page 47.

Performance comparison of CAF + O3 with sand and UFParameters CAPF + O3

Ratting Sand [PSF] Rattin

g UF at 0.03 microns Ratting

Remove dissolved silica Yes Can add free silica to water No Remove phosphate Yes, when combined with NoPhos No No

Remove dissolved organics

Yes, especially when combined with APF pre-coagulation and flocculation using Ozone

After 6 months sand filters will be increasing organic load through autotrophic bacteria

No, UF cannot remove chemicals in solution. 

Bio-fouling No, CAFM does not bio-foul 

Yes, 100% coverage of every grain of sand in 3 days

Yes, membranes need to be regularly cleaned

Prevention of RO membrane bio-fouling

Yes, because it removes phosphate and dissolved nutrients required by bacteria

No, sand is the perfect substrate to grow bacteria. Often solids load is higher on discharge than influent.

Phosphate, and dissolved nutrients will react the RO membranes

Scaling No

Yes, with carbonates, calcite, struvite, ferric etc Yes, with carbonates, calcite,

struvite, ferric etc

ChlorinationNot required, AFM does not biofoul. So no chlorine reaction products such as THM`s, TCA, or hydrobromous acid

Yes, sand filters need to be chlorinated continuously or as part of a regular cleaning schedule.

May be required as part of the cleaning schedule. Chemical Enhance Backwash [CEB] 

Filtration level 90% down to 0.1micron, approx. 80% down to 0.01micron

All sand filters will channel, so membranes are exposed to unfiltered water.

0.03 to 0.01 microns absolute, unless the membrane ruptures

Sustainable100% sustainable, Circular Economy VIBES winner in the UK [50 yrs Life time]

No sustainable, needs to be replaced at 1 to 5 year intervals Not sustainable, membranes need to

be replaced at 1 to 5 year intervals

Operation costsCan operate at 50% higher flow rates, so much lower capital cost than sand filtration

Lower capital cost than AFM and higher running, operation & maintenance costs

  Much higher capital cost than AFM. Much higher pressures and running costs. Lower area required for installation

  CAPF : Charged Activated Pressure Filter CAFM

: Charged Active Filter Media

Solution Engineer : Mr. Sunil Shah

Contact : +91-93212 34527

Mail ID : sunilshah@chemtronicsindia.com

URL : www.chemtronicsindia.com

www.ozonegeneratorindia.com

www.m.chemtronicsindia.com

Thank You